英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义

改错与校对练习

PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION

Passage One

It is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values 1.______ seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2. ______ contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly 3.______ because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms and

values) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has

4.______

a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5. ______ a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6. ______ because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and 7. ______ values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8. ______

kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as 9. ______ that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training for

different sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not 10.______ useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.

Passage Two

As people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,

die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.

Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runner

to grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1. ______ Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family 2. ______ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in 3. ______ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolish

incident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few 4.______ minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument 5. ______ seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. ______ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7.______ unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my 8.______ landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9. ______ house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feel

positive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routine

will significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it comes from

following a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10. _____ But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.

Passage Three

What is drug? Most of people probably think there’s a perfect simple 1. _____ answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,

one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _____ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medical

use. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there 3. ______ aren't any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people don’t

realize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4. ______ present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers 5. ______ before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who 6. ______ depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons is

largely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with 7.______ horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. ______ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn’t

accepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the 9. ______ tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks 10.

_______

are consumed daily.

Passage Four

In a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy business

executives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1. ______ the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executive’s position is on the

business ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view to

gaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _____ exceeds over the 40-hour working week. 3. _____ The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4. _____ rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Few

such executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soon

run of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5. ______ American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6. ______ executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel of

their daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational 7. ______

pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _____ Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. ____ that are quiet and peaceful ―far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _____ and business associates.”

Passage Five

Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.

Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1. _____ 1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _____ important in achieving this result. London and other major cities no

longer have the dense smoke-laden “smogs”of the 1950s but in central 3.

______

London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.

Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoring

network has made available to the public by the Department of the

Environment’s Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. ______ pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide —end grade

air quality on a scale between “very weak”and “very good”. The 5. ______ information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6. ______ in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. ______

the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. ______ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. ______ quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees of

experts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem,

and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being 10. ______ extended and upgraded at a cost of million.

Passage six

The amazing success of humans as a species is the result

of the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened to

tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical

reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most

striking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans 1. _____ lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with the

capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like 2. _____ that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brain

of the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain

that so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape 3. _____ man.

In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was 4. _____ considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5. _____

other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to

“a regular and set pattern”but then, prehistoric people, after their 6. _____

development of stone tools.

Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at which

stage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too. 7. _____ It is because the close association in most people’s minds of 8. _____ tools with humans that special attention has always been focused upon

any animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize 9. _____

that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10. _____

Passage seven

During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple

promises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _____ American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate

has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages

that occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _____ is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest. 3. _____

What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in the

United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4. _____ great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and

intellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5. ______

It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many

get divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. ______ and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7. ______ marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. ______ divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce. 9. ______ Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they do

not have the education or job experience to support themselves and

their children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,

they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _____ Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.

Passage eight

The world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statement

I mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1. ______ are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.

The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. ______

or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. ______ sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.

Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:

the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments ... these factors take the joy outside of natural 4. ______ surroundings for human beings.

However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5. ______ hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains have

stripped of their protection ... The results are farther-reaching 6. ______ as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8. ______ logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economic

times. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasons

of belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve

their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9. ______

industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10. _____

Passage nine

The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily

concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own

economic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1. ______ their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early.

Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family 2. ______ was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and

capacities received much consideration. 3. ______ As the society became more complex, the status of children

in the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4. ______ number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5. ______

with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children

potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6. ______ means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7. ______

utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants

in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes

protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare

programs devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8. ______ This new view of children and the increasing contact between

the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in

child-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion of

their time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9. ______ possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person's

child in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and 10. _____

methods of child rearing.

Passage ten

Advertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed when

the use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or 1. simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities and

its aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices

in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other communications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.

From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s, approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5.

to influence the purchase of commodities and services.

Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the

appeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6.

Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized

types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainly

to build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns as important institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.

Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10.

cold-weather breakfast.

Passage eleven

Like all animal species, plant species must spread their offspring

to suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plants

don't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2. scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do they

do? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit's

ripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallows

the fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far 3. from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles. 4.

It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact, some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body before

they can grow.

Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,

the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries' color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,

and eventually spit out the seeds.

Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be

dispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.

The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread 9.

its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, the

birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.

Passage Twelve

Cheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ―for thousands of years, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus 2. milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundreds

of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well

as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to

health problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheese

varies depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of protein

for children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.

Passage thirteen

Begun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as a

system for easing communication between computers in disparate

electric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for 1. scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It links together thousands of computer networks such as those belonging to corporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers,

joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modem

or networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton,

film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).

No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody has

an exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000

separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.

Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial services

that provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as a

profit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload”to their 9. computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data from

all over the world, scholarly research that in the past would have

required months of travel could now be done at one's desk. 10.

Passage fourteen

Water is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power in

the 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.

The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend

in partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4.

The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted in operation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility. 6.

In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle

with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or

truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage

at low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.

Passage fifteen

Before considering this question it is interesting to review

briefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1. way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study 2. the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?

The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4.

passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts 5.

by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings.

In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6.

it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.

As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7. exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomes

very simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind.

In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university 9. undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, more

subtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think 10. about something when it is not there.

Passage sixteen

If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary

science to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public

school system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science

and technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientific services. In education there should be a good balance among the branches

of knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question

of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural 7. sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is

continuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the 9. discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of 10.

courses for beginners.

Passage seventeen

The world’s population continues to grow. There now are about

4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the

century and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1.

Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.

Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and 2. health care for all these people?

A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.

A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place 3. during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than

they were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and 4. industrial nations.

Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this,

More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and 5. are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay 6. pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs

away from home instead having children. 7.

And more governments, especially in developing nations, now

support family planned programs to reduce population growth, China 8.

is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population 10. growth by about one half since 1970.

Passage eighteen

Beyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is a

tough job, and it doesn’t always work. You may need professional advice. Contract your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer 1.

or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people, considering whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to 2. sleep.

Every pet owner, and every family with children, need to take 3.

seriously of the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. It's been more than 4. one year since five-year-old Megan began to raise her pet. The scars 5. around her eye and the wound on one side of her mouth have faded

almost to nothing, and the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. 6. “She’s very hesitant around all dogs,”reports her mom, “I’m more so.”They have taught Megan and their another children to approach dogs 7. slowly, and hold up a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. 8.

The family was requiring by law to keep the dog contained for 9.

d ten days, to b

e sure it didn't carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave it to

a family friend ―one with children. Now they have it back, but 10.

he's carefully supervised.

Passage nineteen

When I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.

It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn 1. and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.

Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front 2. porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorways

and I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job 3. professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.

Ever since then, I have tried to do as professional a job as 4. possible-whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarring

roofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behave

like a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. 5.

This means giving your all. If a scene requires another character

to react to jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it 6. takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago,

while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors 7.

and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through 8. rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go to

your head. The thing that made a difference delivering papers 9.

being thorough, punctual, doing your best-also count on the movie set.

And I still have to woken up at the crack of dawn. 10.

Passage twenty

Jimmy Lee was executed in Parchment, Miss. He was a

murder. In Mississippi, killers are executed by strapping them 1. ______ into a chair and dropped cyanide crystals into a pan of water. 2. ______ This is supposed to do the job quickly and with a maximum 3. ______

of suffering. However, this was not the case of Jimmy Lee. He 4. ______ moaned and convulsed and thrashed about everywhere for several 5. ______ minutes before his end came. His lawyer was upset by the way

Jimmy Lee died, and also were many of the kindly souls who 6. ______ opposed the death penalty in any form. But they’ve overlooked

something unusually about Jimmy Lee's death. And that is the fact 7. ______ that this is one of those rare times a killer got exactly what he gave. 8. ______ He was executed for the crime of smothering a 3-year-old girl. It can 9. ______ be assumed the little girl also gasped breath and suffered when she 10. _____

was deprived of air. The difference is that she did nothing to deserve

her suffering and death.

Passage twenty-one

The dominance of black athletes to professional basketball is 1. ______ beyond dispute. Two-thirds of the players are black, and the number

would be greater was it not for the continuing practice of picking white 2. ______ bench warmers for the sake of balance. Over the last two decades, no

less than three players have been among the ten starting players on 3. ______ National Basket-ball Association’s All-Star Team, and in the last 4. ______ quarter of this century, only two white players have ever been chosen

as the NBA’s Most Valuable Player. But this dominance reflects a 5. ______ natural inheritance: basketball is a pastime of the urbane poor. 6. ______ The current generation of black athletes are heirs of a tradition 7. ______ more than half a century old. In a neighborhood where without 8. ______ the money for bats, gloves, hockey sticks and icing skates, basketball 9. ______

is an eminent accessible sport. “Once it was the game of the Irish and 10. _____ Italian Catholics in Rockaway,”writes David Wolf in his book. Foul!

“It was recreation, status and a way out.”

Passage twenty-two

Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the world’s average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, ecologists have

turned to historic data in relation to especially huge volcanic eruptions. 1. ______

They suspect that volcanoes effect weather changes that are similar

with air pollution. 2. ______ One source of information is the affect of the eruption of 3. ______

Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, in April 1815.

