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新编英语语法教程-教案-章振邦(上)精编版

新编英语语法教程-教案-章振邦(上)精编版
新编英语语法教程-教案-章振邦(上)精编版

教案

新编英语语法教程章振邦

2016——2017学年度第二学期

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本课程教学总体安排

课程名称:商务英语语法与词汇

课程性质与类型:限选课

总学时28、学分:2

教学目的与要求:

1)开设此课,旨在让学生系统学习和掌握各类语法现象,并且学以致用,活学活用,力求避免在使用英语词汇的过程中出现语法错误。

2)帮助学生理解和掌握各类语法现象所使用的规则,以便他们在以后的专业四级考试和工作中恰当地运用英语语法。

3)扩大学生的商务英语词汇量。

教材及参考书目:

-

《新编英语语法教程》章振邦

《实用英语语法详解》薄冰

《高级英语语法详解》全建强

考核方式及成绩计算方法:

笔试

总成绩=平时成绩X30%+ 考试成绩X70%

课程教学日历

`

课程名称:商务英语语法与词汇授课学期:2016—2017学年第一学期

第1讲教学安排的说明

章节题目:句子结构学时分配:2

本章教学目的与要求:谓结构和句子分析基本句型

课堂教学方案

课题名称、句子结构授课时数:2 授课类型:理论课

教学方法与手段:讲授、讨论、指导

教学目的的要求:1谓结构和句子分析2基本句型

教学重点、难点:1谓结构和句子分析2基本句型

教学内容及组织安排:

1主谓结构和句子分析

(1)主语和谓语

分句按其逻辑意义,通常分为主语和谓语两大部分。英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的句子结构:“主语+谓语”的结构。主语是句子的话题,是信息传递的出发点;谓语是对话题所作的说明,是说话人所要传递的信息。试观察下列诸句:

主语谓语

China is a great socialist country.

.

中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。

Marxism-Leninism is a universally applicable truth.

马克思列宁主义是放之四海而皆准的真理。

The students have English lessons twice a week.

学生们每星期上两堂英语课。

Hans doesn't seem to be taller than Peter.

汉斯似乎并不比彼得高。

My uncle has too many children.

我的叔叔孩子太多了。

None of the girls like football.

没有那位女孩喜欢足球。

由上述诸例可以看出,作为句子的话题,主语通常是一些带有事物性或实体性的词语,如China,the student,my uncle等,即使主语是个抽象概念,如Marxism-Leninism,它仍然具有事物性,表示一种明确的概念。不如此,主语便不能成为句子的话题,不能成为信息传递的出发点。所以,主语通常是个名词词组或者相当于名词词组的语法结构。由上述诸例也可看出,谓语是对主语所作的说明,它指出主语所表示的事物或概念是或不是什么,有或没有什么,要或不要什么,做了或未做什么,等等。因此,谓语通常是述说性的,它能说明情况,表达意愿,评论美丑,分辨是非。所以,谓语通常由动词词组+补足成分来表示,而且谓语部分在结构上通常要比主语长一些或者更复杂一些。

对于“主语+谓语”的结构,我们中国人并不陌生,因为汉语句法的重要特征之一也是主语在前,谓语在后,英语和汉语在主谓语的次序上是基本一致的。但也有值得注意的地方:首先,我们来看一看主语。英语里虽然也有省略了主语的句子,如(I)Hope to hear from you soon.(望你早日来信。),(You)Had a good time(玩得痛快吗),(It)Must be very hot in Africa.(非洲一定很热。),但这只是一种省略主语的现象,主语还是有的,只是被省略了。在汉语里,没有主语的句子却是很常见的。比如说“到时候了,我们该休息了”,这句话的主语是什么呢如果说是省略了主语,那末,被省略的主语又是什么呢很难说清楚,事实上它没有主语。可是,这个意思如果要用英语表达就必须有个主语(It is high time that we took a rest),这样才合乎英语表达的习惯。又例如,“两年来,这条街上新开了许多商店”,这个句子一眼看上去好像是有主语的,“这条街上”不就是主语吗其实不是,因为这个句子是主动的形式,被动的意义,译成英语时得用被动结构(In the past two years many new businesses have been set up in this street)。同样地,“战后成立了新政府”,要用英语表达也得用被动结构(A new government was orga-nized after the war),这样才把主语表示了出来,从而做到句子的结构完整和意义明确。

现在我们再来看谓语。前面讲过,英语句子的谓语是动词性的,这就是说,谓语是以动词为中心的,所以通常以动词词组+补足成分来表示。在英语里,也有“无动词分句”之类的语法结构,但这也是一种省略现象,动词很容易被填补进去。汉语就不同了。在汉语里,谓语有的是动词性的,如“我去北京,他来上海”,“猫吃老鼠,狗咬人”,但也有是名词性的,比如说“那张桌子三条腿”,“今天中秋”。在这里,并没有省略什么动词,在前一句中“三条腿”就是谓语,如果硬要说“有三条腿”,倒反而不够自然;在后一句中“中秋”就是“今天”的谓语,用不着一个“是”字,如果要用“是”字,最好说“今天是中秋节”。可是,这些意思,如果用英语表达,都必须有个动词:

That table has only three legs.Today is the Mid-autumn Festival.

