begin与start的用法

1. 意为“开始；发生；发起”时，两者可互换。如：

Then he began/ started a series of experiment s.然后他就开始做一系列的实验。

How did the accident begin/ start？事故是怎样发生的？

2. 表示开始某一动作时，后面跟不定式或动名词所表达的意思是相同的。但当表示开始一项较长时间或经常性的活动时，后接动名词的形式则更为常见。如：

The child began crying/ to cry. 那小孩开始哭了。

3. 两者在下列情况下常接不定式，不接动名词：

（ 1 ）主语是无生命的事物，而不是人时。如：

The ice began/ started to melt. 冰开始融化了。

（ 2 ）当began 和start 用于进行时态时。如：

The plaster was beginning / starting to fall from the walls. 墙上的灰泥开始脱落了。

（ 3 ）当begin 和start 后接表示心理状态或精神活动的动词时。如：

Mary began/ started to guess what is in the bag. 玛丽开始猜包里有什么东西了。

4. 两者都具有及物动词词性和不及物物动词词性。如：

What time do you begin/ start school？你是什么时候开始上学的？His work starts/ begins at half past eight and finishes at a quarter to five. 他的工作八点半开始，四点四十五分结束。

5. begin/ start with 意为“从……开始”。如：

Which lesson shall I begin / start with？我应从哪一课开始？

6. begin 和start 均为终止性动词，因此不能与段时间状语连用。如：电影开始10 分钟了。

误：The film has begun/ started for ten minutes.

正：The film began ten minutes ago.

正：The film has been on for ten minutes.

正：It's ten minutes since the film began.

二. 不同之处

1. 表示（机器）开始、启动时，用start ，不用begin ，时此的start 相当于set going .如：

How do you start the washing machine？洗衣机怎么启动？

The man can't start the car. 这个人无法发动这辆车。

2. 表示创办、开设时，用start ，不用begin .此时的start 相当于set up 或establish .如：

He started a new shop last year. 去年他新开了一家商店。

3. 表示动身、出发、启程时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于set out 或set off .如：

He started for America last week. 他上周动身去美国了。

4. 表示开始使用时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于begin to use .如：

You have used up this bottle of ink. Will you start another one？你

已用完了这瓶墨水，打算再用一瓶吗？

5. 表示惊动、惊起时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于be started .如：

She started at the sound of my voice. 她听到我的声音吓了一跳。

6. 表示提出问题时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于raise 或put up .如：

John started a question at the meeting. 约翰在会上提出了一个问题。

7. 表示怀孕（口语）时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于carry 或be in a family way .如：

Linda has started a baby. 琳达怀孕了。

8. 指一段时间的开始常用begin ，而不用start .如：

The new school year will begin soon. 新学年很快就要开始了。

另外，begin 表示的开始往往指从起点开始，而start 则不一定。因此当一件事中断后再开始时应用start again ，而begin again 则含有“从头再来”（= begin afresh ）的意思。如：

Conversation started and stopped ，and after a long pause ，started again. 谈话开始后又停止了，过了好长一会儿才又开始。Don't lose heart；let's begin again （afresh ）. 别灰心，让我们从头再来。

begin / start to do sth

begin / start doing sth.

1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.

How old were you when you first started playing the piano?

你几岁时开始弹钢琴？

2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do

I was beginning to get angry。

我开始生起气来。

3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。

I begin to understand the truth。

我开始明白真相。

4) 物作主语时

It began to melt

RTHJ_Manual

RTHJ熱阻測試儀 操作手冊 冠魁電機股份有限公司 TEL:02-26642120 FAX:02-26641610

目錄 簡介 (3) 安裝密封箱 (4) 測試流程範例 (8) 烤箱操作 (8) 軟體操作：「順向偏壓-溫度」曲線之量測 (9) 密封箱操作 (10) 軟體操作：熱阻量測 (12) 軟體操作說明 (13) 基本操作 (13) 報表 (14) 通訊埠設定 (15) 光功率設定 (15) 熱阻量測 (18) 附錄 (20) 計算公式一（由K係數推算T J）： (20) 計算公式二（內插法求T J）： (20)

