四六级翻译——中国传统节日翻译练习与词汇

Vocabulary

二十四节气the 24 seasonal division points 民族ethnic group

重阳节Double Ninth Festival

腊八粥laba porridge

春联New year’s scrolls

庙会Temple Fairs

猜灯谜guessing lantern riddles

端午节Dragon Boat Festival

七夕节the Double Seven Festival

元宵节Lantern Festival

踩高跷stilts

扫墓sweep tombs

香囊perfume pouch

登高ascending a height

冬至Winter Solstice

The formal expressions of Chinese traditional festivals:

春节the Sprlng Festival （New

Yearls Day of the Chinese lunar calendar）农历正月初一

元宵节（灯节) the Lantern Festival 农历正月十五

清明节the Qing Ming Festival 四月五日前后

端午节the Dragon-Boat Festiva 农历五月初五

中秋节the MidAutumn Festival

（the Moon Festival）农历八月十五

七夕节the Double-Seventh Day农历七月初七

重阳节the Double Ninth Festival 农历九月初九

The expressions of customs:

春游spring outing

荡秋千playing on a swing

过年celebrate the spring festival

春联spring festival couplets

剪纸paper-cuts

年画new year paintings

买年货do shopping for the spring festival ; do spring festival shopping

敬酒propose a toast灯笼lantern

烟花fireworks

爆竹firecrackers (people scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)

红包red packets (cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth in the coming year.)

舞狮lion dance (the lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)

舞龙dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests)

戏曲traditional opera

杂耍variety show

灯谜riddles written on lanterns

灯会exhibit of lanterns

守岁staying-up

拜年pay new year's call; give new year's greetings; pay new year's visit

禁忌taboo

去晦气get rid of the ill- fortune

祭祖宗offer sacrifices to one's ancestors

压岁钱gift money; money given to children as a lunar new year gift

辞旧岁bid farewell to the old year

扫房spring cleaning; general house-cleaning

年糕nian-gao; rise cake; new year cake

团圆饭family reunion dinner

年夜饭the dinner on new year's eve

饺子jiao-zi; chinese meat ravioli

Translation

1. 中国的传统节日拥有丰富的文化意义和悠久的历史，组成了中华文化重要辉煌的一部分。节日的形成是一个国家历史文化积累起来的漫长过程。一些历史人物被赋予永恒的纪念渗入节日，所有这些，都融合凝聚节日的内容里，使中国的节日有了深沉的历史感。中国土地广袤有许多民族，不同民族在不同的地方有不同的节日。甚至在同一个节日，他们也遵习不同的风俗。在这里我们介绍一些重要普遍的节日。事实上，这些传统节日吸收了不同地域许多民族的营养，是整个中国的珍贵文化遗产。

Boasting rich cultural meaning and a long history, traditional

Chinese festivals compose an important and brilliant part of Chinese culture. The formation of traditional festivals is a long process of historical and cultural accumulation in a nation. Sometimes historical figures become the focus of a festival, showing people's commemoration for them and endowing some historical sense to it. As China is a vast land and has many ethnic groups, different ethnic groups have different festivals in different places. Even on the same festival, they follow different customs. Here we introduce some important and commonly celebrated festivals. In fact, these traditional festivals have absorbed nourishment from different regions and various ethnic cultures and are a precious cultural heritage for the whole Chinese nation.

2. 传统节日是一个民族发展的历史产物。大多数传统节日都源自于人们在农业生产生活中对丰收的期盼、对天地神灵和自然的崇拜、以及对历史人物的祭奠等等。中国传统节日深深植根于农耕文化之中，在演变过程中深受儒家思想的影响。透过传统节日可以反映一个民族的文化特色和民族精神。从某种程度而言，中国传统节日已经渐渐摆脱原始禁忌和崇拜，演化成为体现儒家和谐思想的欢庆祥和的节日。传统节日定型于汉代，在盛唐时被发扬光大,成为具有丰富内容和多样形式的弘扬中华民族优秀传统文化和传承中华传统美德的重要载体。历代的文人雅士、诗人墨客，为一个个节日谱写了许多千古名篇，

