广东省高考英语 阅读理解指导Ⅰ(精讲精析)

阅读理解中主旨大意题的解题技巧

一、设题方式

The passage is mainly about .

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

What would be the best title for the passage?

What’s the main theme of the passage?

What’s mainly discussed in the passage?

二、干扰项特点

1. 断章取义。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 以偏概全。干扰项常常以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要内容。

3. 主题扩大。干扰项归纳、概括的范围过大。

4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B上。

三、解题指导

解题时需要快速了解作者的写作方法，理清文章结构，找到主题句或主旨句。作者表现文章主旨的方式一般有下面几种：

1. 正三角形写作法

主题出现在首句或者首段。开门见山提出主题，这是英语中最常见的写作方式。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”、“导语”，实际上就是提出主题。大部分说明文也是如此。例1：

[2013年福建卷阅读理解E篇]

A MENTORING(导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth. Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.

Alex Goldberg, the program’s founder, said: “We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.”

…

75. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Alex Goldberg, Founder of Young Inspirations

B. Young People Find a World of Opportunity

C. Kieran, Banbury School Pupil to Paris

D. Debates Help Youth with Their Grades

解析：B。本文的第一句 A MENTORING (导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth便是全文的主题句，它点明了本文主要涉及的内容。由此可知，导师制为年轻人提供了改变生活的机会。

例2：

[2013年重庆卷阅读理解C篇]

Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

…

67. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The beginning of road design.

B. The development of transport wheels.

C. The history of public transport.

D. The invention of fast-moving vehicles.

解析：B。本文开门见山地提到wheel，点明了文章的主题。再综合后文的内容可知，全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。

2. 倒三角形写作法

主题句出现在文尾，即先表述事实细节或论据，然后在结尾点出主题或结论。

例：

[2013年广东卷阅读理解B篇]

Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. I’m not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances don’t come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and that’s just the reality of how life is.

However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in ad dition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practising. To become great at certain things, it’ll require even more time, time that most people won’t put in.

…

Whatever you do, if you want to become great at it, you need to work day in and day out, almost to the point of addiction, and over a long period of time. If you’re not willing to put in the time and work, don’t expect to receive any rewards. Consistent, hard work won’t guarantee you the level of success you may want, but it will guarantee that you will become really good at whatever it is you put all that work into.

35. What is the main theme of the passage?

A. Having a goal is vital to success.

B. Being good is different from being great.

C. One cannot succeed without time and practice.

D. Luck, talent and family help to achieve success.

解析：C。由第二段开头的However可知，本文的主题论点不在第一段，而在后文。最后一段对全文进行了总结，根据该段第一句if you want to become great at it, you need to work day in and day out, almost to the point of addiction, and over a long period of time可知，本文的主题思想是“人们不付出时间和练习是不可能取得成功的”。

3. 菱形写作法

比较常见的是问题答案型写作法，作者在一开始或某一段末以问句形式提出一个问题，然后给出该问题的答案(Type 1)。另外还有一种常见的写作方法，此类写作法常出现在现象解释型文章中，作者开始叙述某一现象，然后对该现象进行解释(Type 2)。

常用于Type 1的表达：why, result in, bring about, lead to, give rise to, trigg er, cause, affect, have an effect on, so…that, so that…等。

常用于Type 2的表达：result from, because, since, now that, lie in, because of, owing to, thanks to, the reason for doing sth.等。

例1：

[2013年天津卷阅读理解C篇]

Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.

…

Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey —and the best part of yourself.

50. What could be the best title for the passage?

A. Charm of the Detour

B. The Road to Bravery

C. Creativity out of Necessity

D. Road Trip and Country Life

解析：A。本文一开头就引入话题“绕行”。作者这些年来为了贪图便捷快速一直走高速路，而这次因为照顾年幼的孩子而不得不选择乡间公路，这次经历让她和孩子们欣赏了大自然的美景，发现了绕行路的魅力。detour在本文中是一个出现频率极高的词汇。本文在第一段通过诗人的话就引出detour，文中又多次被提及，作者在文章的最后一句点明了主题，即绕行路充满了魅力。

例2：

[2013年广东卷阅读理解D篇]

While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor (监控器) a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.

