《经济学人》文章精读

Watson and financial regulation

It knows their methods

New banking rules baffle使困惑humans; can machines do better?

JOINING “Hamilton”, a Broadway道路show, and concerts音乐会by Adele, （a British soul diva 著名女歌手）, on the list of tickets-to-kill-for一票难求in New York isa screening屏风in an ugly new office building （that recently popped-up in the East Village, a place best known for offbeat 另类的culture. ）Thereisa ten-week-long queue行列to see simulations模仿；模式by Watson, IBM’s cognitive认知的artificial-intelligence人工智能platform舞台.

最近一座丑陋的新办公楼在纽约东村（因另类文化的发展而知名）拔地而起，这里举办的一个活动和百老汇音乐剧汉密尔顿（Hamilton）、英国灵魂乐女歌手阿黛尔的演唱会一样一票难求。这就是IBM的认知人工智能平台Watson进行的模拟演示，观看这个演示需要等候10周。

Initially known for stunts噱头such as beating the world’s best chess player, Watsonhas been seekinga wider audience. Ithas founda vast potential one in the world of financial regulation. Ruleshave become so sprawling伸展四肢；蔓延and mysterious that even regulators监管者have begun asking for a map寻求指引. In response, a market is springing up: for “regtech”, fintech’s nerdy书呆子似的new offspring子女；幼崽.

Watson最初为人所知是因其击败了世界顶级的国际象棋大师和其他一些惊世之举，之后它一直在努力吸引更多的观众，并已在金融监管界找到了一个庞大的潜在观众群。尽管规定已变得庞杂而难懂，即使是监管者自身也已开始寻求指引。面对这一需求，一个全新的市场涌现出来：金融科技达人的新产物——“Regtech”（监管科技）。

On September 29th, IBMannouncedthe purchase of Promontory,（a 600-strong consultancy咨询公司whose senior staff include former officials from the Federal Reserve储备,the World Bank, the Securities证券and Exchange Commission委员会and other regulators）. The hopeisthat person and machine will combine into a vast business.Promontorywasfounded in 2001 by Eugene Ludwig, （who had headed one of America’s primary bank-supervisory监督的agencies）. Itgrew first because of the slathering大量使用of new rules （during the previous, Bush矮树丛?小布什administration and then prospered繁荣）, says Mr Ludwig, as this process expanded under Barack Obama.

【It grew first because of the slathering of new rules during the previous, Bush administration and then prospered, says Mr Ludwig, as this process expanded under Barack Obama.】

9月29日，IBM宣布收购拥有600名员工的金融咨询公司Promontory，其高层员工包括美联储、世界银行、美国证券交易管理委员会和其他监管机构的前任官员。此次收购目的是把人和机器相结合，创造出一项庞大的业务。Promontory于2001年由尤金·路德维格（Eugene Ludwig，曾任美国主要银行监管机构之一的负责人）创建。路德维格说，公司最初的发展是由于前任小布什政府时期实施了大量新规，后来公司不断壮大，则是因为奥巴马执政期间新规还在继续增加。

Promontoryhas recently dabbled玩水；拨弄in software, but is best known fori ts employees’ background and their capacity to provide expertise专长(its contention争论;观点), contacts联系；接触(its critics’批评家) or both. Either way, itisa profoundly极度地；深厚地human business.Watson, for all its charms魅力, is not. Automation自动化of financial institutions has long beena core business for IBM. Itplayeda central role in the development of the ATM; its systemskeepmany banks and insurance companies around the world humming哼唱along. Aware that annual expenditure on regulation and compliance顺从；合规is vast—itreckons计算in excess超过of $270 billion, （of which $20 billion is spent simply on understanding the requirements）—itbegan work on adding this business to Watson in early 2015. Chief compliance officers and lawyerswere interviewed to break down their tasks and needs.

Dabble in：涉足

annual expenditure on regulation and compliance:年度管理和合规支出

break down their tasks and needs：解决他们的任务和需求

Promontory最近开始涉足软件，但最为人知的仍是其员工的背景和他们提供专长（观点）、介绍人脉（评论员）或两者兼顾的能力。不管如何，根本来说公司的业务主要靠人。Watson 尽管魅力多多，但并不依靠人。金融机构的自动化很久以来一直是IBM的核心业务。IBM在ATM的发展过程中扮演了核心作用，它的自动化系统让全球的许多银行和保险公司都提高了效率。IBM意识到每年在监管和合规方面的巨大支出（它预计达2700多亿美元，仅是理解监管要求就要花掉200亿），2015年初开始在Watson上添加此项业务功能。IBM访问了多位首席合规官和律师以更好地了解他们的任务和需求。

The first area of focus wastrading, which has the virtue美德of being both discrete分离的；不相关的and wildly complex复杂的. A pilot programme程序with half a dozen banks and three exchanges began in July, providing surveillance监视. A library of possible illicit违法的schemes 计划is fed into Watson, which can then evaluate trading patterns and communications ranging from overt公开的messages to social media (voice analysis will be added in November). Scrutiny 仔细检查can extend to the network of people on the other end of trades（in order to untangle 解开complex relationships.）