使中国的传统节日包含着深厚的文化底蕴。

Traditional festivals are the historical p roducts of a nation’s development. Most traditional festivals originated from people’s expectation for harvest in the agricultural production, the worship towards the gods and the nature, sacrifices to the historical characters and etc. Chinese traditional festivals are deeply rooted in the agricultural civilization and greatly influenced by Confucianism in the term of evolution.Through traditional festivals, the distinct cultural characteristics of a people and the national spirits can be observed. To some extent, Chinese traditional festivals have relieved from the primitive taboos and tended to be happy festivals which reflect the concept of harmony in Confucianism.Traditionl festivals are shaped in Han dynasty and booming in Tang dynasty,and it was at that time that traditional festivals became a important carrier of the great traditional Chinese culture and the noble traditional virtues with various forms and rich contents.Litterateurs and poets in centuries have wrriten massive amount of masterpieces for these festivals,letting traditional festivals full of deep inside cultural information.

3. 中国传统节日作为一种行为层面的传统文化，根植于中国古代农耕文化，在长期的流传过程中形成了自身独特的文化内涵，体现了强大的文化凝聚力与生命力，有时甚至于文化精神，民族精神相联系，在社会发展过程中具有非常重要的作用。

Chinese traditional festivals which belong to a traditional customary culture rooted in the farming culture in ancient China.All the festivals contain their unique cultural connotations ,reflect the strong cohesion and vitality of the culture in the long historical development.They are sometimes even related to the cultural spirit and national spirit,and should play important roles in the development of society.

4．农历九月九日，为传统的重阳节。因为古老的《易经》中把“六”定为阴数，为阴性，把“九”定为阳数，为阳性。九月九日，日月并阳，两九相重，故而叫重阳，也叫重九。也因为“九”与“久”谐音，古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子.在古代，民间在重阳节有登高祛病的风俗，故重阳节又叫“登高节”。登高所到之处，一般是登高山、登高塔。唐代文人写了许多重阳节的习俗；因此古人从很早就开始过此节日。

The 9th day of the 9th lunar month is the traditional Chongyang Festival, or Double Ninth Festival. In an ancient book Yi Jing (or The Book of Changes), number "6" was thought to be of Yin character, meaning feminine or negative, while number "9" was thought to be Yang, meaning masculine or positive. So the number nine in both month and day create the Double Ninth Festival, or Chongyang Festival. Also, as double ninth was pronounced the same as the word to signify "forever", the Chinese ancestors considered it an auspicious day worth celebration. The custom of ascending a height to avoid epidemics was passed down from long time ago. Therefore, the Double Ninth Festival is also called "Height Ascending Festival". The height people will reach is usually

a mountain or a tower. Ancient literary figures have left many poems depicting the activity，consequently ancient Chinese began to celebrate this festival long time ago.

单词：

菊花：chrysanthemum

长寿：longevity

茱萸：dogwood

登高：ascend a height

菊花酒：Chrysanthemum Wine

重阳糕：Double Ninth Cake

清明节（Tomb-Sweeping Day）Qing Ming Jie（All Souls' Day）

Qing Ming is a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed. More important, it is a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members. Because it reinforces the ethic of filial piety, Qing Ming is a major Chinese festival.

Literally meaning "clear" (Qing) and "bright" (Ming), this Chinese festival falls in early spring, on the 106th day after the winter solstice. It is a "spring" festival, and it is an occasion for the whole family to leave the home and to sweep the graves of their forebears. Chinese being practical people this sweeping of the graves is given an extended period, that is, 10 days before and after Qing Ming day. Among some dialect groups a whole month is allocated.

清明节是一个纪念祖先的节日。主要的纪念仪式是扫墓，扫墓是慎终追远、郭亲睦邻及行孝的具体表现；基于上述意义，清明节因此成为华人的重要节日。清明节是在仲春和暮春之交，也就是冬至后的106天。扫墓活动通常是在清明节的前十天或后十天。有些地域的人士的扫墓活动长达一个月。

Solstice 至，至点forebear 祖先dialect 方言legend 传奇

consternation 惊愕commemorate 庆祝，纪念

5. The Spring Festival 春节

The Chinese Spring Festival falls on the very first day of the Chinese Lunar year. The celebration of the Spring Festival, otherwise known as the Chinese New Year, starts from the first day of the first lunar month and ends on the Lantern Festival, that is, the fifteenth of the month. T he Spring Festival to the Chinese is what Christmas to the Westerners (中国人过春节相当于西方人过圣诞节).

