英语A级资料
英语A级复习资料
词组：
1. abide by（=be faithful to ； obey）忠于；遵守。
2. be absent from…。缺席，不在
3. absence or mind（=being absent-minded）心不在焉
4. absorb（=take up the attention of）吸引…的注意力
be absorbed i n 全神贯注于…近；be engrossed in ； be lost in ； be
rapt in ；be concentrated on ； be focused on ； be centered on
5. （be） abundant in（be rich in； be well supplied with）富于，富有
6. access（to）（不可数名词）能接近，进入，了解
7. by accident（=by chance， accidentally）偶然地，意外。
8. of one's own accord（=without being asked； willingly； freely）自愿地
9. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one's accord with 同…不一致
10. with one accord （=with everybody agreeing）一致地
11. in accordance with （=in agreement with）依照，根据
12. on one's own account 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益
13. take…into account（=consider）把……考虑进去
14. give sb. an account of 说明，解释（理由）
15. account for （=give an explanation or reason for）解释，说明。
16. on account of （=because of）由于，因为。
17. on no account（=in no case， for no reason）绝不要（放句首时句子要倒装）
18. accuse…of…（=charge…with； blame sb. for sth.）指控，控告
19. be accustomed to （=be in the habit of， be used to）习惯于。
20. be acquainted with（=to have knowledge of）了解；
21. act on 奉行，按照…行动； act as 扮演； act for 代理
22. adapt oneself to（=adjust oneself to）使自己适应于
23. adapt…（for）（=make sth. Suitable for a new need）改编，改写
24. in addition （=besides）此外，又，加之
25. in addition to（=as well as， besides， other than）除…外
26. adhere to （=abide by， conform to， comply with， cling to， insist on，
persist in， observe， opinion， belief ）粘附；坚持，遵循
27. adjacent（=next to， close to）毗邻的，临近的
28. adjust……（to）（=change slightly）调节；适应；
29. admit of （=be capable of， leave room for）…的可能，留有…的余地。
30. in advance （before in time）预告，事先。
31. to advantage 有利的，使优点更加突出地。
32. have an advantage over 胜过。 have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
33. take advantage of （=make the best of， utilize， make use of）利用
34. agree with 赞同（某人意见） agree to 同意
35. in agreement （with）同意，一致
36. ahead of 在…之前，超过…；ahead of time 提前。
37. in the air 1）不肯定，不具体。 2）在谣传中。
38. above all （=especially， most important of all）尤其是，最重要的。
39. in all （=counting everyone or everything， altogether）总共，总计
40. after all 毕竟，到底；（not） at all 一点也不； all at once（=suddenly）突然； once and for all 只此一次； above all 最重要的； first of all 首先； all in all 大体上说； be all in 累极了； all but 几乎。
41. allow for （=take into consideration， take into account）考虑到
42. amount to （=to be equal to）总计，等于。
43. answer for （undertake responsibility for， be liable for）对…负责。
44. answer to （=conform to）适合，符合。
45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安；或anxious for
46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉
47. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁。 appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力
48. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请； apply for申请； apply to 适用。
49. apply to 与…有关；适用
50. approve of （=consent to， be in favor of， favor， agree to， consider good， right）赞成， approve vt. 批准
51. arise from（=be caused by）由…引起。
52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做…
53. arrive on 到达；arrive at 到达某地（小地方）；arrive in 到达某地（大地方）
54. be ashamed of （= guilt or sorrow because of sth. done）以… 为耻
55. assure sb of sth. （=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.）向…保证
56. attach（to）（=to fix， fasten； join）缚，系，结
57. make an attempt at doing sth. （to do sth.）试图做…
58. attend to （=give one's attention， care and thought）注意，照顾；attend on （upon）
（=wait upon， serve， look after）侍候，照料
59. attitude to toward …对…的态度。看法