在汉语中还有形容词性的谓语,就是直接拿形容词作谓语,不带任何动词,比如说“那姑娘漂亮”,“那件事危险”,都用不着动词,“漂亮”、“危险”这些形容词就是谓语。如果一定要加个“是”字,就得在形容词之后加个“的”字,“那姑娘人是漂亮的,但行为不端”,“那件事是危险的,你别干”。诸如此类的意思若用英语表达,可千万不要忘了动词:

?

That girl is beautiful.That matter is dangerous.

由此可见,在汉语中,名词和形容词都可以独立充当谓语,但在英语中不可以。记住汉英谓语结构的这个差别,我们在用英语表达“这捆柴50公斤”,“中国地大物博、人口众多”之类的意思时,就该知道如何处理了:

This bundle of firewood weighs 50 kilos.

China has a vast territory,abundant resources and a large population.

(2)句子分析

我们在前一章提到过“主谓结构”,也提到过“不完全句”。所谓不完全句就是主语和谓语不齐全的句子。因此,从主语和谓语是否齐全这个角度看,英语的句子可分为完全句(Full Sentence)和不完全句(Minor Sentence)。不完全句通常用于非正式语体,特别是在日常会话中。例如:A:Good morning.早安。

B:Morning.What a beautiful day.早安,多好的天气。A:Yes,really nice.Real holiday weather.是的,真好。地地道道的假日天气。B:We're lucky.Have a nice day!我们真走运,祝你假日愉快!A:Thank you.You too.谢谢,你也愉快。

在日常购物的会话中,不完全句用得更多,下面是一则在糖果店里顾客和店员之间的真实的录音对话:

-

(In a confectioner's shop)Customer:Do you have any chocolate eggs有巧克力蛋吗Assistant:Yes.One有,要一个

Customer:Two,please.来两个。Assistant:

20 p,please.20便士。Customer:Thank you.谢

谢。Assistant:Thank you.Bye.谢谢,再见。

从这些对话中,我们看到,在非正式场合,不完全句的使用是非常频繁,非常自然的。在这些场合,如果过多地使用完全句,倒反而不够自然,“像书本一样在说话”。但若在正式场合或正式语体中,就得用完全句,所谓完全句就是具备主语和谓语两个部分的句子。本章讲句子结构主要是讲完全句的结构,这里所谓“句子”也只限于简单句,或者更确切地说,指的是独立分句的结构。

2 基本句型,

又叫核心句(Kernel Sentence),是千变万化的句子结构的雏形。人们在交际中使用的句子是千差万别的,但是那千差万别、变幻莫测的句子可以最后分析成为少数几个最基本的结构原形,正是这些有限的结构原形及其转换形式能够生成无限的实际使用的句子。现代英语的基本句型有五至七个,这五至七个分句原形是以结构不同的谓语为基础的。

1)主语+连系动词+主语补语(简称SVC结构)

在这个结构中,主动词是连系动词(Linking Verb)的一定形式,这种动词之后必须跟有主语补语(Subject Complement),能够在这种结构中作主语补语的可以是名词词组、形容词词组、介词词组、副词词组等。例如:

My daughter became a college student.我女儿成了大学生。The car is

expensive.这辆车价钱His books are on that

shelf.他的书在那个书架上。She looks fine.她穿着漂亮好看。

I shall be away three weeks.我将外出3周。

2)主语+不及物动词(简称SV结构)

.

在SV结构中,主动词是不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)。这个结构的谓语可能仅仅只有谓语动词,即只有动词词组,而不附带其他成分。例如:

My head aches.我经常头痛。His plan has changed.他的计划改变了。The plane was landing.飞机正要着陆。His parents have died.他的父母已经去世。The children may have been sleeping.孩子们当时也许在睡觉。

在SV结构中,状语(Adverbial)通常不是必不可少的成分。比如在The weather often changes in England (英国天气多变)中,如果把状语often和in England拿掉,剩下的SV结构The weather changes,还是个完整的分句结构,它的意义还是明确无误的。但是,在有一些结构中,由于主动词的词汇意义关系,必须带有状语,否则结构不完整,意义不明确。例如:

The plane takes off at 8:30.飞机8点半起飞。The Hunters live in London.亨特家住在伦敦。We stayed in Beijing for a few weeks.我们在北京呆了几周。

正由于状语在这类结构中是必不可少的成分,所以也可以把主语+不及物动词+状语(SVA)看成是另外一种句型。不过,这个句型只适用于少数几个动词的某些用法,所以不能算是主要的基本句型。

3)主语+及物动词+宾语(简称SVO结构)

在这个结构中,主动词是及物动词(Transitive Verb),从而必须带宾语。例如:

He can drive a car.他会驾驶汽车。He has bought

a house.他买了一所新房子。I'll be seeing you.(与朋友

等分手时说的)再见。You may have heard the news.你也许已经听到这个消息。

在SVO结构中,状语并非不可缺少的成分,比如在He teaches English every day一句中,如果把every day去掉,并不影响句子结构的完整性。但在某些SVO结构中,由于主动词的词汇意义关系,在主—动—宾之后必须跟有状语,否则意义不明。例如:

The stranger laid his hand on my shoulder.那陌生人把手搭在我的肩上。They have put men on the moon.他们把人送上月球。I am going to take him home.我打算带他回家。The train leaves Shanghai at seven.火车7点钟驶离上海。

因此,主—动—宾—状(SVOA)结构也可被看作另外一种句型,但这种结构也只涉及少数几个动词的某些用法,所以也不能算是主要的基本句型。

4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称SVoO结构)

在SVoO结构中,主动词是一些能带有双宾语的及物动词,如give,send,tell,bring,lend,buy,teach,get,call,do,ask等。通常间接宾语(Indirect Object)指人,直接宾语(Direct Object)指物。例如:

I have sent him some money.我已寄给他一些钱。She told me the

news about Paul.他告诉我有关保罗的消息。They brought me a lot of

books.他们带给我许多书。He must get her something to eat.他必须弄点东西给她吃。You have done me a favour.你帮了我一个忙。

Susan taught us English.苏珊教我们英语。I am going to lend him my car.我打算把我的汽车借给他。He bought me a new

dictionary.他给我买了一本新词典。They called him a taxi.他们给他叫辆出租汽车。I gave them several lectures on

linguistics.我给他们做了几次语言学讲座。

5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(简称SVOC结构)

.

在SVOC结构中,主动词是一些能带有复杂宾语(Complex Object)的及物动词,如elect,make,appoint,choose,call,prove,pro-claim,think,believe,find,pronounce,consider等。宾语补语(Object Complement)可以是名词词组,也可以是介词词组、形容词词组等。例如:

People called him a coward.人们管他叫懦夫。The directors elected John manager of the bank.董事们选举约翰为银行经理。The jury found him guilty.陪审团裁定他有罪。We considered him very capable.我们认为

他能干。He pronounced himself in favour of the plan.他表示赞成这个计划。All of us believed him mistaken.我们都认为他错了。

I saw him lying on the ground.我看见他正躺在地上。

布置作业:课后练习

第2讲教学安排的说明

章节题目:主谓一致学时分配:2

本章教学目的与要求:

1.指导原则及应用 2. 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题

2.以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题

课堂教学方案

课题名称、主谓一致授课时数:2 授课类型:理论课

教学方法与手段:讲授、讨论、指导

教学目的的要求:1指导原则及应用2以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题3以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题

教学重点、难点:1指导原则及应用2以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题3以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题

教学内容及组织安排:

1.指导原则及应用

A.主谓一致是指:

1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,

一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:

There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

B. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:

Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

答案B. 注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。

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C. 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。

2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:

Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

D. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

<

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

E. 谓语需用单数

1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:

Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:

~

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

F. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:

All is right.一切顺利。

All are present.人都到齐了。

2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:

His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:

Are there any police around 附近有警察吗

3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:

A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

A number of books have lent out.

The majority of the students like English.

G. 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of 后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:

Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:

A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

}

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3)如many a 或more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:

Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

2 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题

A.以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称

英语中有一些疾病名称是以-s结尾的,如arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎),rickets (软骨病),mumps(腮腺炎),diabetes (糖尿病)等,这类名词通常作单数:Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.腮腺炎是一种传染病。

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Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed.糖尿病是胰腺不能正常吸收糖和淀粉食物的疾病。

但有少数这类的疾病名称既可作单数,也可作复数:

Rickets is/are caused by malnutrition.软骨病是营养不良引起的。Generally,measles occurs in children.麻疹通常发生于儿童身上。Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm.麻疹有时是由绦虫引起的。

以-s结尾的游戏名称,如darts(投标游戏),marbles(打弹子),draughts(跳棋),skittles(九柱戏),dominoes(多米诺骨牌戏)等,通常作单数:

Draughts is a game commonly played by two people.跳棋通常是由两个人玩的游戏。

In some parts of the British Isles dominoes is the principal game.多米诺骨牌戏在不列颠岛的某些地方非常盛行。

但cards(作“牌戏”解)通常作复数:

Cards are not allowed here.这里不许打牌。

B 以-ics结尾的学科名称

!

某些以-ics结尾的学科名称,如physics(物理学)、mathematics (数学)、mechanics(机械学)、optics(光学)、acoustics(声学)、politics (政治学)、statistics(统计学)、economics(经济学)、linguistics(语言学)、athletics(体育学)、tactics(兵法)等,通常作单数:

Physics is an important subject these days.现今物理学是一门重要学科。Athletics is an important part of our curriculum.体育课在我们的课程中占重要的地位。

Acoustics is the science of sound.声学就是关于声音的科学。

Mathematics is the study of numbers.数学是研究数的科学。

Tactics is an important study for the soldier.对于军人来说,兵法是一门重要的学科。

但若这类词表示“学科”以外的其他意义,便可作复数:

My mathematics is/are rather shaky.我的运算能力很不牢靠。Athletics have been greatly promoted at this institute.体育运动在这所学校大受提倡。

The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless.新音乐厅的音响效果是完美无缺的。

The tactics employed in his campaign were above reproach.他在那次战役中运用的战术行动是无可指责的。

C.以-s结尾的地理名称

某些以-s结尾的地理名称,如果是国名,如the United States (美国),the United Nations (联合国),the Netherlands(荷兰)等,尽管带有复数词尾,但作为单一政治实体,故作单数:

The United States is a country of people with varied origins.美国是由不同渊源的人种构成的国家。In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since1953.1976年1月初,荷兰遭受自1953年以来最大的风暴袭击。

如果不是国名,而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称,通常作复数。例如:

~

The West Indies,apart from the Bahamas,are commonly divided into two parts.与巴哈马群岛隔海相望的西印度群岛通常分为两个部分。The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.喜马拉雅山脉有着品种繁多的动植物。The Straits of

Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.直布罗陀海峡尚未失去它在战略上的重要性。The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.尼亚加拉大瀑布也许是全世界最著名的瀑布。

D 其他以-s结尾的名词

英语中有一些由两个部分构成的物体名称,通常是由-s结尾,如scissors(剪子)、pincers (钳子)、glasses(眼镜)、shorts(短裤)、trousers(裤子)、suspenders(吊裤带)等。这一类名词,如果不带“一把”、“一副”、“一条”之类的单位词而单独出现,通常作复数;如果带有单位词,则由单位词的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数。例如:

Your trousers are torn.You'd better change them.你的裤子破了,最好换一条。One pair of trousers is not enough.一条裤子是不够的。Here are some new pairs of trousers.这儿有几条新裤子。

英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词,如archives(档案),arms(武器),clothes(衣服),contents(内容),eaves(屋檐),fireworks(烟火),goods(货物),minutes(记录),morals(道德,品行),remains(遗体),stairs(楼梯),suburbs(郊区),thanks(谢意),wages(工资)等,通常作复数。例如:

The archives of this society are kept in the basement.这个团体的档案保存在地下室里。The contents of this book are most fascinating.本书的内容非常吸引人。

Fireworks were postponed because of bad weather.因为天气不好推迟了放烟火。High wages result in high prices.高工资会导致高物价。His thanks were most profuse.他满口道谢。

但也有少数这类名词作单、复数均可:

His whereabouts were/was known only to his personal staff.只有他个人的工作班子才知道他的行踪。

The dramatics(舞台艺术)of the performance were/was mar-vellous.这次上演在舞台艺术上真是好极了。

凡是由-ings结尾的名词,如clippings(剪下物),diggings(掘出物),earnings(收入,收益),filings(锉屑),lodgings(租住的房间),sur-roundings(环境),sweepings(扫拢的垃圾)等,通常作复数。例如:

The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.由篱笆上剪下的枝叶通常烧掉。The

sweepings of the godown have been disposed of.仓库垃圾已经清除。

但也有例外,如tidings(消息)既可作复数,也可作单数:

Good tidings have cheered them up.好消息使他们兴高采烈。

The tidings has come a little late.消息来晚了一些。

E 以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词

英语中还有几个以-s结尾的名词是单复数同形的,如barracks (营房),headquarters(司令部,总部),means(方法,手段),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂)等。跟在这些名词后面的动词单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数。例如:

|

3.以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题

集体名词表示一群人或一类东西的集合体,如audience(听众,观众),committee(委员会),family(家庭),nation(国家),cattle (牛,牲口),police(警察),foliage(叶子),furniture(家具),machin-ery(机器)等。集体名词有的有复数形式并可计数,如a commit-tee,two committees。但也有许多集体名词没有复数形式,不可以计数。例如不可以说* a furniture,* two furniture,也不可以说* a police,* two police。如果要把police,furniture这类的集体名词分成个体,只能说a policeman,two policemen,a piece of furniture,two pieces/artieles of furniture等。

集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题依不同的集体名词而定。可分为下面三种情况:第一,有些集体名词,如police,people,cattle,militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)等,通常作复数。例如:

The British police have only very limited powers.英国警察权力范围极其有限。Domestic cattle provide us with milk,beef and hide.畜牛为我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮张。

The militia were called out to guard the borderland.召集民兵保卫边疆。

Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.臭虫和老鼠那样的害虫难以灭绝。

第二,也有一些集体名词,如foliage,machinery,equipment(设备),furniture,merchandise(商品)等,作单数。例如:

The furniture in the room has been made to order.室内的家具是定做的。All necessary machinery has been brought to the construction site.所有必要的机器都已运到工地。

第三类集体名词,如audience,committee,class(班级),crew(全体船员),family,government,public(公众)等,既可作单数,也可作复数。如将集体视为一个整体,动词用单数:

The football team is being reorganized.足球队正在重新组建。The government has done its best to boost production.政府已作最大努力来促进生产。

The audience was enormous.听者人数众多。

如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上,动词用复数:

The team are having baths and are then coming back here for tea.队员们正在洗澡,随后即将回到这里喝茶

The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.政府要求全国投票表

决。The audience are listening to a Beethoven symphony.听众们正在听贝多芬交响曲。

布置作业:课后练习

第3讲教学安排的说明

"

章节题目:主谓一致(2)学时分配:2

本章教学目的与要求:1.以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题2.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题3.其他方面的主谓一致问题

课堂教学方案

课题名称、主谓一致(2)授课时数:2 授课类型:理论课

教学方法与手段:讲授、讨论、指导

教学目的的要求:

1.以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题2.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题3.其他方面的主谓一致问题

教学重点、难点:

*

1.以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题2.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题3.其他方面的主谓一致问题