簡介 RTHJ是用來搭配PTJ6000系列測試機及BC-02小烤箱之連線軟體，其主要功能是借由電腦來控制「順向偏壓-溫度」曲線之量測，以簡化熱阻量測之流程，其架構圖如下圖所示。 [電腦 PTJ6000測試機] 1.傳送測試指令。 2.接收測試讀值。 [電腦 BC-02小烤箱] 1.設定小烤箱溫度。 2.讀取小烤箱即時溫度。 [電腦 SE3000記錄器] 1.讀取密封箱即時溫度。

安裝密封箱1將測試線從密封箱左邊孔由下往上穿出。 2將感溫棒從密封箱右邊孔由下往上穿出。 3測試線、感溫棒安裝示意圖。

4感溫棒接SE3000溫度記錄器方法如圖。 a. 安裝感溫棒前 指撥開關預設全在OFF(左側)，請勿更變。 若非使用本公司所提供的0.5mm K Type 感溫棒，請確認您所使用的感溫棒為非接觸式。以免量測時電流回灌傷及SE3000。 c. 依序安裝所有感溫棒(Channel 1~4) b. 安裝一組感溫棒(Channel 2) Ch1 ＋ Ch2 － 未使用 Ch3 Ch4 Ch6 Ch5

cloudera-quickstart安装使用总结

一、cloudera-quickstart的安装 （1）在官网上下载一种版本的cloudera-quickstart（有三种不同版本分别对应的可以在三种不同的虚拟机上运行） （2）根据下载的不同版本下载虚拟机（VMware or VisualBox） （3）以VisualBox虚拟机为例则可以运行cloudera-quickstar的基本配置如下： RAM内存至少为8G 虚拟处理器分配为两个

（4）虚拟机配置好以后，不用先安装Linux操作系统。因为cloudera-qiuckstart对包括操作系统在内的都已经打好包了，所以只需将下载的cloudera-quickstart的虚拟磁盘（比如：cloudera-quickstart-vm-5.1.0-1-virtualbox-disk1.vmdk）添加到虚拟机控制器的位置然后启动虚拟机中的该的系统，cloudera-quickstart所包含的一整套系统就可以使用了，这就是quickstart 版本的方便之处。 具体操作如下： 进入配置好的虚拟机页面，选择“存储”，然后点下图红圈标注的位置

会弹出来如下对话框，选择“使用现有的虚拟盘” 然后再找到你下载的cloudera-quickstart的虚拟磁盘所在的位置，点击“打开” 则虚拟磁盘就被添加进去了，如下图所示

最后启动该系统 对于win7系统上如果安装VMware虚拟机有可能在启动虚拟磁盘时会提示出现内部错误（如下图所示），此时只需要以管理员身份运行虚拟机就可以解决该问题了。

二、cloudera manager控制页面 启动虚拟机进入cloudera-quickstart操作系统桌面后，会自动跳出浏览器上cloudera的控制平台。但有可能会出现接口连接不上服务器的状况，如下图所示： 此时有两种解决方法：（1）点击桌面上的“Launch cloudera manager”(2)打开Linux的控制终端输入：“sudo/home/cloudera/cloudera-manager--force”一般我比较喜欢采取第二种方法。 做完这些后就可以单击浏览器窗口上的“cloudera manager”、“Hue”、“Hoop”、“Spark”等进去其相应的控制平台了，打开这些控制平台还可以直接在浏览器的地址栏输入相应的端口号进入，比如cloudera manager在服务器端的端口号为：7180，则可在浏览器中输入：quickstart.cloudera:7180直接进入。在实际操作中我比较喜欢在浏览器中更改端口号切换控制台。