60. attribut e…to…（=to believe sth. to be the result of…）把……归因于……，认
为……是……的结果
61. on the average （=on average， on an average）平均
62.（be） aware of （=be conscious of）意识到，知道。
63. at the back of （=behind）在…后面
64. in the back of 在…后部（里面）； on the back of 在…后部（外面）；
65. at one's back（=supporting or favoring sb.）支持，维护
66. turn one's back on sb. 不理睬（某人），背弃，抛弃
67. behind one's back 背着某人（说坏话）
68. be based on upon 基于
69. on the basis of 根据…，在…基础上
70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
71. begin with 以…开始。 to begin with （=first of all）首先
72. on behalf of （=as the representative of）以…名义
73. believe in（=have faith or trust in）相信，依赖，信仰。
74. benefit （from）受益，得到好处。
75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益（好处）
76. for the better 好转
77. get the better of （=defeat sb.）打败，胜过。
78. by birth 在出生上，按血统 at birth 在出生时； give birth to 出生
79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
80. be in blossom开花（强调状态） come into blossom开花（强调动作）
81. on board 到船上，在船上，上火车或飞机
82. boast of （or about）吹嘘
83. out of breath 喘不过气来
84. in brief（=in as few words as possible）简言之
85. in bulk 成批地，不散装的
86. take the floor 起立发言
87. on business 出差办事。
88. be busy with sth.于某事 . be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
89. last but one 倒数第二。
90. but for （=without）要不是。表示假设
语法：
形容词与副词的比较级
形容词常用于修饰名词，说明该词的性质、特征等。它在句中主要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，如：
The primitive language of signs is not always very clear.（定语）原始语言手势的意思并非总是很清楚的。
Groups of new, modern buildings have sprung up along the river.（定语）一群群新的现代建筑沿江拔地而起。
The football game was marvelous.（表语）足球赛精彩极了。
I'm sorry that I'm late.（表语）对不起，我迟到了。
Don't leave the door open, please.（宾补）请不要将门敞着。
He spent three days in the snow, cold and hungry. （状语）
他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了两天。
这里我们先讨论在使用形容词和副词时应注意什么，以免犯那些常见的错误。
1. 有些形相似、义相别的词如：
alone（独自地） lonely（孤独的）
alive（活的） living（活生生的） lively（活跃的）
blooming（花正开的） booming（繁荣的）
credible（可靠的） creditable（高贵的）
considerable（应考虑的；相当多的） considerate（体贴人的）
desirous（想望的） desirable（合意的）
efficient（有效力的） sufficient（足够的）
exhaustive（彻底的） exhausting（使人筋疲力尽的）
healthy（健壮的） healthful（有益健康的） healthily（旺盛地；相当大地）
honorable（荣誉的） honorary（名誉的）
historic（历史性的） historical（历史上的）
imaginative（富于想象力的）imaginable可想象到的） imaginary（想象的）
industrial（工业的） industrious（勤勉的）
legible（易读的） eligible（合格的）
later（较迟的） latter（后者的）
likely（可能的） likable（可爱的）
respectful（有礼貌的） respective（各自的）
respectable（可尊敬的）respecting（说到、关于）
2. -ly 结尾的形容词
在英文里，有些形容词是以-ly 结尾的，不要误认为是副词。这类词常见的有：brotherly（友爱的） deadly（致命的） earthly（世俗的） friendly（友好的） likely （可能的） leisurely（空闲的） lovely（可爱的）manly（男子气概的） weekly（每周一次的） yearly（每年一次的）
3. 行为动词作系动词用时，后面要接行容词作表语。在英语动词中，有一部分行为动词可用作连系动词，后面应接形容词作表语，不要误用副词。这类常用作系动词的行为动词有下面几种情况：
A. 表示"变成某种状态"的动词：become , come , fall , get , grow , make , prove ,
run ,turn , turn out例如：
Our country becomes stronger and stronger. 我们的国家越来越强大。
Milk is liable to turn bad in summer .夏天，牛奶容易变质。
The child fell asleep . 孩子睡着了。
Our holidays come near . 我们的假期临近。
B. 表示"保持某种状态"的动词： continue , hold , keep , lie , remain , rest , sit ,
stand , stay 如：
The weather continued cold .天气持续寒冷。
Hold still .不要动。
Keep still while I photograph you .我给你照相时，请不要乱动。
They remained quiet when they listened to the story .他们听故事时一直很安静。
C. 表示"感觉"的动词：appear , feel , look , seem , smell , sound , taste 例如：
She appeared happy at the good news. 她听到这好消息时显得很高兴。
Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。
He looks unwell today .他今天看上去相似身体不适。
I am sure that the soup tastes good.
