美国文学选读复习
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)
美国文学史及选读1、2
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)
1．Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography
Thomas Paine: The American Crisis*
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.
二、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.
2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.
3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。
4．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。
三、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）*
1．1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.
2．战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。
(1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。
3．《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795, 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”.
4．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.
四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）*
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British. 3．1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship)
5．教材作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”
《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学(1810-1860)
1.浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然
是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
3．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：(1830-1850) 既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分
Transcendentalism: (1830-1850) Defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. It had some basic principles that were generally shared by its adherents. They believed that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance and rejection of traditional authority.
1.Stress the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and
from the inner world by intuition.
2.Place spirit (oversoul) first and matter second
3.Take nature as symbolic of spirit or God. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. People should
come close to nature for instructions
4.Stress the importance of the individual (the ideal kind of individual is self-reliant and unselfish (individuality).
5.Exalt feeling (subjectivity, imagination, heart thinking) over reason (rationalism, head thinking), individual expression over the
restraints of law and custom.
代表：Ralph Waldo Emerson：Nature, Self-reliance；Henry David Thoreau：Walden
As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
4．Dark Romanticism 19 century America (often conflated with Gothicism or called American Romanticism) is a literary subgenre centered on writers Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(death, beauty), Nathaniel Hawthorne: The scarlet letter and Herman Melville: Moby Dick(dark, glooming, mysterious). As opposed to the perfectionist beliefs of Transcendentalism, the Dark Romantics emphasized human fallibility and proneness to sin and self-destruction, as well as the difficulties inherent in attempts at social reform.The Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized evil in the form of Satan, devils, ghosts, werewolves, vampires, and ghouls, as more telling guides to man's inherent nature.
5．American Renaissance (1836-1855):American Romanticism culminated达到顶峰around the 1840s in what has come to be known as “New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance”
6．The differences of American Romanticism and British Romanticism.
The UK is one of the earliest countries of romantic literature. The British romanticism writers discontented in the development of the capitalist urban civilization, and they tended to be cynical and have the tendency of going back to nature and live in seclusion. In
mid-to-late 18th century poet Robert burns (1759-1796) and William Blake (1757-1827) was a pioneer of the romantic literature. And the American romantic literature is influenced by western European romantic literature. In the early 19th century, (1810-1840) the American capitalism developed rapidly, which caused strong national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm of Americans. They wanted to get rid of the bondage of British literature and American romanticism attaches great importance to the spirit of creation and the pursuit of free transcendentalism.
Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，
1.The American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon.
They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wil derness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw.
2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is parti
cularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau's Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
3.With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction
with increasing frequency.
4.Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. O
ne of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.
5.Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville
and a host of lesser writers.
一、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
1.他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.
2.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说
当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America
3.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成
为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.
14．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”;
《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
二、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849
1.1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .
2.发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.
3.1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.
4.教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”
《乌鸦》：“The Raven”
《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”
三、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
2．The Style of Emerson’s Essays
Emerson’s essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson’s philosophical discuss ion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed.Well-read in the classics of Western European literature,Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style.
3．1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”.
Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.
4．人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.
5．《美国学者》The American Scholar被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”“our intellectual Declaration of Independence”
6．教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”;
《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”
四、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
1．《霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.
1．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑同埃德加·阿伦·坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。
2．他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”.
3．教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”
五、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851*
1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.
2．1821年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.
5．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫西干人
六、William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878*
1.1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek,
meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2.《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief
poem in the language”.
3.当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获
得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
4.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”
《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”
七、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862*
4．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.
5．1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living.
6．教材作品：《沃尔登我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891*
1. 《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地
吸引了现在社会的读者“Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.
The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century.
2. 教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”
九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882*
1．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.
2．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”;
《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”;
《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;
《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
PartⅣThe Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1860-一战前1914
1. 19世纪，美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.
2. 美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了现实主义的分支
Naturalism: (in the late nineteenth century), American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illuso ry, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表：Jack London: The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden; Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie Free verse is rhymed or unrhymed poetry free from conventional rules of meter; instead, it uses the cadences(抑扬顿挫) of natural speech.Poets famous for their works composed in free verse include Walt Whitman, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Amy Lowell and Carl Sandburg.