The Spring Festival Eve 除夕

The Spring Festival Eve, or the Chinese New Year’s Eve, is call the Danian Sanshi（大年三十）in Chinese. It is a time of jubilance, with eyeful of Spring Festival couplets, earful of loud firecrackers, and the kitchen full of yummy stuff cooking on the stove. Wherever they are, people will hurry back home for their family reunion on the eve.

The Spring Festival Eve Dinner 年夜饭

The Spring Festival Eve Dinner is known as the Dinner of Reunion. On the Eve, children away from home will all come back to enjoy a tableful of delicacies together with their parents. People in the north prefer jiaozi, the southerners like tangyuan, sweet round dumplings to indicate family reunion, and niangao, which means “going higher and higher in the coming year”.

Spring Festival Couples 贴春联

It has been a tradition for the Chinese to paste Spring Festival couples on the doors during the Festival. Words of auspiciousness are written in the couples, which are called duilian对联, or the Pair Couplets, b ecause the words on both couplets should be equal in number, parallel in form, and attuned in meaning. Sometimes people also paste a hengpi横批, a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, above the couples.

Gift Money 压岁钱

On the festive occasion, young children will pay New Year calls on and express their best wishes to their elders who, in return, will offer them yasuiqian 压岁钱, money given to children as a Spring Festival gift.The money is usually wrapped up in red paper – a symbol of good fortune.

Setting off firecrackers 放鞭炮

Part of the Spring Festival celebration is to set off firecracker, which is meant to add joy to the festivity. People wish that, by setting off firecrackers, good luck would come to them in the coming year.

Paying New Year Calls 拜年

The Spring Festival is also a time to pay festive visits and say good wishes to one another among relatives, friends and neighbours.

Vising Temple Fairs赶庙会

During the Festival, people visit temple fairs, where an assortment of entertaining performances takes place, including Yandko秧歌(a rirual folk dance popular in north China), acrobatics（杂

技）and folk art shows. Varieties of snacks and commodity exchanges （商品交易）are also the integral parts of the fair.

The Lantern Festival 元宵节

The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival, which coincides with the first full-moon night of the year (这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜). The major activities of the day include watching painted lanterns, solving riddles, setting off fireworks, and eating yuanxiao 元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous [?glu:tin?s](粘的，胶装的) rice flour（糯米面，糯米粉）.

Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵

Eating yuanxiao元宵on the day of the Lantern Festival symbolizes family reunion and happiness. Yuanxiao are made with glutinous rice flour dough, stuffed with a variety of food such as red bean paste, sesame, mixed nutlets with sugar. Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米粉包馅制成，馅儿有豆沙、芝麻、各类果仁加白糖，还有肉糜馅等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan汤圆(like yuanxiao元宵).

Watching Painted Lanterns 赏花灯

On the night of the Lantern Festival, lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides of the street. The colorful lights against the full moon create quite a visual feast for people to enjoy (人们观灯赏月，其乐融融).

Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜

Solving riddles written or printed on lanterns is another way of entertaining visitors on the night.

The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节

The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth month on the Chinese Lunar Calendar. The story goes that the day is kept in memory of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan屈原who died more than 2000 years ago. It’s also a day to pray for agricultural harvests as well as to drive pestilences [?pestil?ns] away (同时也是人们祈求农业丰收，驱除瘟疫的节日).

Qu Yuan (339BC? ～278BC?) 屈原

Qu Yuan 屈原, a patriotic poet of the Chu State 楚国in ancient China, is greatly respected by people of all times, for both his fine poetry and noble character. It was on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in the year 278 BC after the falling of the Chu State （楚国）that Qu Yuan （屈原）gave his life to his beloved motherland by drowning himself in the river (因楚国国都失陷，屈原悲愤地投江而死).

Dragon Boat Racing 赛龙舟

The dragon boat is made of wood, with mythical dragon head and dragon tail decorations on it. Dragon boat racing originally showed people’s wish to rescue Qu Yuan（屈原）from drowning, and gradually became a popular competitive mass sport (赛龙舟最初是表达屈原投江后，人们寻救

他的迫切心情，后来逐渐成为端午节流行的一项民间体育竞技活动).