IBM首个关注的领域是交易，这一领域的监管规定缺乏连贯性且极为复杂。一项与六家银行和三家交易所共同展开的试点项目于7月启动，提供合规监督服务。大量可能的违规手法被输入Watson，它可以对交易模式和各种交流内容（从公开信息到社交媒体）进行分析（11月会增加语音分析功能）。这种监察还能延伸至交易对手方的人际网络，以厘清复杂的关系。

The next areais to provide clarity about rules. Theyare sorted by jurisdictions司法权, institutional divisions, products and so forth, and then further broken down between rules and guidance. Watsonisgetting better at categorising分类the various regulations and matching them with the appropriate enforcement强制实施mechanisms. Its conclusionsare vetted审查, giving it an education （that should improve its effectiveness in the future.）Promontory’s expertsareexpected to help Watson learn. A dozen rulesarenow being assimilated吸收weekly. Thousands are still to go but itis hopedthe process will speed up as the system evolves进化. Ultimately最终, IBMhopesspeeches by influential figures, court verdicts裁决and other such sources will be automatically uploaded上传into Watson’s cloud-based brain. Theycan playa role in determining （what regulations matter, and how they will be enforced.）Global financial

institutionsprovidean obvious market for these services, but so too do small, local ones that lack the scale to justify the cost of a team of legal experts.【Global和Local存在对比】A third groupisthe regulators themselves, who often privately grouse发牢骚about （being bewildered 使迷惑by their own remit宽恕；赦免；减缓）and distrust不信任other regulators with overlapping重叠briefs.

IBM关注的另一个领域是明确监管规则。所有规则按管辖权、部门划分、产品等进行分类，然后进一步分离出规则和指引。Watson在分类各种监管规则，并在将其与对应的执行机制相匹配方面表现得越来越好。它的最终结论会受到审核，审核意见也会对它有指导作用，应该会让它在未来更有效力。IBM希望Promontory的专家能帮助Watson学习。现在每周都会有十几条规则被吸纳，待吸纳的规则还有几千条。随着系统的发展，这一进程有望加快。最终，IBM希望有影响力的人物发表的讲话、法庭判决和其他此类来源的信息将能自动上传到Watson基于云的大脑。这些信息在决定规则的重要性以及执行方式方面能发挥作用。

全球性金融机构很显然为这些服务提供了市场。但对于很多小型的地方性金融机构来说，这种服务同样有市场，因为它们业务规模有限，没必要专门聘请法律专家团队。第三类需要这种服务的群体便是监管者自身，他们经常私下抱怨被自己的工作搞晕了，也不信任工作内容近似的其他监管者。

To some extent Watson’s success depends onwhether the rules are consistent, make sense and are fairly applied. At the very least, itwill be able to highlight anomalies. If successful, Watson could shift legal authority from individuals to laws. That, of course, may be its greatest virtue.

一级结构：主谓宾

二级结构：定状补

三级结构: 非主谓宾的定状补结构

JOINING “Hamilton”, a Broadway show, and concerts by Adele, a British soul diva, on the list of tickets-to-kill-for in New York is a screening in an ugly new office building that recently popped-up in the East Village, a place best known for offbeat culture. There is a ten-week-long queue to see simulations by Watson, IBM’s cognitive arti ficial-intelligence platform.

Initially known for stunts such as beating the world’s best chess player, Watson has been seeking a wider audience. It has found a vast potential one in the world of financial regulation. Rules have become so sprawling and mysterious that even regulators have begun asking for a map. In response, a market is springing up: for “regtech”, fintech’s nerdy new offspring.

On September 29th, IBM announced the purchase of Promontory, a 600-strong consultancy whose senior staff include former officials from the Federal Reserve, the World Bank, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulators. The hope is that person and machine will combine into a vast business. Promontory was founded in 2001 by Eugene Ludwig, who had headed o ne of America’s primary bank-supervisory agencies. It grew first because of the slathering of new rules during the previous, Bush administration and then prospered, says Mr Ludwig, as this process expanded under Barack Obama.

Promontory has recently dabble d in software, but is best known for its employees’ background and their capacity to provide expertise (its contention), contacts (its critics’) or both. Either way, it is a profoundly human business. Watson, for all its charms, is not. Automation of financial

institutions has long been a core business for IBM. It played a central role in the development of the ATM; its systems keep many banks and insurance companies around the world humming along. Aware that annual expenditure on regulation and compliance is vast—it reckons in excess of $270 billion, of which $20 billion is spent simply on understanding the requirements—it began work on adding this business to Watson in early 2015. Chief compliance officers and lawyers were interviewed to break down their tasks and needs.

