高考英语无敌决胜精华知识点终极解密专题动词时态和语态教案——语法篇-动词的时态和语态

2011年高考一轮复习英语（人教版）金学案

语法篇

动词的时态和语态

1．对于动词时态、语态的考查仍将是高考的测试重点，试题将继续呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原则，即在考查固定句式中的时态和语态的同时，注重在上下文语境中考查时态和语态。2．学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语境，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解了八种常用时态的一些常用规则后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中如何使用各种时态和语态。

3．解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路：

(1)这件事情说的是什么时候的事情或情况？(定“时”)

(2)这个动作处于什么状态，是完成了，还是未完成，还是既不表完成又不表进行？(定“体”)

(3)这个动词与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？(定“语态”)

一、动词的时态

1．一般体

(1)一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态。

We have meals three times a day.

我们一日三餐。(现在的习惯)

He is always ready to help others.

他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)

When I was a boy，I often went to play in that park.

我小时候，常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)

(2)一般现在时还可表示客观真理、科学事实。

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。

(3)一般现在时还可用在if，unless，even if引导的条件状语从句中，由when，before，

until(till)，as soon as，the moment，once引导的时间状语从句中，由no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however引导的让步状语从句中，这时主句往往表将来(出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。

If city noises are not kept from increasing，people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.

Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy families.

(4)语境中的一般过去时，往往表示“刚才，在过去”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。—Come on in，Peter.I want to show you something.

—Oh，how nice of you！I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.

(5)一般将来时的用法

①“will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势。

Tom will come back next week.汤姆下周回来。

Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。

②“be going to＋动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，

be going to 还可表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推断。

He is going to speak on TV this evening.

他计划今晚到电视台讲话。

Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.

看这乌云，要下雨了。

③“be about to＋动词原形”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，该句型很少与时间状语连用。

The train is about to start.火车就要开了。

④有些动词如come，go，stay，arrive，leave，begin，start等，其一般现在时、现在进行时亦可表示按计划、安排将来要发生的动作或状态。

I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p．m.tomorrow.

明天下午3点我到北京。

What are you going to do next week?

下周你打算做什么？

⑤be to＋动词原形

a．表示按计划或安排要做的事。

When are you to leave for New York?

你什么时候去纽约？

She is to get married next month.她下个月结婚。

b．表示“指令”，相当于should，ought to，must，have to。

The books in this room are not to be taken outside.(＝The books in this room mustn’t be taken outside.)

这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。

这条消息可以在晚报上见到。

He is nowhere to be seen.在哪里也见不到他。

c．表示“想，打算”，相当于intend，want。

If we are to be there before ten，we’ll have to go now.

如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。

d．在与be to连用的结构中，see，find，congratulate的不定式的被动式有特殊的用法。

The news is to be found in the evening paper.

2．进行体

(1)一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

我弟弟骑自行车时从车子上摔了下来，伤了自己。

(2)表示动作的未完性、暂时性。

Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.

选手机供个人使用不是一件容易事因为技术变化太快。

(3)表示反复出现或习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always，continually，constantly连用。

He is always thinking of others first.

他总是先想到他人。

He is always making the same mistake.

他总是犯同一个错误。

3．完成体

(1)现在完成时

①一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately，recently，in the last/past few days/years(在过去的这几天/年里)，since then，up to now，so far (至今)等。

In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。

He has written 8 books so far.

到现在为止，他共写了8本书。

②一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生影响，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有already，just (刚刚)，yet，never，before等。He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)

他已经关闭了灯。

I have already seen the film.(＝I know the film now.)

我看过这部电影。

③在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。

I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.

只有我亲自看到，我才会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)

I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.

我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)

④瞬间动词又叫做非延续性动词，还叫做终止性动词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在

完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。

He has joined the army for 3 years.

√He has served in the army for 3 years.

√He joined the army 3 years ago.

√He has been a soldier for 3 years.

√It is 3 years since he joined the army.他参军三年了。

√He has joined the army.他参军了。

常见的瞬间动词有：come，go，get to/reach/arrive at，leave，buy，sell，open，close，get up，join/take part in，begin/start，return/give，borrow/lend，become/turn，bring/take，die，finish/end，receive/hear from，marry，break，lose，jump等。

(2)过去完成时

①一件事情发生于过去，而另外一件事情先于它(即表“过去的过去”)，那么在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的过去的时间可用before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可通过上下文来表示。

She had learned some English before she came to the institute.

她在来学院前已学过一些英语。

②表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语

有：by then，by that time，until，by the end of，before 2000，by the time＋句子等。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.

到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。

③Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had...done...when...；No sooner had...done...than...。when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。

Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。

④It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句中谓语动词用过去完成时。

It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.

十年来我们没这么高兴了。

⑤表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope，expect，mean，intend，want，think，suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。

I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.

