大学英语语法 第六讲 副词
第六讲
副词
一、分类
在意义上, 副词可以分为时间副词( now, late ) , 地点副词( here, up) , 程度副词( very, so) , 频率副词(often , rarely) , 方式副词( fast , easily) , 态度副词(maybe, honestly)和逻辑
连
接副词(hence, however)等。
在功能上, 副词可以分为一般副词( there) , 疑问副词(when) , 连接副词( how, where) , 关系副词( as , why)和解释性副词( namely, for example, i . e . 那就是, e . g . 例如, viz 即)
等。
关系副词引导定语从句, 连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。本书对
关系副词和连接副词不作区分。
Why she committed suicide is still a mystery . (主语从句)
I..d like to know how she did it . (宾语从句)
This is where you are mistaken . (表语从句)
That is the place where he was ar rested . (定语从句)
Ask her when to open it . 问她什么时候把它打开。(不定式)
二、构成
1 . 大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly 构成, 但注意有变化
1)一般情况
slow →slowly dear →dearly
cool→coolly bad→badly
final →finally exact →exactly
2) -y 结尾的词
happy→happily angry→angrily
..但shy→shyly(或shily) , gay→gayly(或gaily) , dry→dryly(或drily)
3) -le 结尾的词, 省去-e 再加-y
subtle→subtly noble→nobly
single→singly idle→idly
able→ably
.. 但: supple→supplely, sole→solely, pale→palely, vile→vilely, stale→stalely, whole→
wholly
4) -ue 结尾的词, 去掉-e, 再加-ly
t rue→truly due→duly
5) -e 结尾的词, 直接加-ly
complete→completely wise→wisely
wide→widely lone→lonely
loose→loosely definite→definitely
6) -ic 结尾的词, 加-ally
economic→economically historic→historically
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t ragic→t ragically phonetic→phonetically
automatic→automatically democratic→democratically
fantastic→fantastically energetic→energetically
fanatic→fanatically
.. 但: public→publicly, political→politically
7) -ly 结尾的词, 去掉-y, 加-ily
melancholy→melancholily manly→manlily chilly→chillily
8) -ll 结尾的词, 只加-y
full→fully dull→dully
9)其他词类+ -ly 构成的副词
first (序数词)→firstly over(介词)→overly
most (不定代词)→mostly according(现在分词)→accordingly determined(过去分词)→determinedly matter-of-fact(短语)→matter-of-factly
kind-hearted(形容词)→kind-heartedly ill-natured(形容词)→ill-naturedly
marked(过去分词)→markedly lingering(现在分词)→lingeringly
2 . 有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的, 意为“向..”
forward( s) , backward( s) , downward ( s ) , northward ( s) , upward( s ) , stationward ( s ) , leftward( s) , homeward( s) , onward( s) , inward( s)
3 . 有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise 构成的, 表示位臵、方向、状态、有关等意义sidewise, clockwise, crabwise, money-wise, saleswise, taxwise, lengthwise, educationwise,
weatherwise, corkscrew-wise
Note: ①有少数副词加后缀-ways , -long, -ling( s)构成。例如:
sideways, lengthways , headlong, sideling( s)
②有些副词是加a-, here-, there-, where-构成的。例如:
away, ashore, aside
herein( in this) , hereby, hereafter
therein( in that) , thereby, thereafter
wherein( in which 或in what ) , whereby, whereon
4 . 某些以名词+ -ly 构成的词和其他结构的词, 既可作副词, 也可作形容词
下面名词+ -ly 构成的词既是副词又是形容词:
1) hourly
Their average hourly earnings are 20 yuan . 他们每小时的收入是20 元。(形容词) The guards shifted hourly . 卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)
2)weekly
a weekly payment of 100 yuan每周100 元的报酬(形容词)
They met weekly . 他们每周碰一次面。(副词)
3)yearly
a yearly meeting 年会(形容词)
The interest is normally paid once yearly . 利息通常每年付一次。(副词)
4) leisurely
He often takes a leisurely walk in the garden in the evening . 晚间, 他常常在庭院里轻松
地散散步。(形容词)