一、Walt Whitman沃尔特?惠特曼1819-1892
1. 美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass”he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.
2. 1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.
Special Features of his Poems
1. Poetic structures:
1.1 Lines: often long
1.2 Envelope structure
1.3 Unique verse unit:
?No regular pattern
?Each verse unit is usu. an independent clause
?Each verse unit is a complete statement.
1.4 Thought rhythm
1.5 Composed like mosaics 马赛克
Language
?Slang words, foreign words, technical words, sexual words, and learned words
?Coined new words, and gave old words new meanings
?Rough and uncivilized
. Rhetorical devices
?few metaphors or other kinds of symbolic language
?parallelism: a technique of the Biblical poetry
?The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.
Poetic style: religious
?Whitman’s desire to express spiritual truth based on his
?mystical experience
3. 教材作品：《自己之歌》：”Song of Myself”
《我坐在这儿眺望着》：”I Sit and Look Out”
《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”
二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽?狄金森1830-1886
1. 她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.
Features of Dickinson’s Poetry
Original Style:
?No titles
?Extensive use of Dashes
?Unconventional Capitalization
?Idiosyncratic (有个人特点的)V ocabulary and Imagery
?Unconventional metaphors
?Hymn Meter
Themes:
?Love
?Nature
?Death and immortality
?Unity of goodness, truth and beauty
Other subjects
2. 教材作品：《我品味未经酿造的饮料》：”I taste a liquor never brewed”
《我意识到一场葬礼》：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”
《鸟儿沿着小径过来》：”A Bird came Down the Walk-“
《我为美而死》：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“
《我不能等候死神》：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“
三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特?比彻?斯托1811-1896*
1. 这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自己对两主人公所受痛
苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the aut hor’s sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists of the book’s two main plots.
5. 教材作品：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
四、Mark Twain 马克?吐温1835-1910
1. 原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯。Humorist writer
Writing style
In his earlier works, humor bounds everywhere. As a local colorist, he made use of an extensive combination of American folk humor and light satire to criticize the American society. His humor is remarkable because there are many practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks and so on. Some of them are tall tales and most of his humor is characterized by puns, exaggeration, and anti-climax. But in his later works, humor gives way to agreat deal of bitter satire.挖苦讽刺
Twain's short stories are also very unique. Twain often captured the real way common folk spoke, in dialect. Twain's short stories often seem as though they are folk tales. His narrators seem to be speaking directly to someone, or to the general public as one. They capture the oral tradition of America
2. 在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克?吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.
3. 1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”;
1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”;
1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”;
1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
1876年，《汤姆?索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;
1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”;
1884年，《哈克贝里?费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;
1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’nhead Wilson”;
1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;
1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”;
1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
5. 教材作品：《汤姆?索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
五、O. Henry 欧?亨利1862-1910
“The father of American modern short stories”
原名威廉?悉尼?波特（笔名欧?亨利）William Sidney Porter.
Writing style：
His writing is crisp and lively, usually in a chatty way. He often uses slang, puns, and malapropisms and big words for humor’s sake. Asides are dealt in a familiar and chatty way to readers. His short story formulas are scarcely changeable yet he cleverly makes variations on them by means of irony, parodies extra to make them comic. Most of his works belong to black humor, humorous yet bitter and hopeless.
Vivid and detailed description: O. Henry often observes and mixes with people around. His sharp observation grants his works vividness and liveliness.
O. Henry ending or (twist ending) is one of the most extinct characteristics of his works. It means that the characters’ fates or thoughts suddenly change unexpectedly from the previous situation but the change can also find ground somewhere in the work. Such a change makes a work surprising and attractive. Both The Gift of Magi and The Cop and the Anthem end surprisingly.
2. 欧?亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困
难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.
4. 最好小说集《四百万》his best volume”The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：《旧知》、《麦琪的礼物》、《市政报告》、《没讲完的故事》、《月亮女神》、《吝啬爱人》、《装饰过的房间》，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lov er”, “The Furnished Room”.