我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。

(3)将来完成时

将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为：by＋将来的某个时间。

By this time of next year，all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们大家就成了大学生了。

4．完成进行体

现在完成进行时的用法：

现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，并持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。完成进行体是完成体和进行体的组合，因此，它具备完成体和进行体的一些因素，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩等”的特点。

He has been learning English for 6 years.

(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)

二、主动和被动

1．被动语态

英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：

2.主动形式表被动意义

(1)系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep＋形容词/名词构成系表结构。

The steel feels cold.铁块摸起来很凉。

His plan proved (to be) practical.他的计划证明很实用。

(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。

Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.

工作今早七点开始。

The shop closes at 6 p．m.every day.

这家商店每天下午6点打烊。

(3)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read，write，act，iron，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink。这类动词一般

不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。

This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。

Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得好。

The match won’t catch.火柴擦不着。

(4)介词in，on，under等＋名词构成介词短语表被动意义。

常见的有：under control (受控制)；under treatment (在治疗中)；under construction (在施工中)；beyond belief (令人难以置信)；beyond one’s control (无法控制)；for sale (出售)；for rent (出租)；in print (在印刷中)；in sight (在视野范围内)；on sale (出售); on show (展出)；out of control (控制不了)；out of sight (超出视线之外)。

The rumor is beyond belief (＝can’t be believed)．

这种谣言不可信。

Today some treasures are on show (＝are being shown) in the museum.今天一些珍宝在博物馆被展出。

(5)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit，have，wish，cost，agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong to等。

This key just fits the lock.这把钥匙正配这把锁。

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

你讲的故事与曾经被听到的一样。

1．一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别

一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。

比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：

He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.

(这是过去的一件事)

He has served in the army for 5 years.

(现在他仍在军中服役，他仍是军人)

I saw Hero last year.(看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在无关)

I have seen Hero before.(强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前”是表

示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间) 2．一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别

一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。

过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如by that time，by the end of，before 2000，by the time＋句子等。

初中英语语法——动词的时态

动词的时态 一、考点解读 今天我们复习动词的时态，英语的时态是同学们学习英语的难点，在各地的中考题目中许多题型都会有对于动词时态的考查。出现较多的是在单选，完形填空，及其在第二卷中出现的根据汉语意思填词的题目，还包括翻译句子，书面表达。可以说中考题目中大部分都会涉及到动词的时态。既是难点也是重点。在今天的专题中我们复习初中阶段需要掌握的八个时态。 1．一般现在时 2．现在进行时 3．一般过去时 4．过去进行时 5．一般将来时 6．过去将来时 7．现在完成时 8．过去完成时 二、专题梳理 初中阶段所学的英语的时态有8种。英语的时态有很强的表达能力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差异，能使句子生动逼真。但它们不是相当灵活，在不同的时间中，要用不同的形式，这是与中文大不相同的地方。 1．一般现在时：一般现在时是描述经常性、反复性的动作、性质或状态的时态。 （1）一般现在时的时间状语通常有： ①often ②usually ③always

④seldom ⑤sometimes ⑥every＋时间 ⑦次数＋时间 ⑧on＋时间 ⑨in＋时间 ⑩没有时间，但表示客观存在的事实 （2）一般现在时动词的形式主要用动词原形表示，但如果主语是单数第三人称时，则在动词后加s或es，变成否定句和疑问句时，又将s、es去掉，还为原形。 ①be动词的一般现在时的构成 否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示： ②其他实义动词的一般现在时的构成

其他实义动词一般现在时的构成如下 表所示（以动词work为例） 特别提示： have(has)在表示“有”时，否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或have not(has not)，变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时，其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。 e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons？(√) Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons？(√) 她有教钢琴的经验吗？ Had you a good time going hiking yesterday？(×) Did you have a good time going hiking yesterday？(√) 你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗？

高考英语语法复习专题

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高考英语——动词的时态和语态（专项练习题） 单句语法填空 1．We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite，rather than ________ (divide) us. 2．Silk ________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. 3．When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that ________(reflect) my interest. 4．More efforts，as reported，________(make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supply－side structural reform. 5．Dashan，who ________ (learn)crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand－up tradition. 6．When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I ________ (see) for years. 7．Two years ago，while Cathy ________ (watch) the Olympics，a dream came into her sweet little head—to be a swimmer. 8．Jack ________(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred. 9.I ________(read)half of the English novel，and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend. 10．The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ (reward)success in the end. 11．—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for? —The new Star Wars.We ________ (wait)here for more than two hours. 12．Secret codes keep messages private.Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information ________ (send)by computer. 13．People in this area are in fact French citizens because it________(be) a colony of the French Republic since 1946.

高考英语动词时态和语态讲解与专项练习题

动词时态语态 汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中常考的或较常用的有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时；主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理；按照计划安排好了将要发生的动作（一般指时刻表）等。 He usua lly goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： （1）非延续动作：动作发生在过去，对现在有影响。（2）延续性动作：动作和状态的持续。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。