The first area of focus was trading, which has the virtue of being both discrete and wildly complex. A pilot programme with half a dozen banks and three exchanges began in July, providing surveillance. A library of possible illicit schemes is fed into Watson, which can then evaluate trading patterns and communications ranging from overt messages to social media (voice analysis will be added in November). Scrutiny can extend to the network of people on the other end of trades in order to untangle complex relationships.

The next area is to provide clarity about rules. They are sorted by jurisdictions, institutional divisions, products and so forth, and then further broken down between rules and guidance. Watson is getting better at categorising the various regulations and matching them with the appropriate enforcement mechanisms. Its conclusions are vetted, giving it an education that should improve its effectiveness in the future. Promontory’s experts are expected to help Watson learn. A dozen rules are now being assimilated weekly. Thousands are still to go but it is hoped the process will speed up as the system evolves. Ultimately, IBM hopes speeches by influential figures, court verdicts and other such sources will be automatically uploaded i nto Watson’s cloud-based brain. They can play a role in determining what regulations matter, and how they will be enforced.

Global financial institutions provide an obvious market for these services, but so too do small, local ones that lack the scale to justify the cost of a team of legal experts. A third group is the regulators themselves, who often privately grouse about being bewildered by their own remit and distrust other regulators with overlapping briefs.

To some extent Watson’s success depends on w hether the rules are consistent, make sense and are fairly applied. At the very least, it will be able to highlight anomalies. If successful, Watson could shift legal authority from individuals to laws. That, of course, may be its greatest virtue.

经济学人科技类文章中英双语

The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中，或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日，《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密，报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日，部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下，神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量，有很多技术可以使用，尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时，大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征，这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而，位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.

教师的阅读力读后感

教师的阅读力读后感 本文是关于读后感的，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 教师的阅读力读后感（—） 在假期阅读了了《教师阅读力》这本书后。我有了深刻的感受和体会，从中受益颇多。 此书讲述了一个人的精神发展史就是他的阅读史，凸显了阅读在人的成长过程中的重要作用。作为教师，教育的根本任务是“以德树人”，而这一任务相对应的“公民道德规范”、“科学文化知识”、“身心健康标准”等都是昨天形成的。我们所做的工作是面对昨天理解昨天甚至是记忆昨天，这实际是文化的传承，阅读如此重要。而阅读在现实生活中却不被重视，当我们还在为阅读现状焦虑时，一场阅读革命正悄悄地进行着，我们可以看到书中对阅读提出了新的要求。 教师的阅读力低下导致的精神贫瘠是多么可怕，一个教师的幸福感来自于他自身的成长，并且这种影响将源源不断影响学生。教师像一束光，但能否真正让这一束光点燃另一束光呢？ 其中提到教育素养应终生修炼，当认真阅读后，不禁让我陷入了沉思，也伴随着汗颜的感觉。的确作为老师，是急需提升自身素养的，这包括学科素养、研究学生素养、语言素养。学科素养，就是要精通自己所教的学科，我们可能只熟悉本学科初中的教材，没有系统的研究教材。但在学科素养方面，我们仍需补很多的课。在研究学生素养这一方面，我自认为在教学中最大的欠缺是缺少与学生沟通，虽然我

们常说以“生”为本，但却忽略研究学生。我想，研究学生要了解学生的思维，他们对什么有兴趣？他们怎样思考问题？他们怎样进行学习？他们对课本的内容的了解程度是多少？已知是什么？未知是什么？著名美国心理学家奥苏贝尔说过：“如果不得不把教育心理学的所有内容简约成一条原理的话，我会说影响学习的最重要因素是学生已知的内容，弄清这一点后，进行相应的教学。”这里的“已知”，应理解为不仅指学生头脑中已有的知识，还包括学生的认知结构，其实如果单单只是让教师讲一节课太容易了，认真备课就行，不了解情况，上课的效果就无法达到预期。因此学生可选择听讲，也可以选择不听讲，教师很辛苦，讲来讲去，而学生却做别的事。 所以作为教师，更重要的是尊重学生的智慧，倾听学生的声音，保护学生的好奇心和求知欲，并且注重教师的语言素养。那么何谓教师的语言素养？它就是教师在教育教学活动中准确规范地运用本民族语言来表达思想情感、观点见解等必须具备的一种基本素养，一般包括专业语言、态势语言、情感语言几种素养。教师无论教授何种学科，都必须具备娴熟的专业语言、丰富的态势语言和情感语言。在传道、授业、解惑中要做到“文以载道”“文道统一”，从而提高学生学习的激情和课堂教学效率。这是教育本身的要求，也是教师职业的要求，更是时代对教育的要求。 拿破仑曾说，“世界上有两种东西最有力量，一是剑，二是思想，而思想比剑更有分量。”一个教师只有形成鲜明的、独特的思想，才能在教育的星空里放射出璀璨的光芒。

2017考研英语 阅读理解精读100篇(高分版)

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13英语阅读-经济学人《Economics》双语版-Go forth and multiply

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