北师大版高中英语模块一unit1lesson1教学设计说明

教学设计Unit1 Lesson1：A Perfect Day The First Period 一、学情分析 学生刚刚从初中毕业进入高中阶段学习，学习英语的兴趣大，课堂较为积极、活跃，课堂气氛较好。经过三年的初中学习，已具备一定的阅读能力。因此，在设计这堂课时，要着重从激发学生的兴趣出发，循序渐进引导学生理解课文，掌握一定的阅读技巧，然后让学生就所学话题进行讨论，让他们从讨论中有所启迪。 二、教材分析 本课是语篇是两则关于不同生活方式的阅读文章。学生将在在本课学习有关不同生活方式的表达方式，理解文章大意，使用略读、细读等阅读策略。学生要将阅读信息内化，转换成自己的语言。并通过对文章中两人的不同生活方式的讨论，学会合理、有效地安排自己的生活和学习。 三、教学目标 （一）知识目标：To learn some words and phrases. （二）能力目标：To discuss favorite TV programs and daily activities. To read two texts for specific information. To write a short article, using what the students learnt in this period. （三）道德目标：To help the students discuss what a healthy and active lifestyle is and form a good habit. 四、教学重点与难点 1. Teach the passages as a whole: make the Ss understand and grasp the general idea of each passage as a whole. 2. Thinking of the healthy lifestyles in our daily life and how to improve our lifestyles. 五、教学方法 1. Communicative Method 2. Skimming and Scanning 3.“Task-based”Teaching Method 六、教学工具 1. Multi-media 2. Blackboard 七、教学过程 Pre-reading Step1. Teacher presents several pictures to make the students get familiar with the key words in exercise1,page 8. Ask the students the question: Do you ever watch too much TV? How much time do you spend watching TV every day?

onStartCommand(android service用法)

onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) Service原理这里不介绍，只介绍onStartCommand的返回和Android Reference中的问题。 onStartCommand方法必须具有一个整形的返回值，这个整形的返回值是一个描述性质的数值，用来告诉系统在服务启动完毕后，一旦遇到服务被系统销毁（System kill），系统将如何继续（操作），这些返回值必须是以下一个： START_NOT_STICKY 如果系统在onStartCommand返回后被销毁，系统将不会重新创建服务，除非收到一个未处理（pending悬而未决地）的Intent，当不是必须（necessary）并且Android应用能够自行简单地（simply）重启未完成业务（不通过服务），那么这样的设定是最安全的（safest）。 START_STICKY 如果系统在onStartCommand返回后被销毁，系统将会重新创建服务并依次调用onCreate和onStartCommand（注意：根据测试Android2.3.3以下版本只会调用onCreate根本不会调用onStartCommand，Android4.0可以办到），重新创建的操作将会作为事件日程序列（schedule）加入到系统事件日程列表中，在延迟一个计算时间（如：5000ms）后重新启动。但是不会重新将之前的传入的Intent创新传递给、 onStartCommand，除非重新收到一个未处理（pending悬而未决地）的Intent，在这种情况下（inwhich case），未处理的心得Intent仍然按照流程被传入和处理，但是前一次操作的Intent将会变null（等同于一次带null intent的启动）。对于不需要立刻执行命令的服务，如多媒体播放器（或者其他类似（similar）的服务）那么这样的设定是非常适合的，但是服务会无限期的运行，并等待一个适合的工作（个人理解：就是服务等于又重新启动恢复到之前的状态了）。 START_REDELIVER_INTENT 同START_STICKY，在重新调用onStartCommand的时候，之前的Intent将会被保留，并重新传递给该方

