本科毕业设计-the features and translation of english sports news 英语体育新闻特色及翻译

The Features and Translation of English Sports News

Abstract: In the current society, with the increasing level of people?s living and on the basis of satisfaction of material life, people started to pursue their spiritual fulfillment. Taking part in and watching sports programs have become a incredible part in people?s spiritual life. As the international competitions increase, the transmission of sports news has been seen as the carrier of sports information, which has made the sports news an irreplaceable part of transmission of international news. Since 1992, the third leapfrog development was made in China?s press, the paper and electrical media enjoyed a rapid development. As the development of media, watching sports news , as an important face and time presented on the various media, has become a topic issue surrounding people?s life.

This thesis firstly introduced the general characteristics and forms including the structure, lexicon, topic,numbers and the opinions and skills the translators came up with. In addition, this paper also displayed the problems always occurred in translating English sports news and its reason. According to the basic principles and elements of translation, this thesis puts the emphasis on the discussion of the standard, condition, skills and method of translation.

Key Words: Translation methods; sports news; application

英语体育新闻的特色及翻译

摘要：当前社会，人民生活水平日益提高，在物质生活满足的基础上，人们开始追求精神上的满足。其中参与与欣赏体育运动成为了人民精神生活中不可或缺的重要部分。并且随着国际赛事的增多，体育新闻的传播成为了体育信息传播的载体。这也使得体育新闻成为了国际新闻传播的一部分。自1992年以来，中国新闻界实现第三次跨越式发展，中国的电子媒介和纸业媒介迅猛发展，新闻媒体的数量急剧增加。在这现象的其中包含了这样一个问题，任何一家新兴的新闻媒体，体育新闻都成为了重要的新闻，并且体育新闻被置于于媒体的时段和重要版面，而观看体育新闻，则成为了中国老百姓茶余饭后的焦点。

本文首先重点介绍了英语体育新闻的形式及总体特征，包括：词汇、句子结构、标题和数字的运用，以及体育新闻翻译研究工作者们的针对于此的观点以及翻译技巧。其次，在文中介绍了在翻译英语体育新闻时常出现的问题以及出现的原因。接着根据翻译学的基本原理和原则，综和上述特点，从翻译的标准、条件、方法及技巧方面进行探讨。

关键词：翻译方法；体育新闻；应用

Contents

Abstract in English ...................................................................................................... I Abstract in Chinese ..................................................................................................... I I

1.Introduction (2)

2. The definition and features of English sports news (3)

2.1 The definition of English sports news (3)

2.1.1 The definition of news (3)

2.1.2 The brief description of English sports news (4)

2.2 The Features of English Sports News (5)

2.2.1 Lexical Features (5)

2.2.2 Stylistic Features (6)

3.The Problems of English Sports News Translation (8)

3.1 The Misconception about Context (8)

3.1.1 Insufficient Understanding of the Context (8)

3.1.2 Insufficient Background Information (10)

3.1.3 Failure to Retain the Original Language Style (11)

3.2 The Lack of Sports Expertise (13)

3.2.1 Professional Athlete (13)

3.2.2 Amateur (14)

4.Translation methods and skills in English Sports News (17)

4.1 Free Translation and Literal Translation (17)

4.1.1 Literal Translation (17)

4.1.2 Free Translation (18)

4.2 Dynamic Equivalence (19)

5.Conclusion (21)

Bibliography (22)

Acknowledgments (23)

1.Introduction

Sports has become an irreplaceable part to people?s life and is s urging increasing attention worldwide. As a major source for the public to learn more about sports knowledge. Sports news have been playing an important role in current news media, and taking up one of the four mainstream news departments. Sports report is becoming a writing style that shows both its own characteristics and common characteristics of news writing.

Due to the different environment just like background and reporting targets, sports news in many countries has different features. According to this reality, the thesis started from the English and Chinese sports news, conducting comparative analysis and research, to come up with the different features and the problems needed to pay attention.

In the processing of translating the language between English and Chinese, the differences of professional terms in sports news remain a problem for translators. The terms includes the name of event, skill and tactics, rules of competition and referee?s command. For the high standard of professional requirements, translation mistakes and other problems have great effects on audiences.

On the website like BBC and CNN, they have two versions including English and Chinese. We started from two point-----on the language level and social and cultural background. The research showed that there are many elements including the ideological diversity effecting the translation of sports news except the language level.