The largest recorded volcanic eruption, Tambora threw 150 million tons

of fine ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads world-

wide in a few days and remain in the air for years. Its effect is to turn 4. ______ incoming solar radiation into space and however cool the earth. For 5. ______

example, records of weather in England show between April and

November 1815, the average temperature has fallen 4. 5 F. During 6. ______

the next 24 months, England suffered one of the cold periods of its 7. ______

history. Farmer's records from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate

frost throughout the spring and summer and sharp decreases in crop

and livestock markets. Since there was a time lag of several years

between reason and effect, by the time the world agricultural 8. ______

commodity community has deteriorated, no one realized the cause.

Ecologists today warn that we face with a twofold menace. 9. ______

The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of

Mt, St. Helens in Washington, added to man’s pollution of the

atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may

bring us increasing colder weather. 10. _____

Passage twenty-three

The world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statement I

mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet

inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways are 1. ______

all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.

The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, and 2. ______

the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in atmosphere and 3. ______

poisonous substances in the water and in the soil. Industry has also

been responsible to noise and visual pollution: the roar of machinery

and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments …these

factors take the joy outside of natural surroundings for human beings.

4. ______

However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5. ______ hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains

have stripped of their protection. The results are farther-reaching 6. ______

as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the 8. ______ psychological effect on people of increased competition and hard

economic times. The reasons that people give for political unrest

might be reasons of belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire

of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes wars. 9. ______

Because of the industrialization, much of the beauty and the

simplicity of life is away. 10. _____

Passage twenty-four

Henry Fielding, the famous novelist who was also a London magistrate, once made a night raid to two known hideouts in this 1. ______

city-within-a-city; he found seven men, women, and children packed

away in a few tiny stinking rooms. All of these people, included little 2. ______ children of five and six who were trained as pick-pockets, were

wanted for crime.

Conditions like these bred more criminals. One of the typical

cases was that Jack Shepard, whose execution in 1724 was watched 3. ______

by two hundred thousand people. Shepard, the son of honest working people, was an apprentice in a respectful trade. He ran away from it 4. ______

because he fancied that he had been ill-treated, and soon found it was 5. ______

easy to make more money by thieving as his father had done by a

6. ______

lifetime of honest work.

In Shepard’s day highwaymen committed robberies at broad 7. ______

daylight, in sight of a crowd, and. rode solemnly and triumphantly

through the town with danger of molestation. If they were chased, 8. ______

twenty or thirty armed men were ready to come to their assistance.

Murder was a everyday affair, and there were many people who 9. ______

made heroes from the murderers. 10. _____

Passage twenty-five

No two people have the same orientation to work because that 1.

______

unique backgrounds and experiences. Such differences, as we noted

earlier, are relevant to the shape of values and attitudes. While very 2. ______

little systematic inquiry has been made into the role of cultural, economics, and political factors as related to job satisfaction, some 3. ______

evidence suggests that this class of variables is relevant. For example,

it was found that characteristics of the communities which workers 4. ______

reside must be considered to understand job satisfaction, based on

data obtained from 1300 blue-collar workers employed in 21 plants

in the eastern United States. The urban or rural location of the plant

were used as an index of expected alienation from middle-class values 5. ______

such as accomplishment and upward mobility. The investigators

found that nobody of the workers in rural locations were alienated 6. ______

from middle-class values, whereas who in urban locations were. 7. ______

One explanation was advanced is that the workers in small towns 8. ______

are more likely influenced by middle-class, Protestant norms and

values. Children are taught these values in school and attempt to reach

goals defined in terms of these values by means of behavior inconsistent

9. ______

with these values. Children raised in urban areas are less likely to be

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a value system-Criticism from peer groups and negative reinforcement

tends to destroy behavior and beliefs consistent with middle-class ideals.

Passage twenty-six

People often dream of living in a perfect place where no one

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Such a place, however, is very good to be true: such a place is nowhere, 2. ______

and that’s what the word “utopic”means. It is made up two Greek words

3. ______

meaning “not a place”. The word was first used by Thomas More,

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from Plato. Plato’s The Republic described what would b a perfect

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Atlantic. These legends were no longer believed when the explorations 7. ______

of Americas began, but after More’s time they became common for

8. ______

writers to imagine there places. Utopia, if is effected, would not 9. ______

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10. _____

Passage twenty-seven

One of the greatest problems for these settlers in Nebraska in

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2. ______

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3. ______

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4. ______

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interestingly, no odor. Soon, collecting it became a way of life for the 7. ______

settlers’children, would pick them up on their way to and from school,

8. ______

or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl wanted to marry, would 9. ______

arrive with a large bag of chip rather than with a box of candy or a 10. _____

bunch of flowers.

Passage twenty-eight

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