形容词与副词的比较等级
同级比较往往由"as + 形容词/ 副词的原形 + as"的句式表达；当然也要注意它的否定形式、以及在第一个as前加倍数或程度副词的情况。
"比较级 + than"引导不同级的比较。"比较级" 前同样可以加倍数或程度副词。另外"no more …than"意思是"A和B一样不……" 。
形容词的最高级前一般必须有定冠词the；但是也有不加定冠词the的几种情况。
要注意几种比较级的特殊句型，如："the + 比较级…，the + 比较级……"，意思是"越……越……"；以及"比较级 + and + 比较级"意思是"越来越…"，等。
英文中的形容词和副词一般都有三种级的形式即：原级（The Positive Degree），比较级（The Comparative Degree）和最高级（The Superlative Degree）。
同级比较中有两种情况：
1）表示双方情况"一模一样"，用as + 原级 + as的结构；
表示双方情况"不（那么）一样"，用not so / as + 原级 + as的结构。在这两种结构中，第一个as是副词，而第二个as是连词；在第二个as的后面接名词、句子或代词的主格（一般不要接代词的宾格）。例如：
My parcel is as heavy as yours . 我的包裹与他的一样沉。
Arther calculates as accurately as a calculator.阿瑟象计算器一样计算精确。
His bedroom is not as neat as his sister's. 他的寝室没有他姐姐的整洁。
It is not so hot as yesterday. 今天不象昨天那么热。
I can't speak English as fast as a native speaker.
我说英文没有以英语为母语的人说得快。
2）另外，在as … as 的结构中，第一个as的前面可以加上表示倍数的词、或是某些副词修饰语：twice , ( three ) times , nearly , almost , just , exactly , not nearly （根本不）, by no means（绝不）, quite 等等。例如：
Asia is four tomes as large as Europe. 亚洲有欧洲的四倍大（亚洲比欧洲大三倍）。
James is not nearly as tall as Robert. 詹姆斯根本没有罗伯特高。
Cast iron is almost as useful as steel. 铸铁差不多与钢一样有作用。
She hasn't been quite so unlucky as she pretends.
她还没有象她常装出的那样不幸。
3）在as … as 的结构中，我们还常见这样两种句型：as much + 不可数名词 + as 和as many + 复数可数名词 + as 。例如：
She spread as much butter on her bread as Jane usually does.
她在面包上涂的黄油与琼通常涂的一样多。
He has learned as many English words as his brother (has ) .
他已学了和他哥哥一样多的英文单字。
4）不同级的比较主要用表示于人与人、事物与事物之间不同之处的比较，其意义为"A比B 更（怎么样）一些"。常用的结构是比较级 + than 。例如：
They worked even harder than they promised. 他们工作得比他们答应的还要卖力。
This street is narrower than that one. 这条街比那条街窄一些。
5) 在比较级 + than的结构前可以加上某些副词类和表示倍数的词，以对其进行修饰，如：
far（远），even（甚至），much（许多），still（更，还），a lot（许多），a little / bit （一点），rather（相当地），slightly（略微），not any（不再），thre e times …（三倍、……），等等。例如：
This book is far more interesting than that one.
这本书比那一本有趣多了。
You've been working much harder than I have.