2.The definition and features of English sports news

2.1 The definition of English sports news

The most important elements in figuring out the features and translation between the English and Chinese sports news is the specific definition. It can be used in the every part of the process of judging the differences among various versions. In this thesis, we mainly contrast the English and Chinese sports news.

2.1.1 The definition of news

Brake gave the definition of news as it is the bridge connecting the hearts of people. In China, Lu Dingyi said that news is the report reflecting the issues happened recently. As a mediation, news have its principles as follows.

First, news aim to the events occurred recently and it relates to people?s lives and their benefit. Secondly, news must be true in reacting the real problems of our society. Last, news are the events people really care about.

Information technology has changed a lot in the society of globalization of the world economy. Besides, IT has a huge influence on politics, economy, culture and commercial trade. The traditional life style has improved by the information technology.

In a sense，style is a way that author can express his feelings and thoughts. For example, the style can be read from the words and sentences? structure in an thesis. News has its own features to satisfy the purpose of news reporting and readers. News includes three parts: Title, Introductions and Body. The Title is regarded as the eye of news. The Introductions always be put on the first line of a report including “Five S”:Who, What, Why, Where, When and “One H”: How The Body is the most important part of a news report for readers could obtain more specific information they want.

2.1.2 The brief description of English sports news

Sports news is the news that aims to report the sports events to people. It is a branch of news. Therefore it has the same characteristics as news. In general, English sports news has few features as follows.

(1) Timeliness

News must be new. It must be the news happened currently. The news is supposed to refer to the events happened recently and be transmitted in a very short time and a broad range.

(2) Fun

In current society, people get busy to earn money and a better life. Therefore we can spend a little time on entertainment around us. That is the reason why news reporting must be fun. A fun news will arouse readers? interesting and thinking. So this is an irreplaceable part of news for it could attract people?s attention.

(3) Informativeness

In this informative society, the transmission of information has various aspects including history, politics, sports, culture, economy and education. In this thesis, I focus on the sports news. In sports channels, papers and other media, sports news bears the responsibility of the transmission of the information of sports events.

With the increasing requirements of life, people started to create the spare-time activities and within which mostly the sports for it can be happened without limitation of equipment and fields. If it limits, you can run along the road anyway.

(4) Objectivity

Objectivity is the heart of news. The most prominent characteristic is that news must reflect the truth faithfully. The news reporting usually be put on the neutral position. If any personal feelings and prejudices are mixed up with it, the news cannot meet the basic qualifications of news.

2.2 The Features of English Sports News

Although sports news is a branch of news, it is different from other forms of news. It aims to transmit sports events and it demands a high standard of the understanding of sports terms and knowledge. In this paper, I will invite two points as follows as the differences to other forms of news.

2.2.1 Lexical Features

(1)Initials

Initials refer to the first letter of every major words, which is also called the Acronyms. National Basketball Associations of United States is the most famous term in reporting sports news. Other professional names of titles just like the MVP which means the Most Valuable Player.

In this way, the news writers could save lots of space and words by using few capital letters. The most common initials mostly include names of institutions and organizations just like the NBA and FIFA.

(2)Names or nicknames

In general, the names sports teams or organizations are very long.

The nicknames and some certain names standing for the teams and players always are used in considering to concise language. For example, there is a title that Iverson downs Wizard, the Iverson is not the team name but the player serves for the team called Philadelphia 76. Iverson is a famous basketball player in NBA. When reading this title, NBA fun could learn the news that the team Philadelphia 76 has beat the Washington Wizard because of the good performance of the player Iverson. In addition, to attract the readers to the sports events and to make audience and readers close, sports reporters always use nicknames of teams or athletes.

(3)Abbreviations

In the process of writing sports news, the writers always cut the head or take off its tail to shorten the words in translating the nouns and adjectives. For example, the word …GYM? re fers to the word gymnasium and …Huston vs. Bulls? refers to Huston

versus Bulls.

(4)Neologisms

News writers always use neologisms to catch up with the trend in linguistics in order to make the content of news comfortable. In sports news writers tend to use more neologisms. Within so many terms, the military terms are the most popular. “The Winning Eleven”was a title of a movie that told a fierce war on battlefield. This name always be picked by an English writer as one of a title of an essay to deliver a strong feeling of a war was aroused in two teams competition when they are chasing the champion of match. In China such phenomenon is more common for examples: “巴西足球军团全军覆没”,“北京和泰达球迷针锋相对”, etc.

2.2.2 Stylistic Features

Stylistic includes many factors including the signal, tone, language characteristics, features of headline, numbers and so on. In this section, I will give priority to the sections of sentences and the features of headline.