教学内容及组织安排:

1.以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题

如果句子的主语是个并列结构,该并列结构的单复数意义往往会影响谓语动词的单复数形式。

A 由and或both…and连接的并列主语

由and或both…and连接的并列主语,如果意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:

Mary and Martha are going to the party.玛丽和马撒即将去赴宴。

The secretary and the accountant were absent at the meeting.秘书和会计都没有到会。

Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.棒球和游泳通常为夏季的运动项目。Both rice and cotton grow in abundance in this area.这个地区大量种植水稻和棉花。

如果并列结构并非指两个或两个以上的人或事,而仍表示单数意义,则谓语动词用单数。例如:

The secretary and accountant of the company was absent at the meeting.公司的秘书兼会计没有到会。Whisky and soda is my favourite drink.威士忌酒掺苏打水是我喜爱的饮料。 A cart and horse was seen in the distance.看见远处有一套马车。War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平永远是历史的主题。

在上述诸例中,the secretary and accountant指秘书兼会计(一个人);whisky and soda 指由威士忌酒和苏打水合成的一种饮料;a cart and horse指一套马车;war and peace指战争与和平一个概念,所以后面的谓语动词都用单数。

如果由and连接的名词词组是each…and each…或者every…and every…等,这种结构在意义上仍是单数,从而谓语动词也用单数。例如:

Each boy and each girl was congratulated.每个男孩和女孩都受到祝贺。Every tree and every bush is to be cut down.每棵树和每棵灌木都必须砍掉。

Every man,woman and child was asked to contribute.每个男人、女人和儿童都被要求作出贡献。

如果并列主语是由not only…but also连接,其谓语动词与最接近的并列成分保持数的一致。例如:

@

Not only the teacher but also the students object to the change.不仅教师而且学生们都反对变革。Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been replaced.不仅更换了电开关而且更换了旧电线。

as well as在某些用法中其意义与and相近。由as well as连接的两个名词词组作主语,其谓语动词形式取决于第一个名词词组的单复数形式。例如:

The pilot as well as two of the passengers has miraculously escaped death.飞行员和两个旅客奇迹般地死里逃生。Some of the workers as well as the manager were working during the holidays.一些工人和经理一起在节日里加班。

但也可根据意义一致的原则来处理一致问题,即将A as well as B,看成A and B,作复数看待:

George as well as Frank were/was there.乔治和弗兰克都在那里。

B 由or或either…or连接的并列主语

并列主语的连词如果是or或either…or(或者……或者),通常由最接近的并列成分决定谓语动词的单复数。例如:

One or the other is always missing.不是这一个遗失了,就是另一个遗失了。 A technical manual or samples are distributed free at the exhibition.在展览会上或是免费赠送一本技术手册或是免费赠送若干样品。Either her mother or her sisters call for her every afternoon.她的母亲或者她的姐妹们每天下午打电话来找她。Either fans or an air-conditioner is needed for this laboratory.实验室需要一台电扇或者一台空调器。

如果连词是neither…nor(既不……也不),谓语动词的形式也依最接近的并列项目而定。例如:

Neither Helen nor I am planning to attend the conference.海伦和我都不打算参加会议。Neither the players nor the manager was satisfied with the umpire's decision.运动员们和俱乐部经理都对裁判的决定感到不满。Neither you,nor I,nor anyone else was awarded the prize.你、我以及任何其他人都未得奖。

但在非正式语体中,由neither…nor连接的两个非复数名词作主语,也可作为复数处理,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

Neither the teacher nor the student are interested in the book.教师和学生都对此书不感兴趣。Neither my father nor I were present that day.那天我和我的父亲都未出席。

在由or或者either…or连接的两个非复数名词作主语的情况下,谓语动词间或也可采取复数形式,但不普通。例如:

Reward or punishment are meted out quite independent of human interference.赏罚分明,非人力所能干预。

当主语后面跟有由as much as,rather than,more than,no less than等引导的从属结构时,谓语动词的形式依这些结构之前的主语本身的单复数而定。例如:

Some of the workmen as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.一些工人像经理一样应对损失负责。His brother rather than his parents is to blame.是他的兄弟不好,而不是他的父母不好。

My wife,more than anyone else in the family,is anxious to go there again.我的妻子比家里任何其他人更急于再到那里去一趟。Man,no less than the lower forms of life,is the product of the evolutionary process.人类就像生命的低级形式一样也是进化过程的产物。

当主语后面跟有由with,along with(与……一道),together with,except(除……以外)等介词引导的词组时,其谓语动词形式取决于这些介词词组之前的主语本身的单复数。例如:

The manager with some of the workers was working during the holidays.经理和一些工人一道在节日里加班。Henry,

together with his wife and four children,plans to visit China next spring.亨利以及他的妻子和四个孩子计划在明春访问中国。Torry,along with her friends,goes skating every Saturday.托蕾以及她的朋友们每周六都去溜冰。

No one except two girls was late for the dinner.除两个姑娘外,没有人吃饭迟到。

但在非正式语体中,上述情况也可根据with,together with等带来的复数意义决定谓语动词的形式,或者根据最接近的项目的单复数来决定谓语动词的形式。例如:The headmaster with the rest of the staff were having a heated discussion.校长和教职员在进行热烈讨论。The captain together with half a dozen more were taken prisoners.上尉和其他六人被俘。

No one except his own colleagues were with him.除了他的同事们没有人和他在一起。

2.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

A 表示确定数量的名词词组作主语

在英语中有一些主语是表示时间、距离、重量、容量等确定数量的,这类主语往往以复数形式出现,那末,后面的谓语动词如何与主语保持一致关系呢这要看说话人如何对待这些数量概念。如果数量概念被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果说话人侧重在一个个的个体,谓语动词就用复数。比如说,一个罪犯被监禁20年,我们说“20年监禁是他应得的惩罚”:Twenty years in prison was the penalty he had to pay.

