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语言学资料 linguistics and language

语言学资料 linguistics and language
语言学资料 linguistics and language

Chapter 1 Linguistics and Language

◆Teaching Objectives

?To know the scope of linguistics roughly

?To understand the definition, the design features and the functions of language in details

?To have some ideas about several important distinctions in linguistic study

◆Time Arrangement

?Altogether 2 periods.

1.1 What is Linguistics?

1.1.1 Definitions of Linguistics (p.1)

◆Linguistics is the science of language.

◆Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

◆Linguistics is a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulate

theories as to how language works.

◆In linguistics, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation. That is, a

theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being

explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.

◆The process of linguistic study: observing linguistic facts (displaying some

similarities) & making generalizations → formulating

hypotheses based on the generalizations → testing the

hypotheses repeatedly by further observations to fully

prove their validity → constructing a linguistic theory 1.1.2 The Scope of Linguistics (p.2)

1.1.

2.1 Main branches of linguistics (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic &

pragmatic)

Phonetics –the study of human speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received, the

description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected

speech, etc.

Phonology -- he study of sound pattering, the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable

Morphology – concerned with the internal organization of words.

Syntax – the study of sentence structure, the arrangement of words.

Semantics – the study of meaning.

Pragmatics – the study of meaning in context.

1.1.

2.2 Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学(p.3)

Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. Therefore, the study of language has established close links with other branches of sciences or social studies, resulting in some interdisciplinary branches of linguistic study.

Sociolinguistics – the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics

of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers.

Psycholinguistics – the study about how humans learn language and the relationship of

linguistic behavior and the psychological processes in producing and

understanding language.

Applied linguistics – 1) the study of the application of linguistic theories and methods to

other fields

2) the application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to the

study of language learning and teaching.

Neurolinguistics – the study of the function of the brain in language development and use

in human beings, examining the brain’s control over the processes of

speech and understanding.

Anthropological linguistics – the study of variation and use in relation to the cultural

patterns and beliefs of human race; the study of the

relationship between language and culture in a community,

e.g. its traditions, beliefs, and family structure.

Computational linguistics – the study of language using the techniques and concepts of

computer science, the basic goal of which is to “teach”

computers to generate and comprehend

grammatically-acceptable sentences., including:

Machine translation – (MT) the use of computer software to translate texts from

one natural language to another. At its basic level, MT

performs simple substitution of words in one natural

language for words in another.

(Computer-aided) corpus linguistics – dealing with the principles and practice of

using corpora in language study. Usually, a computer

corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts.

1.1.3 Some Distinctions in Linguistics

These distinctions can help to understand the difference between modern linguistics and the linguistics before the 20th century and to gain a general understanding of the nature of linguistic inquiry and the aims and approaches in linguistics.

The beginning of modern linguistics is marked by the publication of F.de Saussure’s book “Course in General Linguistics”in the early 20th century. Before that language had been studied for centuries in Europe by such scholars as philosophers and grammarians. The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar”.

Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.

1.1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. Descriptive (p.3)

---- purposes of prescriptive and descriptive linguistic study

Prescriptive: aim to lay down rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should

not say; prefer absolute standard of correctness; rely heavily on rules of

grammar

Descriptive: aim to describe and analyze the language people actually use, be it “correct” or not

---- transfer of attention:

Earlier study: prescriptive, based on “high”(religious. Literary) written language,

setting models for language users to follow

Modern linguistics: mostly descriptive, more scientific and objective ---- difference (divergence) of opinion

1.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic (p.4)

---- concept of synchronic and diachronic

Synchronic study: the description of a particular state of a language at a single point of

time

Diachronic study: the description of the historical development of a language over a

period of time

---- transfer of attention:

In the 19th century: primarily of the diachronic description

In the 20th century: the priority of the synchronic description over the diachronic one

because without the successful study on the various states of a

language in different historical periods, it would be difficult to

describe the changes that have taken place in its historical

development

1.1.3.3 Speech vs. Writing (p.4)

---- transfer of emphasis:

Traditional grammarians: overstress the importance of the written word

Modern linguists: regard the spoken language as primary and maintain that writing is

essentially a means of representing speech in another medium ---- blurred distinction between speech and writing with modern technology Public speeches written in advance and read out orally;

Chatting on internet while typing on the computer screen;

Reading in the form of moving text, line following line up the screen

1.1.3.4 Langue vs. Parole (p.4)

---- proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century

---- concept of langue and parole

Langue Parole

1) the abstract linguistic system shared by the realization of langue in actual use

all the members of a speech community

2) the set of conventions and rules which the concrete use of the conventions and

language users all have to abide by the application of the rules

3) abstract, not the language people actually concrete, the naturally occurring

use language events

4) relatively stable, do not change frequently vary from person to person, and from

situation to situation

---- transfer of attention in the linguistic study :

langue parole in the latter part of the 20th century (recognizing varieties within languages, social and regional dialects, registers, styles, and so on) ---- objection to the distinction:

Skinner from a strictly behavioristic point of view

1.1.3.5 Competence vs. Performance (p.5)

---- proposed by the American linguist Noam Chomsky in the late 1950’s and similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole

---- concept of competence and performance

Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication

According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language,

which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. Despite his perfect

knowledge of his own langue, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e.g.,

slips of the tongue, and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment.

---- similar ideas possessed by Chomsky and Saussure

Both think that what linguists should study is the knowledge of language, langue or

competence, the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the

speaker-hearer. Although a speaker-hearer possesses the rules and applies them in

actual use, he cannot tell exactly what these rules are. So the task of the linguists is to discover and specify these rules.

---- difference between Chomsky’s distinction and Saussure’s

Saussure: taking a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is socially shared, common knowledge, a matter of social conventions.

Chomsky: examining language from a psychological point of view and competence is

a psychological phenomenon, a genetic endowment in each individual, a

property of the mind of each individual.

1.1.3.6 Traditional grammar vs. Modern linguistics (p.5)

◆modern linguistics ---

descriptive;

spoken language as primary ;

not Latin-based framework

◆traditional grammar ---

prescriptive;

written language as primary;

Latin-based framework

1.2 What is Language?

1.2.1 Definitions of Language

p.7

Some additional ones:

Language is the most frequently used and most highly developed form of human

communication we possess.

语言是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系,是人类最重要的工具,是人类思维的工

具,也是社会上传递信息的工具。

Each of those definitions has its own special emphasis, and is not totally free from limitations. However, there are some important characteristics of human language

linuistis have agreed on; these are embodied in the following generally accepted

definition:

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language.

Further explanation for the definition of language:

(1)Language is a system / systematic.

This is usually claimed to be unique to humans. Each human language is

organized into two basic systems: a system of sounds and (at lower or basic

level) a system of meanings (at the higher level).

Sounds have no meanings themselves. They have meaning when combined to

form units. In the meaning system, the units of meaning can be arranged in an

infinite number of ways to express both simple and complicated ideas.

Two systems of a language are controlled by rules (rule-governed). This

explains why “iblk”is not a possible sound combination in English, and also

why “Been he wounded has”is not a grammatically acceptable sentence in

English.

(2) Language is a set of symbols / symbolic.

People use signs to communicate.

The way in which people communicate through signs and images, or the study of

it is referred to as “semiology” or “semiotics”.

Traditionally, signs are divided into natural signs and conventional signs. P.8

Words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by

social convention.

(3) Language is arbitrary.

There is no intrinsic (logical) connection between a linguistic symbol (sound) and

what the symbol stands for (meaning). The link between them is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. The same can also be illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”

Arbitrariness does not imply that the choice of the signifier is left entirely to the

speaker. The individual does not have the power to change a symbol in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.

Moreover, language is not entirely arbitrary, there are some exceptions:

onomatopoeic words (rumble, crash, crackle, bang, meow, miaou) and some compound words (classroom), which make up only a small perception of the vocabulary of a language.