(1)Simple sentences and extended simple sentences

Simple sentences will make readers a plain train of thought. Simple sentences are always used to report an event in live broadcast. In addition, writers like to use some active tone in simple sentences. That makes the news directly delivered to readers and audiences. In general, there are three basic sentence pattern of news.

The first one is SV, which means subject+verb, e.g.“Huston Rocket falls”(休斯顿火箭队输掉了比赛）；Secondly, the SVP refers to Subject+verb+predicative, for example “The U.S win nil one”(美国队一比零赢了); SVO stands for the mode of subject+verb+object, e.g. “The football has been kicked out.”(足球出界了).

Reporters always expand simple sentences by supplying the sentence group, adverbial modifier and appositive to curtail the space or make a conclusion in one sentence,. For example, “Yao has 20 points and 26 rebounds Monday night, leading the Huston to a 95-88 victory over the Lakers”(周一晚上，姚明夺得20分，26个篮板，率领火箭队以95：88击败了湖人队。) In this sentence, writer uses participle phrase to prolong the simple sentence with the match result.

(2)The features of headline

In general, English news usually includes few parts such as main body, lead and title. The title is the general summary of the all paper of news. It focuses on the most valuable contents. Therefore the news writers could attract the reader?s attention by these headlines.

3.The Problems of English Sports News Translation

3.1 The Misconception about Context

The English sports news translation has become more and more important in recently years while China held many international sports events and an increasing number of Chinese athletes attracting world?s attention. In today?s press circle, translator bears much more responsibility than they were. Meanwhile, kinds of problems have come out with various versions of translation. In this section, I try to find out the reason causing the existing mistranslation problems.

3.1.1 Insufficient Understanding of the Context

Context is defined as “the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning”in dictionary. It s extending meaning refers to that it could stand for the scope of the all passage or paragraph. Even the background circumstance in which certain words or phrases. Sports news has a kind of style in writing with its own language system.

English words always have more than one meaning. According to such phenomenon the context has play an irreplaceable part in picking up the suitable word for perfect description. Such as the B.Malinowsky said that context is the only judge in translating. Without this standard, there is no point in other choice. The narrow meaning of context is that context is the liking part of the paragraphs. Obviously this definition describing the accuracy of translation of English sports news is not enough. In the process of translation English sports news, due to the language always be used in the certain time, space and circumstance, it is supposed to be combined with the objective conditions and backgrounds.

For example, “Even if you're among the small percentage of people who are actually working out regularly, even if you are as fit as a fiddle, even if you look like a Greek god or goddess, you are still at the same risk for disease as your less-fit colleagues. In the language of science, sedentary behavior is an "independent risk factor," one you

face every time you sit down at your desk, regardless of your outside-the-office fitness level. ”

In this paragraph, the “Greek god ” and “ Goddess” literally means “美男子”“圣母”, but the author want to express that the people who have perfect body and healthy muscles. The correct translation, according to the context, should be “身材姣好的男女”.

I quoted from the book wrote by the famous sports professional Larry Swanson, he said as follows.

“Simply standing up for the 5 minutes or so that it takes you to read this prologue triggers mechanisms in your body that help to regulate your blood pressure, re-engage your "second heart" (deep muscles in your calves that help pump blood back up to your heart), trigger the release of enzymes that help to optimize your cholesterol levels, and reactivate a number of other vital physiological functions that are shut off as soon as you sit down. ”

The literal translation means在你读这篇引言的五分钟左右的时间里，你的站立激活了你身体机能，并帮助你调节血压，重新接入第二心脏（当你站立时，小腿的深层部位的肌肉会帮助血液重新泵入心脏）能够释放酶，优化你的胆固醇水平，重新激活在你坐着时关闭的重要生理机能。

When we read about the word of “second heart”, most of us may overlook this meaning and believe that it is only a re-creat word by the author. If we started from the context, we easily know that this is an essay talking about blood circulation. According to which we read about, and to the meaning in the dictionary, we will know that the “second heart” refers to our feet. “Known as the second heart, as the saying goes, feet are the body?s second heart, hot foot bath, win tonic.”（热水泡脚，胜吃补药）

3.1.2 Insufficient Background Information

To get more background information, what should we do is to collect the ways of gathering the information we need. In the process of editing the sports news, the writers should pay attention to three points as follows.

