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英语语法教案Grammar Hierarchy

英语语法教案Grammar Hierarchy
英语语法教案Grammar Hierarchy

I ntroduction

—Grammar Hierarchy

Teaching Aims

1. Systematic introduction to grammatical analysis with a high degree of explicitness

2. Sufficient information of major phenomena of English grammar

3. Improvement of students? awareness of grammar

Teaching content

1.Basic Concepts

2.Grammatical terms

? 1.1 Morphemes

? 1.2 Words

? 1.3 Phrases

? 1.4 Clauses

? 1.5 Sentences

1.Basic Concepts

Language is the tool for human communication, is the system of vocabulary and grammar.

Grammar is the rule to organize language.

Vocabulary is the materials to construct language. Grammar puts the words together to express certain meanings.

Grammar arrangement can be divided into 5 levels:

sentence-clause-phrase-word -…morpheme.

By using segmentation, sentence can be segmented to the smallest part----morpheme:

2.Grammatical terms

1.1Morpheme is the smallest grammar unit as well as the smallest meaning unit.

Two types: free morpheme and bound morpheme.

(1) Free morpheme is the morpheme that owns a complete meaning and can be

used as …simple word? (function 1). E.g. under, graduate, rapid, improve,

write…

Can be acted as Root, and be added affix to build Derivative (functon2).

E.g. rapidly, care-ful, care-less, care-less-ness…

Can be composed with other free morpheme to form Compound word, e.g.: under-graduate, black-board, pencil-box…

(2) Bound morpheme is the morpheme that doesn?t own a complete meaning and

cannot be used as …simple word?, and must be attached to free morpheme

or other word forms to express the meaning.

Bound morpheme can act as Affix (function): Inflectional Affix and

Derivational Affix.

Inflectional Affixes are few in English, include noun plural form –s/-es ; noun possessive form –…s/-s?; singular third person?s verb present tense form

–s/-es; verb past tense form –ed; past participle form –ed; present

participle form –ing; adjective or adverb comparative degree form –er,

and superlative –est.

Derivational Affix can be divided into Prefix and Suffix, can be arranged to root and form derivative.

E.g.: prefix suffix prefix +

suffix

anti-war Marx ist un luck y

post war move ment co-existence

pan-African care less in appropriate ness

co-exist careless ness pre-libera tion pre arrang ement

pre history

Allomorph is the morphemes that own the same meaning but appear in different forms in different situations, this can be seen in the spelling as well as

pronunciation.

In spelling (e.g. adjective negative form):

in- im- il- ir-

in active im mature il legal ir rational

in coherent im mortal il logical ir regular

in experienced im perfect il legible ir relevant

in secure im practical il legitimate ir responsible

in pronunciation (e.g. plural form –s):

-s in cats is pronounced /s/, in dogs /z/, in horses /iz/.

1.2 Words

Word is the grammar unit higher than morpheme, is constructed by one or more morphemes. Wo

Word category can be divided according two norms: one is w ord-building, the other is syntax function.

(1)According to word-building, words can be divided into simple word, derivative

and c ompound word.

1)simple word: also called Morpheme word, is built by simple morphemes, most

of them are short words such as “ at, by, in, far, take, meat…”, though they are few in English, such words are used frequently and have stronger derivative ability.

2)Derivative: is built by root (mainly free root) and derivational affix. Root is

the basic of derivative; the same root added by different affixes can have different meanings and different part of speech.

[1] Most of the prefixes don?t effect part of speech of a root, but modify the

meaning of the root, to express negative, contrary, derogative, degree, time, direction, etc.

Negative: un fair non violent in edible dis content

Contrary: un bind de duct dis courage counte ract

Mistake and improper: mis judge mal treat/

mal practice pseudo classic/pseudo scientific Support and oppose: pro-American anti war

Degree and size: arch bishop super market ultra leftist

over dressed under cook mini skirt semi steel time: pre school fore cast post doctor

direction: sub way inter national trans frontier

[2]Three prefixes “be-, en-/em-, a” don?t change the basic meaning of root but

change part of speech.

be numb en slave em body a sleep

[3]suffixes added to root often don?t change the basic meaning of root but change

part of speech.