He walked leisurely along the road . 他在路边悠闲地走着。(副词)
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.. 其他如:
daily paper 日报
publish daily 每天出版
quarterly review 季刊
meet quar terly 每季开会一次
the nightly skies 夜空
appear nightly 夜间出现
fortnightly publication 两周一次的刊物
perform fortnightly 每两周表演一次
monthly salary 月薪
come monthly 每月来一次
ghostly laugh 可怕的笑声
ghostly pale 鬼一般地苍白
worldly knowledge 人情世故
worldly wise 善于处世
jolly life 舒心愉快的生活
jolly good 非常好
cleanly room 清洁的房间
cut cleanly 干净利落地切
deadly poison 烈性毒药
deadly serious 极为认真
kindly heart 慈悲心肠
speak kindly 亲切地说
lively girl 活泼的女孩
step lively 轻快地走
Note:manly, costly 等名词+ -ly 构成的词只用作形容词, 参阅第五讲。另外, monthly( 月刊) , daily(日报) , weekly(周报) , quar terly(季刊) , bimonthly(双月刊)等还可作名词
用, 如Beijing Weekly《北京周报》。
5 . alike 是形容词也是副词
英语中有些副词带有前缀a-, 这类词有些同时也是形容词。例如:
alone, adrift , astray 迷路, aslant 倾斜, afoot 徒步, aboard 在船上, abroad, askew 歪
斜, ahead 等。
They think alike . 他们有同样想法。
The boy has gone astray .
She went to the station af oot .
6 . 具有两种形式的同根副词
有些副词具有两种形式, 一种与形容词同形, 一种是形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同, 有时则意义完全不同。比较下面几组词。
1) hard 和hardly
It is raining hard . (猛烈地)
He works very hard . (努力地)
She listened hard . (仔细地)
I can hardly understand you . (几乎不)
2) clean 和cleanly
I clean forgot about it . (完全地, 彻底地)
The man got clean away . 那人逃得无影无踪。
He is clean out of food . 他完全没有东西吃了。
He pulled one cork cleanly, but the other crumbled . (利索地, 顺利地)
Note: cleanly 作“清楚地”解时, 读作…..klinli?, 也可用作形容词, 作“爱清洁的”解, 读
作
…..klenli?, 如a cleanly cat。
3) late 和lately
Very late at night , I got a phone call . (晚, 迟)
I have lately received a number of letters about this . (最近)
4)most 和mostly
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The head is the most sensitive par t of the body . (最)
The snake hunts mostly at night . (主要地)
The guests are mostly friends of the bride . (大多数地)
5) close 和closely
He stood close to the wall . (靠近)
He was following close behind . (近)
Watch what I do closely . (细心地)
The prisons were closely guarded . (严密地)
6) dead 和deadly
dead sure (的确)
dead tired (极其)
dead ahead (正好)
dead drunk (完全地)
stop dead (突然地)
He was deadly pale . (死一般地)
She is deadly sleepy . (非常)
7) sharp 和sharply
We arrived at the station at ten o..clock sharp . (准时)
look sharp 注意
sing sharp 用升半音唱
At the crossroads , we turned sharp ( sharply) to the left . (急剧地) (作“急剧地, 突
然地”解时, 用sharp 和sharply 均可)
8) slow 和slowly
The workers decided to go slow . (怠工) ( slow 通常与go, drive,walk 等动词连用, 臵于动词之后, 其他动词多同slowly 连用, slowly 在句中的位臵较灵活)
Speak slowly, please . (慢)
She awakened slowly .
She slowly awakened .
Slowly she awakened .
.. 但在下面几句中, 用slowly 和slow 均可:
How slowly/ slow time passes !
Go slow/ slowly, we..re coming to a sharp turn .
You..d better go slow/ slowly in reaching a decision .
9) right 和rightly
All went right . (好)
He went right away . (立即)
Go right home at once ! (直接)
I haven..t read the book right through . (完全地)
The book is right in front of her . (恰好)
I rightly guessed that he wasn..t coming . (正确地)
He rightly guessed it . (正确地)
(注意, rightly 通常放在动词前, 但也可以说: He guessed rightly(或right ) . )
10) firm 和firmly
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Always hold f irm to your beliefs .
Stand f irm .