5. 教材作品：《警察与赞美诗》：”The Cop and the Anthem”
六、Theodore Dreiser西奥多?德莱塞1871-1945
全名西奥多?赫尔曼?阿尔伯特?德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser
1. 德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.
3. 1900年他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》，小说讲述了嘉莉?米贝的发迹和G?W?赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G?W?Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.
6. 1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说《美国悲剧》表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a youn g man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary.
7. 教材作品：《嘉莉妹妹》：”Sister Carrie”自然主义代表作
七、Henry James亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916*
7. 教材作品：《一个贵妇人的画像》：”The Portrait of A Lady”
八、Jack London杰克?伦敦1876-1916*
1. 他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival.
2. 1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”;
1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”; 自然主义代表作
1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”;
1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”;
1906年《白牙》”White Fang”
1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel”
1909年纯自传小说《马丁?伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克?伦敦的核心学术文献“Martin Eden”a central document for London scholars. 1910年《革命》“Revolution”
其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”.
3. 他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他
总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.
4. 伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.
5. 教材作品：《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
《马丁?伊登》”Martin Eden”自然主义代表作
PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学(一战后-the lost generation)
Imagism: A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images.代表人物：Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle:H.D. William Carlos Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow
分段：一站-二战前（Great Depression）: Thomas Stearns Eliot: The Waste Land: the most significant American poem of the twentieth century 二十世纪美国诗歌重要发起人；helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive暗指的thought.
Lost generation:(Gertrude Stein命名): is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment of American literary notables, after the first world war. They felt disappointed, confused and hesitate to accept the society and life. The phrase is attributed to Gertrude Stein, then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in his novel The Sun Also Rises and his memoir A Moveable Feast.代表人物：Ernest Hemingway; F.Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby; Ezra Pound: poet.
二战后-Beat generation:
Beat Generation：(the 1950s, or Post WWII)A Bohemian 波西米亚的rebellion against established society which came to prominence about 1956 and had its centers in San Francisco and New York City. The Beat Generation was a group of American post-World War II writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture included rejection of received standards公认的标准, innovations in style, experimentation with drugs, alternative sexualities, an interest in religion, a rejection of materialism唯物主义, and explicit 明确的，直率的portrayals of the human condition. 代表：1. Allen Ginsberg：Howl 2. Jack Kerouac：On the Road. 3. William Burroughs:Junkie, The Naked Lunch. 4. Laurence Ferlinghetti 5. Norman Mailer: The Naked and the Dead
Jazz Age:Society in the 1920s. The decade between WWI and the Great Depression. An age where the traditional Puritanism collapsed and people indulged in hedonism.A time of rapid social change in which many people particularly women adopted new lifestyle and attitudes. 1920: first time in American history that there were more people living in cities than on farms. The formation of modern American mass culture The consumer economy and mass entertainment. Popularity of Jazz music. Masculine women and feminine men.代表：F.Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
一、Ezra Pound埃兹拉?庞德1885-1972
1. 埃兹拉?卢米斯?庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.
2. 教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal”
《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second”
《合同》：”A Pact”
《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro”
《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter”
二、Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温?阿林顿?罗宾逊1869-1935*
1. 他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名叫《蒂尔伯里小镇》的诗集，
2. 1922, 1925, 1928年连续三次获得普利策文学奖he was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in …..
《理查?珂利》、《米尼弗?契维》是他现实主义创作取向的较好范例“Richard Cory”and “Miniver Cheevy”are good example of his realistic attitudes.
3. 教材作品：《山上的古屋》：”The House on the Hill”
《理查?珂利》：”Richard Cory”
《米尼弗?契维》：”Miniver Cheevy”
三、Robert Frost罗伯特?弗洛斯特1874-1963
1. 在去世时弗洛斯特已成为了美国民族诗人的翘首，曾四次获得普利策奖.
Writing Features
Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.
He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.
Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modern poets. He used conventional forms, plain languag e, traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition.