Verb→noun: simplific ation move ment propos al

employ er employ ee drain age

adjective→noun: happi ness divers ity national ism loyal ist

noun/adjective→verb: beat ify modern ize quick en

noun→adjective: hairy fool ish pictur esque burden some poison ous

however, some suffixes added to root change only the meaning, not its part of speech.

E.g. gang ster boy hood king dom hand ful book let machin ery

3)Compound words are built by two or more free morphemes.

Compound noun: snowfall, rainfall handbook

Compound adjective: well-known dog-tired

Compound verb: nickname massproduce

Compound adverb: therefore, moreover

Compound pronoun: sth. sb.

Compound conjunction : whatever, however

Compound preposition: throughout, alongside

(2) According to the grammar function, words can be divided into Closed Class and

Open Class.

[1] Closed Class refers to the Function word, which has no complete vocabulary

meaning, but has grammar meaning; such functional words are limited and much more steady:

Preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, auxiliary verb

[2] Open Class refers to the Content word, which is developed and enriched social, economic and cultural development, such as noun, adjective, adverb, main verb. cardinal numeral, ordinal numeral and interjection are between closed class and open class.

1.3 Phrase

Phrase is the grammar unit built by one or more word; according certain grammar rule, it is built around some Head or Headword; Headword?s part of speech determines the combining means of phrase as well as its part of speech, such as noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and prepositional phrase.

[1] Noun Phrase

his new book on phonology

determiner prepositional modifier noun postpositional modifier

[2] Verb phrase

Simple verb phrase:look pale, arrive late, and angrily speak…

Complex verb phrase(auxiliary verb + main verb): be getting better, can come earlier…

According to verb form, verb phrase can be divided into Finite Verb Phrase and Non-finite Verb Phrase

Finite Verb Phrase is the phrase limited by tense, person or number. On the contrary, is the Non-finite Verb Phrase.

[3] Adjective Phrase

(modifier) + adjective + (postpositional modifier/complementation)

too difficult to finish

[4] Adverb Phrase

(modifier) + adverb + (postpositional modifier)

very clearly indeed

[5] preposition phrase

(modifier) + preposition + complementation

since before the war

1.4 Clause

Clause is the grammar unit built on one or more phrases, its structure “subject + predicate).

According to syntax function, clause can be divided into:

[1] Independent Clause: the clause exists without depending other structure;

Dependent / Subordinate clause: the clause is subordinate to other structure.

[2] Simple Clause: clause only includes one subject-predicate structure.

Complex Clause: clause has other subject-predicate structure as component.

[3] Main Clause: the clause has subordinate clause as component.

Subordinate Clause: clause is subordinate other clause as component.

[4] Finite Clause: the clause uses finite verb phrase as predicate

Non-finite clause: the clause uses non-finite verb phrase as predicate.

1.5 Sentence

Sentence: is the superlative grammar unit with two characters: ①. Sentence can be

used independently in communication. ②. Sentence can express complete meaning.

[1] Full Sentence: sentence includes at least one complete subject-predicate structure.

Minor Sentence:

[2] Full sentence can be divided into simple sentence, compound sentence,

complex sentence, compound-complex sentence.

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三、冠词 【考纲分析】 1. 中考考纲: 冠词 (1) 不定冠词 a /an ; (2) 定冠词 the ; (3) 零冠词 2. 近5年中考冠词的考点及分值分布

【自主学习】 一、用适当的冠词填空 1. moon goes round earth,and earth goes round sun. Chao is best player; he jumps farthest in our school. 3. man wearing pair of glasses is my teacher. He is English teacher. is orange in your school bag. orange is left for you by your mother. live on eleventh floor. It's highest floor in this building.

6. The girl is university student. She picked up umbrella at the bus stop just now. 7. Greens are having dinner now. 8. He likes playing basketball and violin. is girl. She is American girl. can go swimming on Sunday in summer. is in east of China and Changchun is in north of China. 12. You dropped _______ “r”in the word “parrot .You should double “r”.. 参考答案 ,the,the,the ,the ,a,an ,The ,the 6. a,an ,/ 8. ./,the ,an 10./,/ ,the 12. an

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