但: He f irmly believes that . (坚定地)
Fix the nail f irmly in the wall . (牢固地)
11) fair 和fairly
We must play f air . (公正地)
She hit him fair on the nose . (恰好)
They..ve dealt fair and square with him . (公平地)
但:
She told the facts fairly . (不感情用事或不带偏见地)
He was f airly beside himself with joy . (相当地, 非常)
fairly well (非常好)
fairly good
12) easy 和easily
Take it easy . (with sth . or on sb . 省着用, 慢慢来)
Go easy . (别急)
Easy said, easy go . 轻诺者往往失信。
get off easy 没受多大惩罚
Stand easy ! 休息!
Easier said than done . 做比说难。
但:
I can easily finish it today . (容易地)
He is easily satisfied . (容易地)
It is easily the best hotel . (无疑)
13)wide 和widely
He stands with legs wide apart . (宽阔地, 张得很开)
Her mouth is wide open . (完全地)
The ball went wide ( far away) f rom the right point . (偏斜地) Canning is the most widely used method of food preservation . (广泛地) They differed widely in opinion . (很大地, 在很多地方)
He is widely known . (到处)
14) sure 和surely
“Can I sit here ?”“Sure . ”(当然可以)
It sure was a mystery . (的确)
He will surely succeed . (一定)
You don..t want to hurt his feelings surely . (当然)
15) loud 和loudly
Don..t speak so loud . ( loud 指音量的大小, 常同talk, speak, sing, laugh 等连用)
He is snoring loudly .
Tell the children not to speak so loudly . ( loudly 指发音时用力的强度, 具有“大叫, 呼号”等含义, 有时相当于noisily, 常指“令人不快的噪音”)
She is loudly dressed . (花哨地)
Please read out loud ( aloud) . (“朗读”不可用loudly)
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.. 但下面两句均正确:
He spoke loud and clear . (口语)
He spoke loudly and clearly . (书面语)
16) deep 和deeply
(1)表示静止状态的具体深度一般用deep , 修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。
例如:
She stood there, her feet deep in the grass .
I enjoy it deeply .
She was deeply grateful to you for your help .
(2)在work deep into the night , go deep into the matter (深入探讨) , drink deep(痛饮) ,
deep-rooted eyes(深陷的眼睛)等词组中, 不用deeply。
.. 有时两者可以换用。例如:
She is deep in love .
She is deeply in love .
dig deep
dig deeply
17) near 和nearly
The holiday is drawing near . (接近, 指时间和空间)
He was nearly run over by a car . (几乎, 差不多)
18) round 和roundly
Turn your chair round and face me . (转过来)
He was roundly criticized by the teacher . (狠狠地)
.. 下面两组句子都是正确的, 第一句用于口语, 第二句用于书面:
She was sleeping sound .
She was sleeping soundly .
He lay quiet until the danger was over .
He lay quietly until the danger was over .
Note: ①在句首或动词前面时, 应用带-ly 的副词。例如:
Slowly she walked towards the graveyard . (不用slow)
②与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。例如:
It was clear that she spoke . (误)
It was clearly that she spoke . (正)
It was loud and clear that she spoke . (正)
③greatly 通常被用来修饰动词, 除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词如superior ,
inferior 等外, 一般不修饰形容词。例如:
The book is greatly interesting . (误)
The book is very( fairly) interesting . (正)
This car , manufactured at a price greatly higher than that car , is greatly superior
in many respects . (正)
I greatly appreciate your suggestions .
She was greatly frightened of him .
④有些这类副词, 修饰动词有时不需加-ly, 但在修饰形容词、介词、现在分词或过去分词时, 却要加-ly, 常见的有high( ly) , direct( ly) , wide( ly) , tight ( ly)。当然, 这些副词另外还各自有其特定的用法, 参阅本章其他部分。比较:
He will communicate with you direct .