2. 弗洛斯特反对当时的许多诗歌改革原则，相反奉行“旧瓶装新酒”的原则，采用旧形式来表达新内容，他采用新英格兰乡村的朴实用语，特别偏好传统的抒情类和叙事类，短小精悍的格式，作为一个自然主义诗人，很明显，他的作品中体现了浪漫主义作家的一些风格，在他看来，大自然是比喻和象征的无穷宝藏，作品中没有宗都的说教和冥想的玄思，他的诗歌都浅显明了，经常探讨黑暗中的神秘，宇宙万物中的各种不同的荒凉和嘈杂的风景，其实这就是人类自身居住的世界的另外一种表现，这个世界复杂、无助、孤寂Frost had rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporanes, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new”. He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative, As a poet of nature he had obvious affinities with romantic writers. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.
3. 教材作品：《摘罢苹果》：”After Apple-Picking”
《没有走的路》：”The Road Not Taken”
《雪夜林边小立》：”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
《部分》：”Departmental”
《设计》：”Design”
《大多数》：”The Most of It”
四、Carl Sandburg卡尔?桑德堡1878-1967*
1. 在世时就获得了极高的评价，成为了美国电视观众所熟悉的诗人，美国人听他读他的诗作，吟唱他的民间故事，听他讲述关于林肯的各种奇闻轶事he lived to enjoy enormous popular acclaim, by the end of his life he had become a familiar figure to national television audiences who listened to him read his poems, sing folk ballads and relate anecdotes about Lincoln.
2. 同前辈惠特曼一样，桑德保的诗作描绘了美国人民生活的方方面面，描写了大草原及西部和东部的风光，他把现代城市作为花边勾画出了一幅优美的图景，从民粹主义者激进观点出发，桑德堡歌颂那些被社会遗弃的人，歌颂那些曾为城市文明作出贡献的移民和普通老百姓，歌颂那些在工业文明化的过程中已逝的和存活下来的人们with the precedent of Whitman behind them, they present a sweeping panorama of American life, encompassing priairie, eastern,, and western landscapes as well as vignettes of the modern city. They celebrate, from the standpoint of a Populist radical, the lives of outcasts, the contributions of immigrants and common people to urban culture, and the occupations of those who have survived or been sacrificed in the rise of industrial civilization.
3. 1929《摄影家斯泰肯》、1932年《玛丽?林肯》是他的二部传记性质的作品his biographies “Steichen the Photographer”and “Mary Lincoln”他的散文代表作是《亚拍拉罕?林肯》，是一部纪念性的颂扬类传记His major work in prose was monumental and celebratory biography of Abraham Lincoln.
4. 教材作品：《芝加哥》：”Chicago”
《港湾》：”The Harbor”
《雾》：”Fog”
《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs”
《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson”
《人民，是的》”The People, Yes”
五、Wallace Stevens华莱士?斯蒂文斯1879-1955*
1. 他是一位极有天分的业余诗人，他不太注重自己在文坛上的荣誉和地位，他更关注自己作品本身的一种完美，他的作品的动机最初源于“秩序”的理念，他的“秩序”就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concerned about promoting his literary his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order” that is, true ideas, correspond with an innate ord er in nature and the universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence.
2. 1954年《诗歌选集》”Collected Poems”获得了国家图书奖及普利策奖he received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize;
4. 教材作品：《彼得?昆士弹琴》:”Peter Quince at the Clavier”
《坛子的轶事》：”Anecdote of the Jar”
《冰淇淋皇帝》：”The Emperor of Ice-Cream”
六、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯?斯特恩斯?爱略特1888-1965*
1948年诺贝尔奖（won the Nobel Prize in 1948）《四个四重奏》”Four Quartets”
1. 《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比，大量使用了文学引用，该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文学形式，即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果“The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements.
2. 教材作品：《J?阿尔弗雷德?普鲁弗洛克的情歌》”The Love Song of J?Alfred Prufrock”
《序曲》”Preludes”
《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”
《空心人给老盖伊一文钱吧》“The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”
八、F?Scott Fitzgerald F?司格特?菲茨杰拉德1896-1940
His works are the paradigmatic 典范的writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself.
1. 1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise”取得名声后迎娶美人泽达won success, fame, and Zelda. 这本小说描写了美国“躁动青年”的放荡和随意生活，该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功，泽达和菲茨杰拉德也决心过上他小说中描述的这种放荡无羁的生活，他们甚至有过之而无不及The book, with its portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”, was an immediate commercial success, and Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald attempted to live up to-or even beyond-his fictional portraits of scandalous young men and women.