你一直比我工作得努力多了。
She came even earlier than I asked (him to).
她来得甚至比我叫她来的时间还要早。
6) 比较级中的两个特殊作用的结构是：The + 比较级 + 句子，the + 比较级 + 句子。和
比较级+ and + 比较级。前一个句型结构表示的意义是"越（怎么样就）越（怎么样）"，
在这个结构中的两个"比较级"不要求一定词性相同，它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定；后一个句型结构表示的意义是"越来越（怎么样）"，在这个结构中的两个 "比较级"
则要求词性相同。例如：
The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have.
你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。
The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。
When winter is coming , it gets colder and colder .冬天来临之际，天越来越冷了。
He became less and less satisfied with the football team's performance.
他对足球队的表现越来越不满意了。
7) 没有比较对象的比较结构。所谓没有比较对象的比较结构不是指省略而言，而是指并非
真正的比较。例如：
The car runs faster than 110 miles. 那辆车时速为110多英里。
There is more than one solution to the problem. 这个问题的解决办法不止一个。
The daily cost in an average hospital in the United States can run as high as $250 .在美国普通医院的每天的费用可高达250美元。
8) 用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。在这种情况下，往往是将一个人或是一件事与其他
所有的人或事相比较。做这种句子时有一点要特别注意--别忘了常在比较状语中
any ,other , else类的字眼，以将比较主体排除在比较对象以外，因为自己不可以与自己相比较。
例如：
He is taller than anyone else in our class. 他在我们班比其他任何都高。
Iron is more useful than any other metals. 铁比其他任何金属更有作用。
9) no + 比较级 + than的结构表示"A和B一样不……"。例如：
She runs no faster than her sister. 她与她妹妹一样跑不快。
Tom is no wiser than John. 汤姆和约翰一样没有聪明才智。
He is no richer than his brother. 他与他弟弟一样不富有。
10)比较和倍数的表达方法：
在表达一方是另一方的若干倍时，常用如下表达方式：（1）“……倍数＋as＋adj．／adv．（原级）＋as……”,在两个as之间可用many（修饰可数名词），much（修饰不可数名词）和其它相应的词。（2）“……倍数＋adj．／adv．（比较级）＋than……”（3）“……倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight／width /depth……＋of＋the＋名词”。
1、 There are more than twice ______ five years ago.
A. as many books as
B. many books as
在下句中twice as many...as前后要一致，more than 修饰twice.
2、 We are eating _______ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910．
A．more than twice
B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as
D．more than twice as many
3、After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ＿＿ tractors in
1988 as the year before．
A．as twice many
B．as many twice
C．twice as many
D．twice many as
［点拨］“倍数”句型翻译有三种方式。（1）“倍数（百分数）＋形容词比较级＋than ＋比较对象”，译作“增加……倍”或“是……的‘倍数＋1’倍”；（2）“倍数（百分数）＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋被比较对象”，译作“是……的多少倍”；（3）“倍数＋the＋名词＋of＋被比较对象”，其中常用的名词有size，length，width，depth等，也译作“是……的多少倍”。如“你们的操场比我们的操场大四倍（是我们操场的五倍大）”可分别译作：（1）Your playground is four times larger than ours．（2）Your playground is five times as large as ours．（3）Your playground is five times the size of ours．
形容词和副词的最高级
这种结构的一般表达方式是最高级 + 表示范围的状语，其意义是"某人、某事在某个范围内最……"。使用这种结构时我们应该注意，形容词的最高级前面一般说来要加用定冠词the ，而副词的最高级前面的定冠词往往可以省略。
例如：
He is the tallest of the three boys. 那三个男孩中他最高。
That is the biggest lake in our province. 那是我省最大的一条湖。
Joe runs fastest in our school .桥在我们学校跑得最快。
尽管这种结构比较单一、简单，但我们也要注意下面的情况：
1）of后接名词，用来说明"最高级的范围"，其实也是"比较对象"；而among 的后面往往是接带有最高级的名词词组，说明"主体是最……之一"。例如：
I believe Einstein is among the greatest scientists.