(4) Language is primarily vocal.

The primary medium of language is sound.

Speech and writing. No matter how well developed are their writing systems, all

languages use sounds. Writing is based on speaking. Writing systems are attempts to capture sounds and meanings on paper. Writing systems will change as language develops, and will be subjected to language. They are the auxiliary means of communication.

Why language is primarily vocal? Five reasons on p.8 illustrate the primacy of

spoken language over writing. Meanwhile, writing serves a useful function in extending language beyond the limitation of time and space.

Verbal communication can involve various forms; speech and writing are the

most common, but there are other forms as well, such as Morse code, semaphore, sign language, Braille and so on. In fact, they are based on speech and writing, means of communication arising later. Without speech and writing, they can not exist independently. Moreover, these means will be used in limited areas.Except verbal communication means, there are also non-verbal communication means, such as facial expression, gesture, posture, etc.

总之,在上述的种种交际工具当中,身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具;

旗语之类是建立在语言,文字基础之上的辅助性交际工具;文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具;语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

(5) Language is human specific.

This implies that there are certain characteristics of human language that are not

found in the communication systems of any other species. Although most animals are assumed to communicate in some way, they convey limited information.

Human beings have the mental capacity to acquire language, which other species

lack. In other words, humans have developed brain and flexible speech organs

(capacity of abstract thinking and pronunciation).

Can other species learn human language? Some experiments to teach

chimpanzees more complicated systems have ended in failure. P.10 furthermore,

parrot’s talk is just the repetition of human language; in fact, parrots do not

understand what they are talking about, and parrots can only repeat limited

things.

No doubt, animals have their own communicating systems, but none of them can

be the same as (or as advanced and complicated as) human language. 狼使用多

种脸部表情、尾巴动作、嗥叫声表示不同程度的威吓、焦急、沮丧、屈从. 蜜

蜂的交际方式是人们研究得最多的一种。蜜蜂发现蜜源,回巢做特定的舞蹈

动作,告诉伙伴们关于蜜源的方位、距离、质量等情况. Why are

communication systems of other species different from human language? Refer

to the following part of Design Features of Language.

(6) Language is used for communication.

Language is the result of human communicative needs.

The attractiveness of human language comes from its social utility.

Through language, human beings can do things other species cannot do.

1.2.2 Design Features of Language (p.8)

Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication (make human language advantageous over animal communication systems). “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest.”– philosopher Bertrand Russell

A framework of design features was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, who specified 12 design features, five of which will be discussed here.

Arbitrariness

---- No logical/natural connection between meanings and sounds

e.g.: different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages

“zhuozi (桌子),desk, Tisch”

---- Language is arbitrary by nature, but it is not entirely arbitrary; there are a small number of exceptions

e.g.: onomatopoeic words “DingDong”, “bang”, crack”, “crash”, “churp”

compound words “classroom”, “photocopy”, “textbook”

---- Arbitrariness is found at different levels of language. The most arbitrary level of language is the units of sounds. And syntax is less arbitrary than words.

---- The link between form and meaning is arbitrary; the link between them is a matter of convention (约定俗成). Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative,

and conventionality (约定性) of language makes learning a language laborious.

?Productivity / creativity

---- Human language is open, people can use the property of duality to create new meanings through substitution and combination

e.g.: I, you, read, book, (teach) → I read a book. You read a book. You and I read a

book. (I teach you. You teach me. I teach you to read a book. You teach me to

read a book.)

---- The communicative systems of animals are closed, and the information conveyed is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages.

---- Language is creative due to its recursive nature(递归性,循环型) , that is , its potential to create endless sentences.

e.g.: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which

was known for its graduates who ……

?Duality

---- Language is a system, consisting of two levels of structures. At the lower or the basic level → the structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves and which can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning at the higher level.

Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences

e.g.: three sounds /k/, /a:/, /p/ -→ /ka:p/ (carp, a kind of fish), or /pa:k/ (park)

---- Many animals communicate with special calls, which might have one-to-one corresponding meanings. But these meaningful units cannot be further divided into elements -→no property of duality -→communicative power of animals is highly limited, and they can only convey a limited range of message (gibbons’call, bees’dancing)

---- Another example: traffic lights → no duality → red=stop & green=go, then red+green =?

?Displacement (移位性)

---- Human language can be used to refer to objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication, real or imagined ---- Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions, making it possible for human to talk and think in

abstract terms, such as truth and beauty.

---- Animals’communication is mainly produced in response to immediate changes of situation (in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain).once the immediate

stimulus is gone, then communication stops.

---- The honeybee’s dance exhibits displacement a litter bit: it can refer to a sourc of food, which is remote in time and space when reporting on it.

?Cultural transmission

---- Though human capacity for language has a genetic basis, that is , human beings were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are

not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Language is

culturally transmitted; it’s passed on from one generation to the next through teaching

and learning, rather than by instinct.

e.g.: an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutually intelligible

a human being without language environment can not speak a language. (狼人)

a Chinese infant adopted by an American couple will grow up speaking good

English

---- Animal communication systems are genetically transmitted; animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.

1.2.3 Functions of Language (p.10)

Functions of language in a practical sense ---- to chat, think, buy and sell, read and write,

greet, praise condemn, ask questions, ask for help,

express ideas express feelings, give warning, etc.

Functions of language in an abstract sense ----

◆General functions (micro-functions)

--- physiological / expressive / emotive: to release nervous / physical energy

--- phatic: for purpose of sociability

--- recording: to provide a record

--- identifying: to identify and classify things with considerable precision

--- reasoning: to think

--- communicating: to communicate ideas or feelings

--- pleasure: to give delight

◆Broad functions (Metafunctions /macro-functions)

(according to functionalist Halliday)语言高度抽象化后的功能p.11

-- ideational function:to talk about what is happening, what will happen and what has happened; to organize, understand and express our perceptions of the world

and of our own consciousness. 概念功能---语言被用来组织、理解和表述我们

对于世界以及我们自身的感触。

--- interpersonal function:to interact and /or express a point of view; to enable us to

participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to express

and understand feelings, attitude and judgments. 人际功能–交流和/或表达观

点;使我们能够参与到与他人的交际行为之中,扮演一定的角色,表达并理

解感情、态度和判断。

--- textual function: to turn the output of the previous two functions into a whole in the spoken or written text; to relate what is said or written to the real world and to

other linguistic events, involving the use of language to organize the text itself. 语

篇功能–将上述两个功能的结果在口语或书面语中组成语篇;将所说/所写的

内容与现实世界或其他语言学事件相联系,涉及将语言组成语篇。

1.2.4 Origin and Classification of Language

1.2.4.1 Some theories about the origin of language

---- Creation (Divine origin / the Biblical account):

Language wa s God’s gift to human beings.

Evolution:

Language originated in the process of labour and answered the call of social

need.

Invention :

The origin of language is in the imitation of natural sounds and seeks to explain

the correspondence between sound and meaning.

---- The bow-wow theory (the ding-dong theory): Language was an imitation of

natural sounds, such as the cries of animals, like quack,

cuckoo.

The pooh-pooh theory: Language arose from instinctive emotional cries,

expressive of pain or joy.

The yo-he-ho theory: Language arose from the noises made by a group of

people engaged in joint labour or effort – lifting a huge

hunted game, moving a rock, etc.

The la-la theory: language comes from the romantic side of life, poetry, love,

sightseeing, singing etc. 语言源于相爱、游玩、诗

兴、唱歌等有关的声音

1.2.4.2 Language families

There are over 6900 languages currently spoken in the world. These languages belong to 94 different language families. (from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f879821.html,/languages/language_families_statistics1.htm)

Top 10 Languages Families by Number of Speakers

Data source: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. (2005).