He was directly affected by the disaster . (不用direct )
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19) f ree 和f reely
The dog ran f ree on the farm . (无约束地)
The horse broke f ree . (松开着)
He admitted the mistake f reely . (直率地)
They walked f reely in the park . (自由地)
The books are given away f ree . (免费)
The books are given away f reely . (大量地、慷慨地)
20) large 和largely
write large (很大地)
sail large (顺风地)
It is stupid to talk large . (夸大地, 自夸地)
His success is largely due to luck . (主要地, 基本上)
He drinks largely . (大量地)
21) clear 和clearly
He climbed clear to the top of the t ree . (一直地, 完全地)
Stand clear of the doors of the t rain . (避开, 不碰上)
The incident remained very clearly in her mind . (清楚地, 清晰地)
The time is clearly ripe for it . (显然)
Note: clear 也可以表示“清楚地”, 但前有程度副词修饰时, 只能用clearly, 比较:
Speak loud and clear . (正)
He speaks very clear . (误)
He speaks very clearly . (正)
22) short 和shor tly
You..d better cut short your talk . It..s late . (简短)
He said he would be back short . (不久)
.. 但也可以说: She answered him short (或shortly) when he asked him .
23) flat 和flatly
knock sb . down flat (平直地)
They went f lat against orders . (断然地)
He..s f lat broke . (完全地)
He finished writing the letter in twenty minutes f lat . (正好)
He kept singing f lat . (用降调)
She f latly refused his demand . (坚决地)
He told her f latly that he wouldn..t pay the cost . (坦率地)
24) cheap 和cheaply
He bought it cheap and sold it dear . (便宜地)
I never thought he would act so cheap . (卑鄙地)
The bike was cheaply bought . (便宜地)
He escaped cheaply . ( easily)
Note: cheap 和cheaply 都可以表示“便宜地, 廉价地”, 但cheap 只能用于动词之后, 不
可用
于动词前, 并常同sell, buy 连用, 而cheaply 则可用于动词前面或后面。比较: The train takes you to the city cheaply . (正)
The train takes you to the city cheap . (误)
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It was cheaply sold . (正)
It was cheap sold . (误)
25) first 和firstly
You..d better phone her f irst . (先)
I f irst met her in a small village . (初次)
She said she would resign f irst . (宁可)
the first three days (最初的, 开始的)
Firstly he explained some sentences; secondly he gave a brief comment on the whole essay
. (第一、首先, 用于列举)
26) rough 和roughly
treat sb . rough(粗暴地)
live rough (简陋地)
sleep rough (露宿)
travel rough (因陋就简地旅行)
They roughly treated the prisoners . (粗暴地)
Roughly speaking, he earned about 200 dollars last month . (大致地)
Note: rough 只能用在动词后面, roughly 则可以用在动词前面或后面。
27) pretty 和prettily
The wind blew pretty hard . (相当, 十分, 相当于rather )
She was prettily dressed . (漂亮地)
He was prettily punished . (合宜地)
He answered the teacher prettily . (有礼貌地)
Note: 注意下面短语的含义: pretty much( well , nearly) 差不多(几乎) , sit pretty 处于极有
利的地位。例如:
It..s pretty well impossible to climb the mountain in winter . 在冬天要爬那座山几乎
是不可能的。
28) false 和falsely
He played her f alse . 他欺骗了她。(不忠实地, 背信弃义地)
judge sb . falsely (错误地)
The man was f alsely accused . (冤枉地)
He treated me f alsely . (虚伪地)
29) new 和newly
new-fallen snow (新, 新近)
It is a newly built factory . (新近地)
They are a newly mar ried couple . (最近)
It is a newly-painted door . (重新, 再一次)
Note: new 作副词用时, 表示“新, 新近”, 常用于复合词中, 同过去分词构成复合形容词, 中间一般有连字符, 再如: new-laid eggs 新下的蛋, new-found land 新发现的大陆, new-born baby 新生婴儿, new-planted crops 新种的庄稼, a new-found friend 新交
的朋友。30) last 和lastly
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last-born (最后)
He came last . (最后地)
When did you see her last ? (上一次, 最后一次)
Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for her consideration . (最后一点, 最后。常位于
句首, 表示列举的最后一点)
31) even 和evenly
Even a child can say it . (甚至, 即使)
It is an even worse mistake . (甚至更)
The goods are evenly distributed among them . (平均地)
He spread the butter on the bread evenly . (均匀地)
32) express 和expressly
You..d better send the letter express . (用快件寄运)
He came here express to see her . (特意地)
I expressly told him what to do . (明确地, 清楚地)