3. 1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”，在这两部小说中，菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.
4. 教材作品：《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”
九、Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特?海明威1899-1961
Iceberg theory：his famous writing theory. It means that a writer should not show the whole meaning to readers but leave ninety percent of the meaning for readers to dig in from the undercurrents 暗流of meaning. Just as Hemingway explains: the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
Writing Style
Under the influence of Mark Twain and with the help of Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound, he developed a new colloquial style characterized by directness, simplicity and naturalness. His words are common and concrete and sentences are usually short and simple, sometimes ungrammatical. However, his works are by no means simple as they seem to be. They are highly suggestive and have layers of meaning.
1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖和普利策奖the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize in 1954.
1. 1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises”海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特?斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的代言人Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”.
2. 对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等，海明威有时做出的是消极评论，后来这种人生虚无主义的观点进行了修改，他反复运用坚定的语气声称，人凭借自己的勇气和方式，还是有可能过上美好生活的，在海明威看来，人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容，或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人”His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hem ingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to sho w grace under pressure, or “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”.
3. 1929年《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon”In chapter sixteen of Death in the Afternoon he compares his theory about writing to an iceberg. 1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls”
1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea”(triumphant even in defeat)
In Our Time(1925)
《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises”
4. 教材作品：《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
九、John Steinbeck约翰?斯坦贝克1902-1968
1. 斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨，尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写，于1940年获得普利策奖，1962年获得了诺贝尔文学奖Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature.
2. 他是二十世纪三十年代，美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s
3. 由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触，因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的同情，他的作品反映的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor.
4. 1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事，故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束，书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质showed the migration of the “Okies”from the “Dust Bowls”to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail.
19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez”
5. 教材作品：《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath”
十、William Faulkner威廉?福克纳1897-1962
1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖
1. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury”
1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying”
1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”
1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”
教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily”
作者获奖
The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰?斯坦贝克
William Faulkner威廉?福克纳
Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特?海明威The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯?斯特恩斯?爱略特
The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士?斯蒂文斯
Robert Frost罗伯特?弗洛斯特
Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温?阿林顿?罗宾逊
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence”
4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism
1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859)
※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself”※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《见闻札记》“Sketch Book”
《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle”
《纽约外史》“A History of New York”
《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”
《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller”
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”
《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”
《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies”
《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria”
《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”
《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith”
《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《间谍》“The Spy”
《领航者》“The Pilot”
《美国海军》“U.S. Navy”
《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales”
包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”
《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire”3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis”
※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl”
4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