我相信爱因斯坦是最伟大的科学家之一。
Yellow River is among the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。
This novel is the most interesting of the three. 在这三部小说中，这一部最有趣。
She is the tallest of the girls in our class. 她是我们班女孩中的最高个儿。
2）形容词的最高级前面不用定冠词the的几种情况
A.形容词的最高级作表语（或者说，作主语补足语），并且又不与其他人或事相比较，通常在其前不用定冠词the 。例如：
The market in the country is busiest in winter. 乡下集市冬季里最繁忙。
It is best to go and ask the teacher .最好去问老师。
The well is deepest at this point .这口井在此处最深。
B.形容词的最高级作"非常、极其"解时，通常在其前也不用定冠词the,但是可以用不定冠词a 。
例如：His father is a most leaned man. 他爸爸是一位极有学问的人。
She is most beautiful.她非常漂亮。
When studying at college , I was in closest touch with Leon .
读大学时，我与里昂关系非常密切。
C.如果形容词的最高级前已有人称代词的所有格、或是名词的所有格形式、指示代词等修饰语时，其前也不再用定冠词the了。例如：
Her greatest wish is to be an air hostess after her graduation.
她最大的愿望是毕业后当一名空姐。
His most educational hobby is stamp-collecting.
他最具教育意义的嗜好是集邮。
D. 当两个形容词的最高级同时修饰一个名词时，后面一个形容词的最高级前的定冠词the
通常被省略了。例如：
He is the oldest ,but most energetic of my colleagues .
在我的同事中，他是最年长的，却是最有活力的。
This is the most effective and most economic solution to the problem .
这是最有效且最经济的解决问题的办法。
He is the youngest and most famous athlete in the world.
他是世界上最年青、最著名的运动员。
主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )
主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。
这是因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言，通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1、语法一致 2、意义一致 3、就近原则。
主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。例如：
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）
语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待：
不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。
不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.
许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。
Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .
每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。
表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .
《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
美国常在世界科技方面领先。
The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .
联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。
a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition.
一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。
The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。
例如：
On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.
许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
有些短语，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。
例如：
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly
cut off. 昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱。
A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。
意义一致( Notional Concord )
这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1）当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition
to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有"，"隔开。例如：
Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.
昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：
Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.
Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.
The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.
The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.
2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量
应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.
八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。
3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作
单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience.
一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。
In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉。
4）当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.
中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。
Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.
加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。
5) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语
动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成复数形式。
例如：
The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。
The public now come to know the whole story.
人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。
就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等。例如：
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事。
中英翻译技巧
中译英：
1．多喝水，这对你的健康有好处。
Drink more water．It___________________________your health．
2．外面正下着大雨，你最好呆在家里。
It's raining heavily outside．You'd __________________at home．
3．这个故事和那个故事一样有趣。
This story，is，interesting，that one ________________________________.
根据以上各题不难看出翻译填空题所考查的主要内容：1、一些常用词组和短语。如：begoodfor等。2、一些常用词语的用法。如：hadbetter后接动词原形等。3、一些常用句型、句式。如：as．．．as等。
这类题的解题步骤
第一步，先读一下汉语句子，了解这个句子所要表达的意思。
第二步，跳过空格读一下已给出的那部分英文内容，然后再仔细分析一下要求翻译的英语。
第三步，观察一下要求翻译的汉语，然后联想一下相关词汇和句型，再考虑语态、时态、词形变化、主语与主谓一致等问题。
第四步，试填空格。不要一看空格就填，有的同学一看“照顾”就填lookafter，实际上根据情况还可填takecareof或takegoodcareof。若对第一个空格要填的词没有把握时，可试看从下文中得到启示?