The book is expressly written for college students . (专门地)
33) bright 和brightly
The stars shine bright . (明亮地, 只能同shine 连用, 并放在shine 后面)
The lamps are shining brightly . (明亮地)
The floor is brightly painted . (鲜艳地)
34) full 和fully
sit full in the sun(直接地)
hit sb . full on the nose (正好)
He is f ully aware of it . (完全地)
The children are f ully fed . (充分地)
I can..t fully describe her face . (确切地)
Note: 注意下面的习惯用法: full ripe 全熟了, full many 很多, full well 很好, turn full
around
直转过来, look full at sb . 直盯着某人, full in the cent re 正当中, know full
well 非常了解。
35) just 和justly
He did it just for fun . (只是, 仅仅)
They just caught the bus . (勉强地, 差一点就不)
The moon has just come out . (刚刚)
He lived just in this room . (正好, 恰恰正是)
She was t reated justly . (公正地)
He was justly punished for the crimes . (应得地)
36) dear 和dearly
He paid dear for the computer . (昂贵地)
She sells her proper ty very dear . (高价地)
He loves her dearly . (深情地)
Victory was dearly bought . (昂贵地)
He..d dearly like to see you . (非常)
Note: ①dear 作“昂贵地”解时, 用其字母意义, 常同sell , buy, pay, cost 等连用, 只能放
在
动词后面。dearly 作“昂贵地”解时, 用其比喻意义。
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②hold something dear ( cheap) 珍视(轻视)某物, 这里dear 和cheap 为形容词。
37) sound 和soundly
The boy is still sound asleep . (酣畅地)
Their football team was soundly beaten by ours . (痛打, 大败)
Note: 既可以说sleep sound, 也可以说sleep soundly。
38) direct 和directly
He flew direct to New York . (径直地, 表示路程或时间)
They are not directly affected . (直接地)
He answered me very directly . (直截了当地)
The bookstore is directly opposite the shop . (正好地)
He will come directly . (马上, 立刻)
Note: 既可以说Answer me direct . 也可以说Answer me directly .
39) inward 和inwardly
The door opened inward, not outward . (向内, 向中心, 只可放在动词后)
bleed inwardly 内出血(在内部)
Inwardly, he doesn..t like her . (在内心)
He spoke inwardly . (小声地, 暗自地)
40) fine 和finely
The coat suits me f ine . (很好)
He cut up the vegetable very f ine . (细小地)
She is a f inely dressed woman . (雅致地)
You did f inely . (极好地)
The prices have been f inely calculated . (仔细地)
Note: 比较不同的用法: fine-spoken 说得好, fine-drawn 画得好, fine-spun 纺得细; finely ground pepper 磨得很细的胡椒粉, finely chopped meat 切得很细的肉。
41) foul 和foully
He played f oul . (违反规则地)
He was f oully murdered . (卑鄙地)
7 . 可用作副词的名词
有些名词在一些固定词组中可用作副词, 作状语。例如:
bottle feed 人工喂养day dream 做白日梦
pitch black 漆黑的icecold 冰冷的
stone deaf 全聋的dog tired 累极的
dir t cheap 便宜透了skeleton thin 骨瘦如柴
8 . 可用作副词的形容词
有些形容词有时可用作副词, 常见的有good , rare, pretty, right , plenty, damned ,
precious ,
dead, right 等。例如:
dark red 深红的white hot 白热化的
devilish cold 极冷tight-fitting 紧身的
nice and fast (very fast ) real good 真好的
icy(bitter) cold 冰冷的mighty clever 非常聪明的pretty wise 十分聪明的precious good care 倍加小心right glad 非常高兴amazing fine girls 很漂亮的女孩
(完整)小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
大学英语语法(英语专业必看)
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
大学英语语法大全_太经典了
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
大学英语语法与练习——unit14倒装
14. 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
大学英语语法结构分析
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
初三英语语法知识点
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
大学英语语法直播课第二讲
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
经典英语语法讲解解析
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细)
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of
大学英语三级语法知识总结汇总
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语法大纲
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大学英语三级语法知识总结汇总
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
大学英语语法与练习——unit14倒装资料讲解
大学英语语法与练习——u n i t14倒装
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Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, n ot until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结
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----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，