Language family Approx. number of speakers percentage of world population

1. Indo-European ((Europe, Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania)

2.562 b 44.78%

2. Sino-Tibetan (East Asia) 1.276 b 22.28%

3. Niger-Congo (Sub-Saharan Africa) 尼日尔-刚果语系358 m 6.26%

4. Afro-Asiatic(North Africa to Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia) 340 m

5.93%

5. Austronesian (Oceania, Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia)亚非语系312 m 5.45%

6. Dravidian (South Asia) 达罗毗荼语222 m 3.87%

7. Altaic (Central Asia, Northern Asia, Anatolia, Siberia) 阿尔泰语系145 m 2.53%

8. Japanese (Japan) 123 m 2.16%

9. Austro-Asiatic (mainland Southeast Asia) 澳太语系/南亚语系101 m 1.77%

10. Tai-Kadai (Southeast Asia) 壮侗语系78 m 1.37%

Total percentage of world's population: 96.4%

Indo-European Family

语言学概论整理

语言学概论 第一章、绪论 1.语言学定义:专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题,揭示语言存在和发展的规律,使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。 第一节、语言研究与语言学 1.神话传说 2.语文学研究 ①语文学:是从文献角度研究语言文字学科的总称。它以文献评审为主,目的在于解释、 注疏和考订。 ②东方语言学:古印度、古中国 古印度语言学:公元前4、5世纪时,口语和《吠陀》时代的语言差别越来越大,甚至许多地方已经不能为一般人所读懂了。为了确保准确无误地理解《吠陀》的宗教内容,就必须对《吠陀》的语言作注释。著名的《巴尼尼经》(Pāninisūtra)正是当时从解说《吠陀》语言开始,进而研究梵语的整个结构的产物。《巴尼尼经》又名《八章书》,是巴尼尼在前人研究的基础上撰写的一部梵语语法。巴尼尼用3,983条经句极其概括地叙述了梵语的语音结构、语词的构成和变化规则。巴尼尼语法是一部汇集了许多世纪的语法学家研究成果的语法法典,对梵语的语音、语法现象分析和描写得十分细致,代表了古代印度语言研究的水平。印度语言研究的最初动力,是必须把梵语文化中最古老的吠陀时期由口头流传下来的一些宗教和礼仪文献保存下去,巴尼尼的工作在一定程度上帮助了后人学习和研究梵语。布龙菲尔德说:巴尼尼的著作是“人类智慧的丰碑之一”。 ③西方语言学:古希腊语言学、古罗马语言学、中世纪至18世纪末的西方语言学 谈谈语文学和语言学的关系: 语言学就是专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题,揭示语言存在和发展的规律,使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。语言学还没有成为一门独立的学科之前,人们对于语言的学习和研究只是为了给古代经典文献作注释,我们称那段时期的语言研究为语文学。语文学是从文献角度研究语言文字学科的总称。它以文献评审为主,目的在于解释、注疏和考订。 3.历史比较语言学:威廉琼斯的论文拉开19世纪历史比较语言学研究的序幕 4.现代语言学: ①瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》 索绪尔:现代语言学的历史,是从瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔开始的。索绪尔的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。索绪尔被誉为“现代语言学之父”,《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。索绪尔的语言学思想和19世纪以前的语文学最根本的区别在于:把语言看成是由各个符号之间的关系组成的有价值的结构系统。 《普通语言学课程》是一部什么样的书? 《普通语言学教程》是由索绪尔的两位弟子兼同事根据学生们的听课笔记整理而成的。《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。索绪尔区分了语言和言语,语言属于全社会,是抽象的;言语属于个人,是具体的。索绪尔认为语言是符号系统,“是一个纯粹的价值系统”。每个符号是由“能指”和“所指”构成的,所指和能指之间的关系是任意的。符号之间存在着线性的句段关系和联想的聚合关系。索绪尔把语言现象分为“共时”和“历时”两种,“共时”是指时间历程中的某一点上的语言状态,“历时”是指以时间历程中的某一点到以后的语言现象。索绪尔认为,语言学的对象是语言,由于语言有它的内部要素,也有它的外部要素,所以语言学也可以分为内部语言学和外部语言学。总之,《普通语言学教程》的语言学