Start与 begin作动词的区别

Start与begin作动词的区别 1. 表示（机器）开始、启动时，用start ，不用begin ，时此的start 相当于set going 。 如：How do you start the washing machine? 洗衣机怎么启动？ The man can't start the car. 这个人无法发动这辆车。 2. 表示创办、开设时，用start ，不用begin 。此时的start 相当于set up 或establish 。 如：He started a new shop last year. 去年他新开了一家商店。 3. 表示动身、出发、启程时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于set out 或set off 。 如：He started for America last week. 他上周动身去美国了。 4. 表示开始使用时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于begin to use 。 如：You have used up this bottle of ink. Will you start another one? 你已用完了这瓶墨水，打算再用一瓶吗？ 5. 表示惊动、惊起时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于be started 。 如：She started at the sound of my voice. 她听到我的声音吓了一跳。 6. 表示提出问题时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于raise 或put up 。 如：John started a question at the meeting. 约翰在会上提出了一个问题。 7. 表示怀孕（口语）时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于carry 或be in a family way 。如：Linda has started a baby. 琳达怀孕了。 8. 指一段时间的开始常用begin ，而不用start 。 如：The new school year will begin soon. 新学年很快就要开始了。 另外，begin 表示的开始往往指从起点开始，而start 则不一定。 因此当一件事中断后再开始时应用start again ，而begin again 则含有“从头再来”（= begin afresh ）的意思。 如：Conversation started and stopped ，and after a long pause ，started again. 谈话开始后又停止了，过了好长一会儿才又开始。 Don't lose heart; let's begin again （afresh ）. 别灰心，让我们从头再来。

第五课 B课文 教案

Unit 5 B课文 I Background information 1.Introduction to the author Tory Johnson Tory Johnson is an American author and life coach (人生教练，生活教练，人生导师，生命潜能教练) who educates viewers on a wide range of job-related issues and challenges as a business and career coach. In addition to her television segments(部分), Johnson writes a weekly column for ABC News in which she addresses topics related to work / life balance, job searching, and career advancement in all fields. She provides strategies and solutions for women and men to find success and satisfaction at work. 2. Workaholics Anonymous Meeting（工作狂匿名会议-机器翻译） Workaholics Anonymous (WA) is a fellowship（友谊；共同；团体；(英大学)特别研究生的地位[补助费]）of individuals who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problems and help others to recover from workaholism. Anybody with a desire to stop working compulsively is welcome at a WA meeting. In 1983, one of the first formal efforts to create a fellowship around work addiction recovery（康复）began in New York when a corporate financial planner and a school teacher met. They formed Workaholics Anonymous to stop working compulsively themselves and to help others who suffered from the disease of workaholism. II Language points 1.pop up: appear or occur, esp. when not expected The film star pops up everywhere, on TV, in magazines, on Broadway. 在电视上、杂志上以及百老汇，到处都看见那个电影明星。 2.among others / among other things: as well as other people or things He moved to England in 1980 where, among other things, he worked as a journalist. The guests included, among others, Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Jackson. 宾客包括伊莉莎白·泰勒和迈克尔·杰克逊。 3.distract: vt. stop (sb.) concentrating on sth. (used in the pattern: distract sb. / sth. from sth.) Tony admits that playing video games sometimes distracts him from his homework. Don’t distract your father while he’s driving. 爸爸开车时别让他分心。 4.delegate: v.entrust (duties, etc.) to sb. in a lower position or grade (used in the pattern: delegate sth. to sb.) If you’re so busy, why don’t you delegate some of your work to your assistant? 如果你很忙，为什么不分点工作给助理做呢？ 5.focus on: concentrate on He has focused on the solution of this issue for years but isn’t getting an ywhere(成功，有点成就) Indeed, always to focus on alcoholism is, I think, to miss the point. 事实上，我认为始终盯住酗酒（alcoholism）问题不放，是没有抓住问题的要害。 6.link: v. connect (followed by to / with)