`

在这里,我们是把twenty years看作整个的一段时间,意义上是单数,所以谓语动词用单数(was)。如果我们把侧重点放在一个个的年份上,而说“自从他被送进监狱,20年已经过去了”:

Twenty years have passed since he was sent to prison.

在这里,twenty years不论在语法形式上还是在意义上都是复数,因此,谓语动词用复数。类似的例子还有:

Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.从现金出纳机里偷走了56美元。Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.对我来说,步行15英里似乎是很长的路程。There were three quarters of milk in the refrigerator.冰箱里有3夸特牛奶。

当名词词组是由“分数或百分数+of-词组”构成时,其谓语动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定。如果介词of之后是单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;如果介词of 之后为复数可数名词,动词用复数。例如:

Two thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed.三分之二的沼泽地已经开垦。Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.城市的百分之六十以上在战争中被毁。

Three fourths of the people present are against the plan.到会者有四分之三反对该计划。

Thirty-five per cent of the doctors are women.百分之三十五的医生是妇女。

两数相减或相除,谓语动词用单数;两数相加或相乘,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。例如:

Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.40减去15余25。Forty divided by eight is five.40除以8得5。Seven and five makes/make twelve.7加5得12。Five times eight is/are forty.8的5倍为40。

如果两数相加用A plus B通常还是作单数:

Seven plus five makes twelve.7加5等于12。

B 表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语

如果名词中心词是all,some,none,half,the remainder等表示“全体”、“一些”、“没有”、“半数”等非确定数量概念的词语,后面跟有of-词组时,谓语动词的形式依of-词组中名词类别而定:如果介词of之后是复数名词,动词用复数;如果介词of之后为非复数名

词,动词用单数。例如:

如果主语是由“lots of,heaps of,loads of,scads of+名词”构成,表示“许许多多”等概念时,谓语动词的单复数形式也是依of-词组中名词类别而定。例如:

如果主语是由“a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of+名词”构成,不管名词类别为何,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:

A large portion of the products is to be exported.大部分的产品是出口的。 A

series of accidents has been reported lately.据报导最近发生了一系列的事故。

A pile of logs was set beside the hearth.炉边放着一堆木柴。

A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition.已经选出由知

名人士组成的专门小组来评判这次比赛。

在“a kind of/this kind of+名词”之后,谓语动词用单数:

There is a kind of rose in the garden which fills the air with fra-grance when May comes.园中有一种玫瑰花,一到五月便满园芳香。This kind of man annoys me.这种人使我恼火。

在this/that kind/sort/type of之后,即使跟复数名词,谓语动词还用单数:

This kind of apples is highly priced.这种苹果价钱贵。That kind of men is dangerous.那种人是危险分子。

但若在kind/sort/type之前是these/those,而不是this/that,of-词组中的名词又是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数:

These kind of men annoy me.这种人使我恼火。

Those type/sort of machines are up to date.那些种类的机器都是新式的。

2.其他方面的主谓一致问题

英语中有一些名词性的分句结构,如wh-分句,that-分句,都可用作主语。还有一些非限定分句,如不定式结构,-ing分词结构等,也可用作主语。这类主语通常与单数谓语动词搭配,但有时也会产生一致问题。

A wh-分句和that-分句作主语

所谓wh-分句,就是由wh-疑问词(what,who,why,how,whether)引导的名词性分句这类分句作主语,其谓语动词通常用单数。例如:

What caused the accident is a complete mystery.事故原因完全是个谜。Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.谁应对事故负责现在尚不清楚。

Why she did this is not known.她为何做此事无人知晓。

How the book will sell depends on its author.书的销售情况如何关键在于书的作者。

Whether she comes or not doesn't concern me.她来或不来不关我的事。

两个由and连接的名词性分句作主语,如果表示两件事情,其谓语动词用复数。例如:What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.造成事故的原因是什么,谁应对事故负有责任,对我们来说还是一个谜。

在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中,如果主句的补语是复数名词,主句的谓语动词也可用复数。例如:

What they want are financial aids.他们要的是经济援助。What was real to him were the details of his life.对他具有真实性的东西就是他的生活细节。

如果what-分句的动词和补语都是复数,主句的谓语动词也可用复数:

What are often regarded as poisonous fungi are sometimes safely edible.那些常被人看作有毒的菌子有时是可以安全食用的。What appear to be large windows in the second story are glass heat collectors.二楼上那些像是大窗户的东西乃是玻璃集热器。

当what-分句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句谓语动词用复数:

What I say and think are no business of yours.我说的和我想的不关你的事。

在这里,what I say and think=what I say and what I think,指的是两个分离的过程,所以主句谓语动词用复数。

名词性that-分句作主语通常用于先行it结构。例如:

It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.很明显,当时司机不能控制车子。It is sheer luck that he is still alive.他之所以还能活着完全是碰了运气。

但在正式语体的一定上下文中,为了强调that-分句的内容也可将that-分句直接置于主语的位置。例如:

There is not the remotest possibility of anyone's calling upon me,and that I should call upon anyone else is a thing undreamt of.有人来访问我的可能性极小极小,而我去访问别人则是做梦也没有想过的事。

由上述诸例可以看出,that-分句作主语,不管是置于句首或句尾,主句谓语动词通常用单数。

B 非限定分句作主语

以非限定分句(主要是不定式结构和-ing分词结构)作主语,谓语动词用单数。例如::

To know the main facts is not sufficient.光了解主要事实是不够的。Salvaging the ship and the cargo is not an easy task.抢救这条船及其货物不是一件容易的事。

在这类主语之后,如果还有其他附加的成分,其谓语动词形式仍依主语而定,用单数。例如:

Attending on-campus concerts,in addition to other activities,is part of the pleasure of college life.除了其他活动以外,参加校内音乐会是大学生活的部分乐趣。

用并列的-ing分词结构作主语,如果指的是两件事,谓语动词用复数:

Reading Ibsen and solving a quadratic equation are entirely dif-ferent assignments.读易卜生的作品和解二次方程式是全然不同的作业。

但若并列结构在意义上指的是一件事,谓语动词用单数:

Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.哭哭啼啼无助于问题的解决。

C THERE-存在句和主谓一致

(

英语中有一种特殊的表示“存在”的句型。这种句型以非重读there作形式主语,带有动词be的某种形式作谓语动词,并以表示不确定特指的名词词组作为句子的“真主语”。这种句型叫做“存在句”(Existential Sentence)。例如:

There is one thing that keeps worrying me.有件事老是叫我操心。There are many tall buildings in the city.城内有许多高楼。There has been tremendous progress within this century.在本世纪已有巨大的进步。

There have been a few changes in recent years.近年来已有一些变化。

由上述诸例可以看出,there-存在句中的主谓一致在多数情况下决定于动词之后“真主语”的语法形式。“真主语”为复数,谓语动词用复数;“真主语”是单数,谓语动词用单数。

当动词之后的名词词组为并列结构时,只要靠近动词的并列成分不是复数形式,谓语动词便一般用单数。例如:

There is food and drink enough for everyone.每个人都有足够的食物和饮料。There was a long springboard and three rafts at varying distance from the shore.离岸边远近不同的地方有一个长跳板和三个木筏。There is a sausage,some oranges and some pieces of cheese on the table.桌上有一根红肠、几只桔子和几块干酪。

由于引导词there占据一般句子中的主语位置,它在某种程度上起着类似主语的作用,例如there-存在句的疑问形式,是由动词be与there实行倒装:

Is there a mini for hire at the airport在空港有没有微型汽车出租There is a mini for hire,isn't there有微型汽车出租,是吗

正因为引导词there在句中处于形式主语的特殊地位,在非正式语体中,往往由there 决定谓语动词的形式。例如在有些there-存在句中,“真主语”明明是复数,但谓语动词却用了单数,这就是谓语动词与形式主语there保持一致的缘故。例如:

-

There's only about four or five places in the town where you can eat.镇上只有大约四五处你可以用餐的地方。

There is only a few packets of tea left.只剩下少数几袋茶叶。

布置作业:课后练习

第四讲教学安排的说明

章节题目:名词和名词词组学时分配:2

本章教学目的与要求:1. 名词分类2名词的数

课堂教学方案

课题名称、名词和名词词组授课时数:2 授课类型:理论课

`

教学方法与手段:讲授、讨论、指导

教学目的的要求:1. 名词分类2名词的数

教学重点、难点:1. 名词分类2名词的数

教学内容及组织安排:

1. 名词分类

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

!

2名词的数

1)名词复数的规则变化

2)其它名词复数的规则变化

(1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:

two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

(2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:

a. 加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos;

b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。

(3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:

a. 加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs;

b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

3)名词复数的不规则变化

(1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意:由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman 是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

(2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

(3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:

people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

(4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。

b. news 为不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:

)

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的

故事书。

(5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 等。

(6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。

4)不可数名词量的表示

(1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)

These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

(2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:

four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。

5)定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。

(1) 用复数作定语。例如:

sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系

(2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:

men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

(3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:

goods train (货车)arms produce武器生产

customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷

(4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:

two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划

布置作业:课后练习

第5讲教学安排的说明

章节题目:名词属格学时分配:2

本章教学目的与要求:1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法2 独立属格和双重属格

]

课堂教学方案

课题名称、名词属格授课时数:2 授课类型:理论课

教学方法与手段:讲授、讨论

教学目的要求:1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 2 独立属格和双重属格教学重点、难点:1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 2 独立属格和双重属格教学内容及组织安排:

一's属格的构成方法及其读音

1.在单形名词末尾加“'s”,读音与复形结尾的读音一样,但在“s”音之后的名词读作[iz]。如:the boy's mother, hostess's[h stisiz]clothes(女主人的衣服)。