Eating Zongzi 吃粽子

Legend has it that in order to keep the fish away from eating Qu Yuan’s body, people would throw rice wrapped in bamboo or reed [ri:d]（芦苇）leaves into the water to feed the fish.That’s how the tradition of eating zongzi 粽子(rice dumplings wrapped in leaves) around the Dragon Boat Festival started. A zongzi （粽子）is usually made in the shape of a triangular or square lump (粽子外形为三角形或四角形), wrapped in large bamboo leaves. The ingredients are mostly glutinous rice, beans, Chinese dates, or pork.

Hanging Moxa 挂艾蒿

Moxa leaves are hung in front of every household during the Dragon Boat Festival in order to expel[?k'sp?l]（驱逐）evil spirits and to relieve people’s internal heat or fever (驱邪解毒). The sweet scent of the herb, however, can also repel flies and mosquitoes, and purify the air around the house.

The Moon Festival 中秋节

The Moon Festival or the Mid-autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of the Chinese Lunar year. It is also called the Festival of Family Reunion 团圆节, as the full moon around that time very well symbolizes harvests and reunion. It is a time for family members to get together and savour['seiv?]尽情享受moon cakes as they admire the full moon.

The Moon Cake 月饼

The Cake of Reunion 团圆饼is another name for the moon cakes. Made by wheat flour dough and stuffed with a wide variety, sweet or salty,moon cakes are both the must-eat food and major gift items around the Moon Festival (月饼是中秋节人们互赠的主要礼品，也是节日的重要食品).

The Doubl e Ninth Festival 重阳节

Chongyang重阳—the Double Ninth Festival, also known as the Senior Citizens’ Day 老人节, is on the ninth of the ninth lunar month. As “nine” is regarded as a number of the Ya ng (positive or masculine by nature in Chinese philosophy), two “nines” together makes a Chongyang, or Double Yang (中国古人把九称为阳数，阳在中国哲学中属阳性，代表男性阳刚特质，所以九月九叫做重阳). On this day, people will go climbing mountains, drinking, and admiring chrysanthemum [kri's?nθ?m?m] 菊花flowers. More importantly, it’s a time for children to show some tender loving care to the seniors or to show filial ['f?l??l]piety ['pa??t?]for their parents. （filial peity 孝顺，孝心）

Climbing the Heights to Keep Away Troubles 登高避灾

The Double Ninth Festival is in autumn, when married women are supposed to observe the ritual of visiting their parents and taking them to do some mountain-climbing, so that they could enjoy the seasonal beauty together.

Appreciating the Chrysanthemums 赏菊

The chrysanthemums are in full blossom at this time of the year, and the great variety of the flower has long been the object of admiration for the Chinese (品种繁多的菊花在秋日盛开，观赏菊花是流传已久的节日风俗).

Offering Sacrifices to the Goddess of the Sea 祭海神

The ninth of the ninth lunar month happens to be the day when Mazu 妈祖, the Goddess of the Sea, ascended to the heaven. Grand ceremonies are held for her on the day in China’s coastal cities including the Taiwan Region.

The God of Longevity [l?n'd?ev?ti]寿星老the guardian of long-life长寿的保护神

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总1. 中国经济发展 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考

四六级翻译题 中国文化

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中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译 中国传统文化的英语单词你都了解吗？以下内容是关于中国文化的英语单词，与大家一起分享！ 1 .上海大剧院Shanghai Grand Theatre 2 .龙须沟Longxu Ditch 3 .样板戏model opera 4 .地雷战The Mine Warfare 5 .贵妃醉酒Drunkened Concubine 6 .霸王别姬Farewell to My Concubine 7 .荒山泪Tears of Huangshan 8 .群英会Gathering of Heroes 9 .借东风East Wind 10 .将相和General and Premier Make Up 11 .杨门女将Women General of Yang Family 12 .凤阳花鼓Flower Drum Dance 13 .大海啊，故乡Home in the Sea 14 .我的中国心My Chinese Heart 15 .军港之夜Night at the Naval Port 16 .冬天里的一把火Winter Fire 17 .十面埋伏（古曲）Ambush from All Sides 18 .天仙配Goddess Marriage 19 .牡丹亭Peony Pavilion 20 .春江花月夜Moon and Flower in the Spring River 21 .琵琶记The Story of Pipa 22 .醒世恒言Lasting Words to Awaken the World 23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love 24 .警世通言Ordinary Words to Warn the World 25 .喻世明言Clear Words to Illustrate the World 26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three V olumes of Words,Two V olumes of Slapping 27 .拍案惊奇Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk 28 .红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber 29 .水浒Water Margin 30 .西游记Journey to the West 31 .三国演义Romance of the Three Kingdoms 32 .聊斋志异Strange Tles from a Scholar's Studio 33 .长生殿Palace of Eternal Life 34 .桃花扇The Peach Blossom Fan 35 .儒林外史The Scholars 36 .五女拜寿Celebrating Mother's Birthday 37 .清明上河图Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival

四六级翻译练习文档

香港坐落在中国南端的一个弹丸小岛上。在日趋全球化的经济中，香港正起着一个非常重要的角色。香港的战略位置、面向国际的商业氛围和优越的通讯条件使她成为世界贸易的活动中心和亚太地区的神经枢纽。香港已和世界上170个国家和地区的公司有业务往来，与亚洲其他国家和地区的贸易大幅度增长。 Hong Kong, a tiny island perched on the tip of Southern China, plays a pivotal role in an increasingly globalized economy. Given its strategic location, internationally oriented business culture and excellent communications, Hong Kong has become a crossroad of world trade and the nerve center of the Asia---Pacific region. Hong Kong’s commercial links reach out to corporations in over 170 countries and regions and its trade with the rest of Asia has increased substantially. 柯灵，生于1909年，浙江省绍兴人，中国著名的现代作家。柯灵在1926年发表第一篇作品，叙事诗《织布的妇人》， 1930年任《儿童时代》编辑，1949年以前一直在上海从事报纸的编辑工作，并积极投入电影、话剧运动，解放后，他曾任《文汇报》副总编辑，现任上海电影局顾问。 Ke Ling is a distinguished modern Chinese writer who was born in Shaoxing ,Zhejiang Province in 1909. His first writing, a narrative poem, “The Woman Weaver”appeared in 1926. He was one of the editors of “Children Times”from 1930 onwards. Before 1949, he was all along engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices and took an active part in activities of film and modern drama in Shanghai. After liberation he filled the post of deputy editor-in-chief of “Wenhuibao”for a period. He is at present an adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau. 中国家庭一向尊老爱幼。在大家庭里(extended family)，老一辈人的意见受到尊重，小一辈的人得到全家的爱护。赡养父母是成年子女义不容辞的责任。在城市里，不和家里老人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人生活费(living allowances)并帮助他们干家务活儿。在农村，尽管大家庭解体(dissolve)了，许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还和父母住在同一个院子里。还有的往往把房子盖在父母家附近，这样父母和子女互相帮助、探望都和过去一样方便。 In the extended families, older member’s opinion was respected, and the youngest members are loved and taken good care of by all. Grown-up children are duty-bound to support their parents. In the cities, young couples who do not live with their aged parents give the latter living allowances and help them with the house chores. In the countryside, though quite a number of extended families have dissolved, many married sons and their families continue to live in the same courtyard with their parents. Some have their houses built near their parents’ home, making it convenient for parents and children to help and visit each other as before. 公元前278年，屈原听到秦国军队攻破了楚国的国都，便投汨罗江(the Miluo River)自杀了。那天正好是农历( lunar calendar)五月五日。听到这个消息，附近的老百姓纷纷赶来，四处打捞(retrieve)屈原的遗体，结果什么也没打捞到。他们担心屈原的遗体被江里的鱼虾（ shrimp）吃掉，就把粽子(zongzi/rice dumpling）扔到江里去。以后，每到这一天，中国人家家户户包粽子、吃粽子，表示对伟大诗人屈原的纪念。这就是中国人民的传统节日“端午节”（the Double Fifth Festival /the Dragon Boat Festival）。

四六级新题型段落翻译常用词汇(整理版)

英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国经济 总需求 aggregate demand 总供给 aggregate supply 企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象 corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司 cross-national corporation 创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业 electronic industry 汽车制造工业 car industry 娱乐业 entertainment industry 信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业 light industry 博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry 垄断行业 monopoly industries 市场多元化 market diversification 市场经济 market economy 市场监管 market supervision 购买力 purchasing power 熊市 bear market 牛市 bull market 城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner 个人购房贷款 individual housing loan 经济全球化 economic globalization