turn的用法总结

turn的用法 一、turn 用作名词时,意为“轮流”“依次轮流的顺序”。例如: Now it’s your turn to read the text. 现在轮到你读课文了。 It's my turn to use the bike. 该轮到我用自行车了。 Y ou must stand in line and wait for your turn. 你必须排队等候。 含turn 的短语有: take turns 意为“替换”“轮流”; by turns 意为“轮流地”。例如: Please take turns to ask questions. 请轮流提问。 We looked after the little boy by turns. 我们轮流照看这个小男孩。 We take turns to make dinner. 我们轮流做晚饭。(=We make dinner by turns.) 注：take one's turn to do sth. = do sth. in turn =do sth. by turns轮流做某事 =take turns to do sth.=take turns at doing sth.=take turns doing sth. The nurses attended the patient in turn / by turns. =The nurses took turns to attend the patient. Th e twins take turns to make dinner. =The twins take turns at making dinner. =The twins take turns making dinner. 二、turn 用作系动词时,意为“变得”。例如: In spring the trees turn green and the flowers start to come out. 春天,树变绿了,花儿开了? In autumn the leaves turn yellow. 秋天树叶变黄。 She turned pale. 她的脸变得苍白。 三turn 用作不及物动词时,意为“转向”“翻转”. turn right / left = turn to the right / left 例如: Turn right. At the end of the road you’ll see the hospital. 向右拐,在路的尽头就是那家医院? Just go straight and turn left. 一直往前走,然后向左拐? Turn to Page 12 in your workbook. 翻到练习册第12页? He turned his face to the wall. 他转过脸面向墙壁。 The road turns south outside town. 此路在城外转弯向南。 turn to sth. / sb. (for help) When I am in difficulty, I always turn to him for help. 我有困难时总是找他帮忙。 四、转动,旋转 The wheel turns when its axis moves. 轮轴动时,轮子也跟着转动。 He turned the key in the lock. 他旋动插进锁里的钥匙。 五、使倒置,使颠倒;倾倒[O] He turned the glass upside down. 他将玻璃杯子倒置。 六、turn 可以和介词或副词一起构成短语动词,表达不同的意思?常见的这些短语动词有: 1. turn over 意为“翻过来”例如: Tom turned over the note and read, “Come and look for me in the study.” 汤姆把便条翻过来读道,“到书房来找我.”

延续性动词和终止性动词的区别及用法

延续性动词和终止性动词的区别及用法 一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 二、延续性动词的用法特征 1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有： for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如： I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right. 三、终止性动词的用法特征 1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived.火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？ 2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如： (1)他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.

You Might B a Workaholic If

You Might Be a Workaholic If… It’s a frequently asked question: Do we live to work, or work to live? A growing number of Americans are finding that they live for work, and some of them are popping up at Workaholics Anonymous meeting nationwide. Unlike people who simply work very hard, which quite frankly is most of us, workaholics never punch out. They always feel like they are on the clock, 24/7, physically, mentally and emotionally working. They are more genuinely enthusiastic about work than anything else in their lives, even family and friends. There’s nothing that person would rather be doing than working. And we’re not just talking about Fortune 500 executives, among others, attend Workaholics Anonymous meeting to try to kick the habit. What Are the Trouble Signs? If you’re workaholic, you can’t stop thinking about work. Work issues distract you from relationships and those thoughts speed through your mind as you lie in bed at night. A part of you is always longing to get back to work. Nothing—not eating, socializing, sleeping—is as satisfying. Here’s a good way to think of it: An ordinary hard worker will be on the job, thinking about shopping with friends. A workaholic will be out shopping with friends, but will be thinking nonstop about work. Workaholics are very controlling. They can’t delegate and are not usually interested in being team players. They are perfectionists and nothing is ever good enough for them. Workaholics would rather handle everything themselves, which doesn’t always produce the necessary results because often we need the input and help of others. A workaholic also has a troubled personal life. Typically workaholics don’t have many friends or hobbies. Their personal relationships are in disarray. They have difficulty with intimacy because work is always on their minds. And of course, there is a ripple effect in the families of workaholics. Research done by the University of North Carolina found that couples in a workaholic marriage tended to have twice the divorce rate as those who were in nonworkaholic marriages. We know that all marriages take work, but that’s not the type of work that a workaholic wants to focus on. Further, there is the effect on the children. Research has also found that children of workaholics have a higher rate of depression and anxiety mainly because the workaholic parent has placed severely high expectations on his or her kids, which links back to the desire for perfection. And there are health concerns for workaholics, caused by the extreme levels of stress they suffer. They often eat poorly, don’t exercise, and in short, they take poor care of their physical and emotional well-being. Solutions to Kick the Habit Like any addiction, it’s challenging to kick and the person needs a support system to help. First, a workaholic must recognize and admit the problem. Take this quick personal survey: Ask yourself, on a scale of one to five—five being truly satisfied—how you’d rate your satisfaction and happiness in each of this key areas of your personal life: Your family? Your friendships? Your health? Your hobbies? Your spirituality? If your