2.在复形名词后加“'”。如:the teachers' book。

3.在复合名词或附有形容词修饰的名词最后一个词的末尾加“'s”。如:my brother-in-law's, someone else's car(另一个人的小汽车)。

4.在以-s结尾的单形人名后一般加“'s”。但在口语中也有只加“'”的情况,还是要读作[iz]。如:Thomas's [t msiz]brother(托马斯的兄弟),Dickens'[dikinziz]novels(狄更斯的小说)。

5.在许多外国的和古典的多以-es结尾的人名,其结尾也只加“'”,而且一般不读作[siz],只发原有[s]或[z]音。如:Socrates' life(苏格拉底一生),Jesus' mother(耶稣的母亲),Moses' law(摩西法典)。

6.两个或两个以上名词表示共同所有时,只在最后一个名词后加“'s”;如果表示各自所有时应在每个名词后加“'s”。如:Lucy and Lily's father, Japan's and America's problems(日本和美国各自的问题)。

二、's属格表示的意义

1.表示所有者。如:my uncle's son。

2.表示作者、发明者或发现者等。如:Lu Xun's novels,Watt's Steam\|engine(瓦特的蒸汽机)。

3.表示目的主体物。如:a children's hospital, men's clothes。但有时表示目的也可直接用名词作定语。如:a cow house(牛舍),a tea chers college。

4.表示行为承受者。如:the boy's murder(杀害孩子的凶手),但有时要根据上下文来确定名词是主体还是承受者。如:Smith's murderer就含有两个意思:(1)史密斯犯杀人罪;(2)史密斯被谋杀。

三、无生命名词用's属格的情况

一般来讲,'s属格多用于表示有生命的名词,但在下列情况下无生命的名词也可用's属格。

1.表示时间:today's newspaper, a day's journey.

2.表示自然现象:the moon's rays(月光),the tree's branch(树枝)。

3.表示国家、城市等实体:the city's parks, China's industrialization(中国的工业化)。

4.表示距离、价格、重量等:ten minutes' walk, a stone's throw(一箭之遥)。

5.表示拟人:the world's population。

四、's属格所修饰名词的省略

1.如前面已出现名词,可以省略。如:The book is not mine, but Li Ming's.

2.'s属格用作定语时,如前面已出现,有时将“'s”省去。如:I must fulfil my duty as a teacher(=a teacher's duty).(我必须尽我作为一个教师的职责。)

3.'s属格的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时,在习惯上也往往省略。如:at the doctor's(在诊所),to my uncle's(到我叔叔家)。

五、of属格的构成及用法

of属格是用of加名词构成,其用法如下。

1.用于无生命的东西。如:a map of China。

2.用于名词化的词。如:the sticks of the blind.

3.修饰较多的词。如:the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat(老黑猫又长又美的尾巴)。

新编英语语法教程(第6版)练习参考答案

新编英语语法教程(第6版)第21讲练习参考答案Ex. 21A was sorry to learn… will be sad to hear… would be very surprised to receive… is happy to have found… was afraid to go… was pleased to hear… am very anxious to meet you. were delighted to receive your telegram. were sensible to stay indoors. clerk was prompt to answer the call. rule is easy to remember. are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. house is difficult to heat. you ready to leave would be foolish to go out in this weather. is quick to see the point. is very keen to get on. are proud to have him as a friend. was rude not to answer your letter. are happy to have you with us this evening. Ex. 21B decision to resign surprised all of us. showed no inclination to leave.

章振邦第6版语法6-9讲答案

新编英语语法教程第06 讲练习参考答案 Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. He o'nesthde least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. You ' ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. Jack ' s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. He 'dosne a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. A millionaire has lots of money —and lots of worries. 15. Anna has enough worries because she hasn ' t got enough money. 16. The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days. 18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006. 19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks. 20. My brother spent $ 500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff. 新编英语语法教程第07 讲练习参考答案 Ex. 7A 1. experience

新编英语语法教程第六版练习参考答案

新编英语语法教程(第六版)第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.

新编英语语法教程

导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1)自由词素 2)粘附词素 0.2 词 1)简单词、派生词、符合词 2)封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1)名词词组 2)动词词组 3)形容词词组 4)副词词组 5)介词词组 0.4分句 1)独立分句和从属分句 2)简单分句和复杂分句 3)主句和从句 4)限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1)完全句和不完全句 2)简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1)主语和谓语 2)句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1)基本句型 2)基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致(一) 2.1指导原则 1)语法一致 2)意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2)以-s结尾的学科名称 3)以-s结尾的地理名称 4)其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4)a committee of 等+复数名词

第3讲主谓一致(二) 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1)由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2)由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3)主语+as much as 等 4)主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1)以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2)以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3)关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4)分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5)存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1)名词分类 2)名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1)规则复数和不规则复数 2)集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1)一般表示个数的单位词 2)表示形状的单位词 3)表示容积的单位词 4)表示动作状态的单位词 5)表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1)名词属格的构成 2)名词属格的意义 3)名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1)独立属格 2)双重属格 第6讲限定词(一) 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2)只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

2018年专四真题虚拟语气和情态动词章振邦语法书页数标注

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