(1)To obtain the network information timely. The websites from all over the world have become the main source for collecting the news information. Only if we pay careful attention to the time of update to guarantee the timeliness of the translation version of English sports news. For example, the media websites in the U.S.A will release the news on the 15 o?clock under Beijing Time.

(2)The realities of news must be repeatedly verified the authenticity of materials. Due to the fierce competition among the medias of countries, some media agency will compete for the first place to release the news at cost the realities of news. If they did not deeply search the authenticity of these news, under this circumstance, the readers will be misled by the wrong information. Therefore, to prevent the fake news, the translators have to visit many websites and repeatedly verified these realities.

(3)For example, in the summer in 2004, a breaking news was spread within the NBA. It is said that the Shark Oneal will transfer to Miami team from the Lakers. Such piece of news was believed by many of fun and even the medias. But among these news, there are not true to all. Therefore, the writer had to sign up many websites and read lots of news to ensure the reality of news. The writer visited the local website of Lakers and Miami?s, other big webs of medias and of course the NBA…s. After the repeatedly verifying, the above news was believed as reality.

(4)Writers have to obtain enough information. Some people always doubt the question that how the translation goes right while the original text is wrong. To tackle this problem, the translator has to reach much more information that he can get. After collecting plenty information, the translator must have a good understanding on the context and every aspect of the news to reflect it completely.

(5)In translating the English sports news into Chinese, there is a huge gap between the two cultures. The most difficult problem between the source language

and the target language is the unlike cultural background and social realities.

For instance, the famous tennis player S Williams is going to attend with her knee pain.

Readers may see this title as S 威廉姆斯坚持带膝伤参赛

Under such circumstance, the S Williams was literally mistranslated into S 威廉姆斯. This version of translation, strictly speaking, is not wrong version. But according to the real conditions in tennis game, as we know there are two players named Williams. The S Williams is the short name of the Serena Williams. There is another Williams who named Venus Williams. In Chinese version, people call them 大威廉姆斯and 小威廉姆斯. Due to such condition, we cannot easily translate the S Williams as S 威廉姆斯, actually we should call her the 小威廉姆斯Therefore the title should be the “小威廉姆斯坚持带膝伤参赛”

3.1.3Failure to Retain the Original Language Style

As the preceding text, we mainly talk about the unique style of English sports news writing. The well-known translator and scholar Qian Zhongshu came up with the three principles of translation has a great influence till now. The principle goes to the “The faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”. He said that the faithfulness in translation should include expressiveness and elegance. To be expressive helps to be faithful, but to be elegant does not mean decorating expressiveness. Faithfulness means to render a piece of work in the way that the author intended it till the original style is staged. According to what he said, we should know that we are not supposed to express all the literal meaning of the original language, but to work to keep its writing style.

The two reports were released on the Agencies on Aug.15, 2008. The day before the Aug.15, the Chinese famous athlete, Zhang Juan won the first prize in archery. In addition, she also breaks the ruling of the South Korea since 1988. By contrasting the two reports, it is easy to figure out these to emotional attitudes for the news. The first one clearly showed its delighting to the success of the home player. Meanwhile, the second one shows his pity for the defending player. By contrasting the two reports, the author respectively display the different voice and tone to the same news. Therefore we need to pay attention to the attitude of the original text to translate better. In addition, the translation should not only functionally express the original meaning of

text, but also maintain the original style and feelings, the figurative rhetoric effects and characteristics as far as possible.

All in all, the research and theories in translating English and Chinese is still young for quoting by. Due to various reasons, there are many problems exist in kinds of translations. The key to improve our translation is to have a good understanding of the two languages, as well as the cultural background and the professional information.

3.2 The Lack of Sports Expertise

3.2.1 Professional Athlete

Sport is regarded as the one that own the largest number of terms within the whole fields. Tens of thousands of various jargons stand for different meanings including rules, sports items, actions, and tactics and so on. Such as the following example:

If we have no information about the terms in the game of baseball, we would not report and translate this message clearly for foreign readers about the National League of America. The reason why we cannot understand it because of the writer used few special terms in the process of reporting the game.

The word “hit”, in Chinese means the 安打, but in some news which translated by Chinese news writers, it was mistranslated as “击打”. In the news was mentioned,

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毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/be16864708.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/be16864708.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/be16864708.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

毕业设计外文翻译-中文版

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期

摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程

1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。

机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况

外文资料翻译 学生姓名： 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化04级2班指导教师： 2008年6月

装载机发展概况 Abstract This paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency. The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency. Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiency Loader Development China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history. Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages. 1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z