…

In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid —that students haven’t just searched the Interne t to get the right answers.

Although online classes have existed for more than a decade, the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of “open online courses.” Private colleges, public universities and corporations are jumping into the online education field, spending millions of dollars to attract potential students, while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distanc e.

…

45. Which of the following is the best title of this passage?

A. The Advantages of Online Exams

B. The High-tech Methods in Online Courses

C. The Fight against Che ating in Online Education

D. The War against the Booming o f Online Education

解析：C。本文先通过一个具体的事例引出要讨论的话题，文中的In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming

field of online education和the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of “open online courses.”等句点明了本文的主旨内容。

【跟踪训练】

Ⅰ

Doctors are known to be terrible pilots. They don’t listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didn’t realize then, but becoming a p ilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather, I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.

I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn to o late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot. He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilot —and my boss —so it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, “We need to p ut the landing gear down now!” That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I’ve used it in the operating room ever since.

CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the oppos ite, the doctor doesn’t overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when I’m in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes they’re not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”.

? Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. CRM: A New Way to Make Flying Safe

B. Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor

C. The Making of a Good Pilot

D. A Pilot-Turned Doctor

Ⅱ

Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.

? What is mainly discussed in the passage?

A. How to listen well.

B. What to listen to.

C. Benefits of listening.

D. Problems in listening.

参考答案及解析：

Ⅰ

B。本文作者采用了倒叙。第一段叙述故事的结果，从而引出下文的故事。而第一段中的becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon是文章的中心句。

Ⅱ

A。本段第一句Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else 为关键句，阐明了文章的中心思想，即：真正的聆听要求专注于说话者。

高考英语阅读理解专项训练100篇(附答案)

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3．对症下药，各个击破。了解全文的大概意思之后，再把短文的问题简单看一遍，弄懂题意，然后带着问题再去寻读全文。这次阅读过程中要善于抓文章中的关键词句。寻读也就是迅速的查找需要了解的信息，是为某些特定的问题而阅读，因此阅读时要有较强的针对性，对与问题有关的数据，词句等仔细阅读，认真理解，同时结合不同考查内容的题型，采取如下解题对策： （1）事实询问题：这类试题通常是以疑问词what，who，when，where，why，how 等引起的特殊问句，就文章中某一词语、某一句子、某一段落或某一具体细节和事实进行提问。解答此类试题首先要弄清题目和每一个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源，同时注意题目和文章中的暗示作用。特别注意辨别各种信息，确认各种信息。 （2）推理判断题：此题要求我们通过表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思，对文章的发展情节及作者的态度、意图等做出合乎逻辑的的推理判断。这种题要求我们在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节、从分析文章的结构入手，根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层含义。对暗含在文章中事件的因果关系，人物的动机，以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点进行合乎逻辑的推理、分析和判断。同时善于抓住文中实质性的东西，不要被带假象的表面信息或似是而非的东西所迷惑。并且注意推断作者态度时要力求从作者的态度、观点去思考，切勿想当然，凭个人的观点习惯看法来回答的问题。 （3）数据推算题：此题要求我们就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系做出计算和推断，然后做出选择。这就要求我们解题时，要在理解好题意的前提下去对与数据有关的信息认真分析，若数据信息较多，还要注意弄清数据之间的关系，同时分清有用与无用信息，最终作出正确判断。 （4）主旨大意题：此题用以考查我们对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。在解答此类试题时要注意每段的中心句，抓住每一段的主题句。一般主题句都用来表达一段主旨大意，因此，只要找准每段的主题句，文章的中心思想和文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。

高考英语二轮复习 专题限时检测(二十二)阅读理解之广

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(英语)高三英语阅读理解专项训练及答案

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