however的用法

With the possible exception of the Beatles, no other band has become so successful so quickly. 可能除了披头士乐队这个例外，还没有哪个乐队如此转瞬走红的。 并列句中连接词语的功能 2006-03-01 18:54:21 ??英语中，包含两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构的句子称为并列句，各个相互独立的主谓结构叫作分句，多数情况下并列句中的分句由并列连接词来连接。并列句的分句之间关系密切，而并列连接词是分句之间关系的纽带，它们起着承上启下的作用，显示了分句之间逻辑关系，指示了说话人思维的走向。因此，正确理解和掌握连接词语是我们能否正确理解话语篇章意义的关键。表示并列关系的词语除了并列连词（如：and，but，or，so，for等），还有并列词组（如：in addition，as a result 等）和连接性副词（如：however，moreover，otherwise等），这里统称为连接词语。根据连接词语的语义功能，可将其分类如下： 1．表示补充、添加关系的连接词 这类连接词表示后面分句的句意是对前面分句句意的补充，说的是同类事情。常用的有：and，in addition，besides，moreover，furthermore，likewise，in the same way，what’s more 等。例如： Irene did not answer，and James，too，ceased speaking． 艾琳没有回答，詹姆斯也不再说话。（说的都是"保持沉默"） Bicycling is good exercise，moreover，it doesn’t pollute the air． 骑自行车是项很好的运动，而且又不污染空气。（说的都是骑自行车的优点） A flood will break a dam；likewise， the oppressed people everywhere will overthrow their oppressors in the end． 洪水会冲毁大坝，同样，任何地方的被压迫人民也会推翻他们的压迫者。（说的是同一道理） 2．表示转折关系的连接词 这类连接词表示后面分句在意义上与前面的分句发生了转折，说的是不同情况或不同的观点。常见的有：but，however，nevertheless，instead，on the contrary，on the otherhand，yet，by contrast，whereas等。例如： The situation looked desperate，but they didn’t give up hope． 形势看来非常危急，但他们没有放弃希望。 It’s too wet to go for a walk；let’s go swimming instead． 天气潮湿，不宜去散步，我们改去游泳吧。 There was no news；nevertheless，she went on hoping． 尽管没有消息，她仍抱着希望。 3．表示因果关系的连接词

begin与start区别

Start与begin区别 一 . 相同之处 1. 意为“开始；发生；发起”时，两者可互换。如： Then he began/ started a series of experiments. 然后他就开始做一系列的实验。 How did the accident begin/ start? 事故是怎样发生的？ 2. 表示开始某一动作时，后面跟不定式或动名词所表达的意思是相同的。但当表示开始一项较长时间或经常性的活动时，后接动名词的形式则更为常见。如： The child began crying/ to cry. 那小孩开始哭了。 3. 两者在下列情况下常接不定式，不接动名词： （1 ）主语是无生命的事物，而不是人时。如： The ice began/ started to melt. 冰开始融化了。 （2 ）当began 和start 用于进行时态时。如： he plaster was beginning / starting to fall from the walls. 墙上的灰泥开始脱落了。 （3 ）当begin 和start 后接表示心理状态或精神活动的动词时。如： Mary began/ started to guess what is in the bag. 玛丽开始猜包里有什么东西了。 4. 两者都具有及物动词词性和不及物物动词词性。如： What time do you begin/ start school? 你是什么时候开始上学的？ His work starts/ begins at half past eight and finishes at a quarter to five. 他的工作八点半开始，四点四十五分结束。 5. begin/ start with 意为“从……开始”。如： Which lesson shall I begin / start with? 我应从哪一课开始？ 6. begin 和start 均为终止性动词，因此不能与段时间状语连用。如： 电影开始10 分钟了。 误：The film has begun/ started for ten minutes. 正：The film began ten minutes ago. 正：The film has been on for ten minutes. 正：It's ten minutes since the film began. 二 . 不同之处 1. 表示（机器）开始、启动时，用start ，不用begin ，时此的start 相当于set going 。如： How do you start the washing machine? 洗衣机怎么启动？ The man can't start the car. 这个人无法发动这辆车。 2. 表示创办、开设时，用start ，不用begin 。此时的start 相当于set up 或establish 。如： He started a new shop last year. 去年他新开了一家商店。 3. 表示动身、出发、启程时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于set out 或set off 。如： He started for America last week. 他上周动身去美国了。 4. 表示开始使用时，用start ，不用begin ，此时的start 相当于begin to use 。如：You have used up this bottle of ink. Will you start another one? 你已用完了这瓶墨水，打算再用一瓶吗？