※《给海伦》“To Helen”
※《乌鸦》“The Raven”
※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle”
《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature”
※《论自助》“Self-Reliance”
《美国学者》“The American Scholar”
《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address”《随笔集》“Essays”
《代表》“Representative Men”
《英国人》“English Traits”
《诗集》“Poems”
6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》
“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
《平民反抗》“Civil Disobedience”
7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
※《红字》“The Scarlet Letter”
《七尖角阁的房子》“The House of the Seven Gables”
《海关大楼》“The Custom House”
《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”《古夏青苔》“Mosses From an Old Manse”《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”
《伊桑·布兰德》“Ethan Brand”
《小伙子布朗》“Young Goodman Brown”《海德格博士的体验》“Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”8。赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville (1819-1891)
※《白鲸》“Moby Dick”
《班内托·西兰尼》“Benito Cereno”
9。亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
※《人生礼赞》“A Psalm of Life”
※《奴隶的梦》“The Slave’s Dream”
“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
四、现实主义文学The Literature of Realism
1。沃尔特·惠特曼Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
※《自己之歌》“Song of Myself”
※《我坐在这儿眺望着》“I Sit and Look O ut”
※《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》“DRUM-TAPS Beat! Beat! Drums”《草叶集》“Leaves of Grass”
2。爱米丽·狄金森Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
※《我品味未经酿造的饮料》”I taste a liquor never brewed”
※《我意识到一场葬礼》“I felt a Funeral, in my Brain”
※《鸟儿沿着小径过来》“A Bird came down the Walk—“
※《我为美而死》“I died for Beauty-but was scarce”
※《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声—我死时》
“I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—“
※《我不能等候死神》“Because I could not stop for Death—“3。哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) ※《汤姆叔叔的小屋》“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
4。马克·吐温Mark Twain (1835-1910)
※《汤姆·索亚历险记》”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”《跳蛙》“Jumping Frog”
《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”
《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”
《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
《密西西比河上的生活》”Life on the Mississippi”
《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”
《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’nhead Wilson”
《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》”The Man that Corrupted Hadleybury”《什么是人？》“What is Man”
《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
5。欧·亨利O· Henry (1862-1910)
※《警察与赞美诗》“The Cop and the Anthem”
《四百万》“The Four Million”
《旧知》“Retrieved Reformation”
《麦珙的礼物》“The Gift of the Magi”
《市政报告》“A Municipal Report”
《没讲完的故事》“An Unfinished Story”
《月亮女神》“Phoebe”
《吝啬爱人》“A Lickpenny Lover”
《装饰过的房间》“The Furnished Room”
6。亨利·詹姆斯Henry James (1843-1916)
※《一个贵妇人的画像》”The Portrait of A Lady”
7。杰克·伦敦Jack London (1876-1916)
※《海狼》“The Sea Wolf”
※《马丁·伊登》“Martin Eden”
《狼子》“The Son of the Wolf”
《荒野的呼唤》“The Call of the Wild”
《深渊中的人们》“The People of the Abyss”
《海狼》“The Sea Wolf”
8。西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
※《嘉莉妹妹》“Sister Carrie”
《阶级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”
《铁蹄》“The Iron Heel”《马丁·伊登》“Martin Eden”《革命》“Revolution”《生活的法则》“The Law of Life”《白牙》“White Fong”五、二十世纪文学Twentieth—Century Literature
1。埃兹拉·庞德Ezra Pound (1885-1972)
※《一台古钢琴》“A Virginal”
※《再次致意》“Salutation the Second”
※《合同》“A Pact”
※《地铁站台》“In a Station of the Metro”
※《长干行》“The River-Merchant’s Wife:A Letter”2。埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) ※《山上的古屋》“The House on the Hill”
※《理查·珂利》“Richard Cory”
※《米尼弗·契维》“Miniver Cheevy”
3。罗伯特·弗洛斯特Robert Frost (1874-1963)
※《摘罢苹果》“After Apple-Picking”
※《没有走的路》“The Road Not Taken”
※《雪夜林边小立》“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”※《部分》“Departmental”
※《设计》“Design”
※《大多数》“The Most of It”
4。卡尔·桑德堡Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
※《芝加哥》“Chicago”
※《港湾》“The Harbor”
※《雾》“Fog”
※《冰冷的墓》“Cool Tombs”
※《闪烁的深红》“Flash Crimson”
※《人民，是的》“The People, Yes”
5。华莱士·斯蒂文斯Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
※《彼得·昆士弹琴》“Peter Quince at the Clavier”
※《坛子的轶事》“Anecdote of the Jar”
※《冰淇淋皇帝》“The Emperor of Ice-Cream”
6。托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) ※《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》
“The Love Song of J· Alfred Prufrock”
※《序曲》“Preludes”
※《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”
※《空心人给老盖伊一文钱吧》”The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”
《诗集》“Poems”
《荒原》“The Waste Land”
7。F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德F· Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
※《了不起的盖茨比》“The Great Gatsby”
《人间天堂》“This Side of Paradise”
《漂亮的和该死的》“The Beautiful and Damned”
《爵士时代故事集》“Tales of the Jazz Age”
8。厄恩斯特·海明威Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
※《永别了，武器》“A Farewell to Arms”
《太阳照样升起》“The Sun Also Rises”
《丧钟为谁而鸣》“For Whom the Bell Tolls”
《死在午后》“Death in the Afternoon”
《老人与海》“The Old Man and the Sea”
9。约翰·斯坦贝尔John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
※《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”