第五步，将已填好的句子再读一遍，从时态、语态、词形、数的一致等方面检查一下，若一切没问题，该题就OK了。
解题步骤掌握了，做题时还要注意可以缩写的词汇。因为这类题的空格是一定的，多填或少填都是不对的，即使意义相符也不合乎答题要求。填空时一定要灵活。
看看上面几个题的答案吧！第一题考查的是词组begoodfor，应填isgoodfor；第二题考查hadbetter后用动词原形，填betterstay；第三题答案为：Thisstoryisasinterestingasthatone．
1．熟练掌握常用词和词组。2．熟练掌握各种句型结构。3．掌握语法知识。4．熟读课文，因为有些题可能会出自课文原文。5．平时要加强这类题的训练。
词类转换是英汉翻译很重要的手段之一，运用得当，可使译文通顺流畅，否则译文可能生硬晦涩。下面将英汉互译中最常见的词类转换现象介绍如下。
1.汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词
汉语中动词用的较多，除了动宾结构外，还有连动式、兼语式等两个动词以上连用的现象。英语则不然，一句话往往只有一个谓语动词，但英语中的名词比汉语中的名词用的多。基于两种语言的这一特点，在汉译英时常把汉语中的动词转换为英语中的名词。
如：
你必须好好地照顾病人。Youmusttakegoodcareofthepatient.
他善于观察。Heisagoodobserver.
在上述两句中，\"照顾\"，\"观察\"都是动词，但译成英语，则用的是名词care和observer。不过，在翻译过程中，有时也要把汉语中的名词转换成英语的动词。
如：
他的演讲给我们的印象很深。Hisspeechimpressedusdeeply.
2.汉语中的动词转换为英语的形容词
汉语中一些表示知觉、情感的动词，往往可以转译成英语形容词，通常用\"be+形容词......\"的结构来表达。
如：
我为他的健康担忧。Iamworriedabouthishealth.我们对她所做的一切感到满意。Wearesatisfiedwithwhatshedid.
3.汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语
与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本身是由动词演变而来，具有动词的特征。因此，在汉译英时，汉语中的动词常可用英语中的介词或介词短语来翻译。
露西和莉莉上同一个学校。LucyandLilyareinthesameschool.
我反对这项法律。Iamagainstthelaw.
4.汉语中的形容词转化为英语中的名词。如：
你说他傻不傻？Don\'tyouthinkheisanidiot?
他的生日宴会很成功。Hisbirthdaypartywasagreatsuccess.
5.英语中的形容词转化为汉语中的名词。如：Robinhoodoftenlootedtherichandhelpedthepoor.罗宾汉经常劫富济贫。
6.英语中的副词转化为汉语名词。如：
WhatisthefaretoNanjingandback?去南京一个来回车费是多少？
英译中：
1、To a large extent, a successful sales meeting depends on both the salesperson and the customer asking the right kind of questions。
A. 大范围来说，一次成功的销售会谈依靠销售人员去问顾客问题。
B. 很大程度上讲，成功的销售会谈依靠销售人员去向客户问合适的问题。
C. 在很大程度上，一次成功的销售会谈取决于销售人员及客户双方能否提出合适的问题。
D. 为了使范围程度上大，成功的销售会依靠两边的销售人员，顾客将问正确方面的问题。
2、Surprisingly，we know so little about the business activities of the after-sales Department.
A. 我们知道了那么一些售后服务部的商务活动后，感到很吃惊。
B. 大家很吃惊的是我们懂得那么少有关售后服务部的商务活动。
C. 吃惊的是，我们居然了解一点售后服务部的业务活动。
D. 令人吃惊的是，我们对售后服务部的业务活动知道的如此之少。
3、In return for keep and what the host family does, an "au pair" girl is expected to help her hostess with household duties on a partnership basis.