全新版_大学英语_第二版_综合教程_1_翻译_Unit_5

Unit 5 The company man 公司的人 Ellen Goodman 艾伦·古德曼1He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning. 最终，他于星期天凌晨3点工作致死。 2The obituary didn't say that, of course. It said that he died of a coronary thrombosis--I think that was it--but everyone among his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly. He was a perfect Type A, a workaholic, a classic, they said to each other and shook their heads--and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived. 当然，讣告上没有这样写。讣告上写的是死于冠状动脉血栓证，但他的好友和熟识的人都心知肚明。他们互相握着手，摇头叹息地说他是一个追求完美的A型血人，一个典型的工作狂，然后用几分钟时间来反思自己的生活方式。 3This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning--on his day off--was fifty-one years old and a vice-president. He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably--if the president died or retired soon enough--have moved to the top spot. Phil knew that. 这个男人最终在星期天凌晨三点整工作致死。星期天的早上，这天刚好是这个51岁的副总裁的休息日。他是公司六位副总裁之一，也是副总裁中三位最让人信任的人之一，如果总裁已经逝世或者退休的话，他已经成为了最高职位。菲尔清楚这一点。 4He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives. He worked like the Important People. He had no outside "extracurricular interests," unless, of course, you think about a monthly golf game that way. To Phil, it was work. He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk. He was, of course, overweight, by 20 or 25 pounds. He thought it was okay, though, because he didn't smoke. 他一周工作六天，其中五天工作到夜里八九点，他的公司里除了高级官员，其他人都已经开始四天工作制。他工作起来像一个重要人物。当然，就像你想象中那样，他每月打一次高尔夫球，他没有其他的爱好。对菲尔而言，高尔夫是工作。他总是在他的桌前吃着吃鸡蛋沙拉三明治，他难免有点发福，超重了20-25磅。他想这没什么关系，因为他从不抽烟。 5On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend. 星期六，菲尔换下西服，穿着运动衫去上班，因为这是周末。 6He had a lot of people working for him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked him most of the time. Three of them will be seriously considered for his job. The obituary didn't mention that. 他有大约60个人为他效力，大部分人在大部分时候觉得他很不错。其中三位紧盯着他的职位。讣告上没有提及这些。 7But it did list his "survivors" quite accurately.He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight years old, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering.She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago, when the children were small.A company friend said, "I know how much you will miss him." And she answered, "I already have." 但是讣告详细地介绍了他的遗孀。他的妻子，海伦，一个48岁的好女人，没有什么特别的市场能力，在结婚生子之前在一家公司上班。她说，在女儿的记忆里，她很多年前，当孩子们还很小的时候，就放弃了和他工作的抗争。一个工作伙伴说，“我知道你将对他有多思念”，她回答到，“我一直都很想他。” 8"Missing him all these years," she must have given up part of herself which had cared too much for the man. She would be "well taken care of." “想了他这么多年了，”她如此在乎的这个男人，必须放弃她，以后她将会被“好好的照顾”。 9His "dearly beloved" eldest of the "dearly beloved" children is a hard-working executive in a manufacturing firm down South. In the day and a half before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood researching his father, asking the neighbors what he was like. They were embarrassed. 他的“最爱的”孩子们中“最爱的”长子是南方某制造公司努力工作的经理。在葬礼前的一天半里，他走访邻居询问邻居们询问邻居对他的印象。他们很尴尬。