10。威廉·福克纳William Faulkner (1897-1962)
※《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》“A Rose for Emily”
《喧嚣与骚动》“The Sound and the Fury”
《在我弥留之际》“As I Lay Dying”
《八月之光》“Light in August”
《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》”Doctor Martino and Others Stories”
《押沙龙，押沙龙》“Absalom, Absalom”
《小乡村》“The Hamlet”
《小镇》“The Town”Jerome David Salinger
The Catcher in the Rye 麦田里的守望者
美国文学选读名词解释
1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.to some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义):a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period. associated with imagination and boundlessness, as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries.(Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.) II.Features of American romanticism (1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained. (3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” . Ideals：Individualism; political equality Dream：America: a new Garden of Eden (4)American romanticism was both imitative and independent. 3.Transcendentalism 超验主义 The major features of Transcendentalism: ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙 ② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. ③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s ove rwhelming presence. 自然+上帝 Ralph Waldo Emerson. American Transcendentalism:As a philosophical and literary
美国文学选读复习提纲
Proses: Nathan Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter-Chapter 2 Hawthorne: 心理分析小说，以宗教罪恶观sin评价社会。 -Why are women especially the elder ones so harsh and intolerant to Hester? 1. Startled or astonished by the beauty, elegant and dignity of Hester. 2. The patriarchal society let women have eternalized patriarchal ideas, unfavorable for women adulterers. -How does the author portray Hester Prynne? 1. Core impressive image: the artistically and fantastically made letter A. 2. Appearance -What does the scarlet letter with gold thread and elaborate embroidery(刺绣) suggests? 1. C lue of Hester’s attitude: she makes a mockery of her punishment by making this plain symbol of adultery into a gorgeous decoration. 2. To negate the awful meaning of the letter. 3. as punishment, 血红色的A字象征这人们反对human nature ,lush, 有devilish意味，而Hester wants to change her human reality, to make it prettier than it really is. -W hat does “A” stand for? Adultery/Angel (appearing in the sky when governor dies)/Able (Hester gains influence) -What kind of person is Chillingworth? 1. Devil or devil’s emissary or Satan: cold intellect and old age, without hominine feelings from heart and soul. 2. In Hester’s recalling, he is “…pale.” Character Captain Ahab Image of American: an idealist and an egonist. Willa Cather: Miss Jewett Sarah Orne Jewett’s poetic principles Jewett both as a writer and a person Cather’s poetic principles As a writer, Jewett has her own writing style. She focuses on the places where she lives and loves, and makes them subject-matters of her stories. (Wherever she might be, She carried the Maine shore-country with her. She loved it by instinct, and in the light of wide experience, from near and from afar. Every day, in every season of the year, she enjoyed the beautiful country in which she had the good fortune to be born. Her love of the Maine country was the supreme happiness of her life. Her stories were but reflections, quite incidental, of that peculiar and intensely personal pleasure. Take ,for instance, that dear, daybreak paragraph which begins “By the Morning Boat”: “On the coast of Maine…”P127 paragraph 3) She writes with delightful humor that comes from her delicate and tactful handling of her native language.(Her personal opinions she voiced lightly, half-humorously; any expression was spontaneous, the outgrowth of the immediate conversation.) And, the distinctive thing about Miss Jewett is that she has her own individual voice.(her comment on the story of a mule)
美国文学选读复习资料
American Puritanism 殖民地时期 ( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明?富兰克林 作品： 1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success. 2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源 3、参与起草《独立宣言》 浪漫主义American Romanticism The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature. The social and cultural background of Romanticism The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics:moral enthusiasm,faith in value of in dividualism and intuitive perception,and a presumption that the natural world was a source of good ness and man’s societies as a source of corruption. 二、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡 ---poet,short story writer and literary critic(48poems,70short stories) He greatly influenced the devotees of“Art for art’s sake.” He was father of psychoanalytic criticism(心理分析批评),and the detective story.诗歌的精髓就是追求美 小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。 The Poetic Principle: 1.The poem,should be short,readable at one sitting; 2.Beauty(the rhythmical creation of beauty); 3.Melancholy忧伤(especially the death of a beautiful woman).
美国文学选读复习材料
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陶洁版美国文学选读_第三版_课后习题答案解析
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