《语言学纲要》考研复习资料全

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一、名词解释 1. 语言的两个有限 任何一种语言都是一个音义结合的符号系统,其中作为基本符号的语素和词在数量上是有 限的,把语素或词组合起来构成词组或句子的规则也是有限的。语言的这两个有限性是区 别言语活动的基本特征。 2. 言语活动的两个无限 言语活动是以语言为工具展开的交际或思维活动,其中作为这个活动的最基本的单位一- 句子,在理论上可以是无限长的,在数量上可以是是无限多的。 3. 大脑左右半球分工 人类大脑左右半球分工不同,左脑主管语言、逻辑、书写及右侧肢体运动,而右脑主管色彩、空间感、节奏和左侧肢体运动。大脑两半球分工是人类特有的,但出生婴儿大脑两半球没有分工。 4. 非语言交际工具或副语言交际工具 人们在运用语言进行交际的时候,不但动嘴,而且脸部的表情、手的动作、乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进来。我们这些非语言的交际工具称为副语言交际工具。副语言交际工具的使用范围非常有限,只能起辅助性的交际作用,以补充语言交际的某些 不足。 5. 辅助性交际工具 指的文字、旗语、电报代码等在语言的基础上产生的交际工具。这些交际工具若离开语言 就不能独立存在。其特点是:都有特殊的服务领域,使用的范围相当狭窄。

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科目一考试试题分配比例 一:道路交通安全法律、法规和规章。占25%二:道路交通信号及其含义。占20% 三:机动车的基本知识占5% 四:安全行车文明驾驶知识占20% 五:典型道路及恶劣气象条件下的驾驶知识占10% 六:紧急情况时应急处置知识占10% 七:伤员自救、急救及常见危险物品知识占5% 另外,每个省市还可以附加相关的地方性法规。占5%

第一部分道路交通安全法律、法规和规章 我们所讲的道路安全法律法规和规章,归纳起来有六大方面: 一、《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》相关内容 二、机动车 三、机动车驾驶人 四、道路通行条件和通行规定 五、机动车通行规定 六、高速公路的特别规定 第一章《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》相关内容 《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》自2004年5月1日起实施;其核心思想是保护公民合法权益。 相关习题 P130 (1)《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》是为了维护道路交通秩序,,提高通行效率。 A.保证车辆高速行驶 B.圆满完成运输任务 C.保护公民合法权益 D.减少交通事故 答案: C 第二章机动车 一、国家对机动车实行登记制度。机动车经公安机关交通管理部门登记后,方可上路行驶。尚未登记的车辆需要临时上道路行驶的,应当取得

临时通行牌证。 二、机动车登记,应当提供下列证明和凭证 A 机动车所有人身份证明 B 机动车来历证明 C 机动车整车出厂合格证或者进口凭证 D 车辆购置税的完税证明或者免税凭证 E 法律、行政法规规定应当在机动车登记时提交的其他证明、凭证 三、机动车号牌、检验合格标志、保险标志及行驶证的规定 相关习题 P130 (3)尚未登记的机动车,需要临时上道路行驶,应当。 A.取得临时通行牌证 B.到公安机关备案 C.直接上路行驶 D.在车窗上张贴合格证 答案:A (5)机动车在以下哪种情形不需要办理相应的登记。 A.所有权发生转移的 B.用作抵押的 C.进行大修的 D.报废的 答案:C (6)已达到报废标准的机动车上道路行驶。 A.允许临时 B.不得 C.经维修后可以 D.缴管理费后可以 答案:B 注意:题库中关于不按照规定使用机动车号牌、检验合格标志、保险标志及行驶证的题目,其正确答案都是“扣留机动车”

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绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学,通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中,属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪,法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现,标志着语言学走出传统语文学,成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年,英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现,这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行:第一,按照语言的(结构/形态)特点分类;第二,按照语言的(亲属/来源)关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德,他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基,他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点,一般把语言分为孤立语(词根语)、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语(编插语)四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合,取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性,也有强制性。

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