A. 为了报答主人提供的免费膳宿以及他们为她所付出的辛劳，换工女学生应该以伙伴的关系协助女主人干一些家务活。
B. 为了报答主人一家提供的免费膳宿以及为她做的一切，换工女学生应该帮忙干些家务活。她和女主人之间应该是伙伴关系。
C. 为了谋生以及报答主人一家为她所做的一切，换工女学生应该以合作人的关系协助女主人干一些家务活。
D. 为了偿还膳宿以及报答主人一家为她做的一切，换工女学生应该帮忙干些家务活。她和女主人直接应该是伙伴的关系。
4、Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
A. 别人的失败比自己的失败更能让人明智。
B. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
C. 最好从别人而不是从自己的失败中吸取教训。
D. 最好通过别人而不是自己的失败来变得明智。
作文：
掌握技巧：
一、注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（opening paragraph）——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分（Body paragraphs）——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。
前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内容。
二、确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
1、归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点。
2、提炼出一句具有概括性的话。
3、主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
三、巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词。
例：大学生活
Directions： For this part， you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a good friend John， congratulating him on his admission to a famous university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese：
1. 对朋友进入大学表示祝贺
2. 介绍大学生活和中学生活的异同
3. 对如何成功地过好大学生活提出自己的建议
「范文」
A Congratulation Letter
June 16， 2006
Dear John，
I‘m very glad to hear that you have passed the entrance examination and been accepted by a very famous university. I feel very proud of you and I believe you really deserve the honor since you have been working so hard. As you have mentioned in the letter， there are both some similarities and differences between the college life and the life in high school. On the one hand， you have to go on working hard as there are a lot of subjects for you to learn.
On the other hand， in high school， teachers will probably tell you what to learn and how to learn in details and will also monitor your learning performance，while in college， teachers work like tour guides and you have to find out your own way to acquire knowledge and solve problems. For you， I think to be optimistic is very important. If you hope to adapt yourself to the new environment，you‘d better be positive no matter what difficulties you will experience in your college life. May you adapt yourself to the college life as soon as possible!
Truly Yours
Carl
大学英语3级考试真题
大学英语 3 级考试真题 一、听力测试(本大题满分25 分，每小题 1 分 ) 做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。录音内容结束后再将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节 听下面的 8 段短对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从每小题 A 、B 、 C 三个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 听每段对话只读一遍。 1.What color skirt does Linda like？ A. Red. B. Green. C. Blue. 2. How is the weather now? A. Sunny. B. Cloudy. C. Rainy. 3. How did they spend their weekend? A. They had a school trip. B. They cleaned up the street. C. They studied for a test. 4. Where will Peter go on vacation? A. To Canada. B. To Australia. C. To Japan. 5. What does Mike’ s father want him to be? A. A soldier. B. A pilot. C. A doctor. 6. Who will repair the bicycle? A. Bill's brother. B. Mrs. Brown's brother. C. Bill. 7. How much is the jacket now? A. 60 dollars. B. 90 dollars. C. 120 dollars. 8. What do we know about Jenny from the conversation? A. She is worried about a coming test. B. She is working hard at physics. C. She didn't pass the recent test. 第二节 下面你将听到 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从每小题A、B、C 三个选项中，选出一个与你听到的对话或独白内容相符的问题的答案。对话或独白读两遍。 听第一段材料回答 9 至 11 小题。 9. How many people will sit at the table? Xk b https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ad16278020.html, A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. 10. What is the restaurant famous for? A. Noodles. B. Chicken soup. C. Dumplings. 11. What would they like to drink? A. Fish soup. B. Beer and coke. C. Milk. 听第二段材料回答第12 至 14 小题。 12. Have the speaker ever seen each other? A. Yes, they have. B. No, they haven't. C. We don't know. 13. How often does Lucy play tennis? A. Twice a week. B. Every morning. C. Never. 14. When may they meet again? A. Next morning. B. Next weekend. C. Next weekday. 听第三段材料回答第15 至 17 小题。 15. What's the relationship ( 关系 ) between the two speakers? A. Friends. B. Teacher and student. C. Father and daughter
三级英语翻译(精品收藏)
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