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Are peer-to-peer lenders (出借人，贷方）the future of

banking?

Josephine Moulds

“Never lend money to friends or family,” the saying goes. But how about complete strangers? Websites that match up borrowers and lenders are enjoying a new wave of interest after a series of high-profile （高调的，备受瞩目的）endorsements.(认可，支持；背书；签注（文件) First came Andy Haldane, executive (行政的）director for financial stability at the Bank of England, who said peer-to-peer lenders could eventually replace high street banks. "At present, these companies are tiny," he said. “But so, a decade and a half ago, was Google. If eBay can solve the …lemons problem? [substandard products] in the secondhand sales market, it can be done in t he market for loans.”

Then the government said it would channel ￡100m to small businesses through alternative lending channels, including peer-to-peer lenders, hoping to bypass the mainstream banks, which are reluctant to lend. The news caused a flurry of excitement among the few established players in the field, including Zopa, for personal loans, and Funding Circle, for small businesses.

These websites act as a kind of broker between lenders and borrowers. The idea is that without expensive branches and the weight of regulation, they can offer better rates to both sides. For a loan of ￡5,000 over three years, Zopa certainly comes out cheapest on https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb3573564.html,, offering 7.3%. And it says lenders on the site can expect returns of 5%-5.5% after fees and bad debts, which beats most easy-access savings products out there. The model is, however, not without risks. Lenders have to absorb any losses from unpaid debts and the industry is barely regulated, leaving it open to fraud.

So far, the established peer-to-peer lenders have kept bad debts impressively low. Zopa says they account for just 0.84% of the ￡200m it has loaned over the past seven years. Its chief executive, Giles Andrews, says the equivalent figure for mainstream banks is between 3% and 5%. Funding Circle's bad debts are about the same, though it expects them to rise to around 2.8% as its loan book gets bigger.

Samir Desai, the 29-year-old chief executive and co-founder of Funding Circle, says it achieves these low levels because its risk management system is better than the

banks'. He says: “We?re developing credit models. We?re adapting them and bringing in new swaths of data that banks don?t look at, like Twitter.” But he is vague about how that data will be used. “We?re still building these thing s in. You can see how active a business is [on Twitter], how big a public profile they have.”

Zopa is more cautious. Andrews says risk is one area where he is happy to learn from the banks and he only hires people with a financial services background. After an initial screening process using publicly available consumer credit data, Zopa?s underwriters call every successful applicant before offering them a loan. “Credit scores are good at looking backwards,” he explains. “You can have a high credit rating an d lots of debt you?ve been able to service, but essentially it?s a house of cards. The object of that human review is to try and understand that. Our underwriters can get a feeling for: are they the kind of people to soldier on and pay their debts, or are they likely to file for an IVA [individual voluntary arrangement to write off debts] at the first sign of trouble?”

An unconventional approach to risk management has already scuppered one of the peer-to-peer lenders. Quakle, which went bust within a year of its launch, measured a borrower's creditworthiness according to a group score, similar to the feedback scores on eBay. The model failed to encourage repayment and Quakle is thought to have incurred a near 100% default rate.

Andrews is suitably dismissive: “They believed you could use social media data to underwrite loans. They thought it would be clever to bypass that bit of banking. That didn?t work.”

Regulation is a thornier issue and one that the established peer-to-peer lenders want addressed. In a rare reversal of the norm, these brokers are asking for more, not less, regulation. They have already developed their own body, the P2P Finance Association, although membership is currently limited to its three founders: Zopa, Funding Circle and Ratesetter. The association sets minimum standards for its members, such as keeping client accounts separate from company money, and having arrangements in place to ensure the loans are serviced even if the broker itself goes bust.

Consumer groups have complained that these sites trample over important consumer protection standards upheld by the banks. Savers lending money on the sites will not be protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, for example.

Desai says that is because it is not a savings account. “It?s completely different. If you are lending money to a business you are taking a direct contract with that business. If the underlying company goes bust you could lose your money. So it?s

much more like investing in corporate bonds or shares, rather than putting your savings into a bank. It?s not a zero-risk product.”

So, with many savers likely to be cautious after watching Britain?s banking sector all but collapse during the financial crisis, it may be some time before Zopa or Funding Circle fulfil Haldane's hopes and become the new Google.

全国大学生英语竞赛C类(本科生)核心词汇全突破【核心释义+例句搭配+巧记速记】Word List 1

Word List18 halt[h??lt]v.（使）停住，（使）停止‖n.止步，停步，停止前进【例句】We can decide the direction of modernization to some extent but we cannot decide to halt it. 我们可以在某种程度上决定现代化的方向，但是不能决定停止它。（1999年决赛）【搭配】bring to a halt（bring a halt to）使停止，终止，制止‖come to a halt停止前进；停下来【派生】halting adj.犹豫的；蹒跚的；跛的 fortune['f??t??n]n.财富，财产；命运；运气【例句】He dreamed of making a fortune.他梦想发大财。【搭配】seek one’s fortune寻找发迹的机会；寻出路 genuine['d?enj??n]adj.真实的，真正的；诚恳的

【例句】All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience.一切真知都来源于直接经验。【派生】genuinely adv.真诚地；诚实地‖genuineness n.真实，真正；真诚，真挚 drain[dre?n]vi.排水；流干‖vt.喝光；耗尽；使流出；排掉水‖n.排水；下水道，排水管；消耗【例句】The swimming pool drains very slowly.泳池的水排的很慢。【搭配】be drained of one’s energy筋疲力尽‖drain off渐渐枯竭；把……排出去；排除‖drain away渐渐枯竭；排去；流尽‖drain from流失；从某处被吸走【派生】drainage n.排水，排水系统；污水 cohort['k??h??t]n.一群人，一帮人；步兵大队【例句】The cohort of people aged30to39were more conservative.年龄在三十到三十九的人群更加保守。 accordance[?'k??d?ns]n.一致，相符；和谐【例句】He acted in accordance with his beliefs.他按照自己的信念行事。【搭配】in accordance with依照；与……一致 bustle['b?sl]v.喧闹；忙乱；充满‖n.热闹的活动

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Engineering Design Qualification Certificate License Registration Number: 注册号Expiry Date: 有效期至 Company Name ：公司名称 Qualification Grade: Class A in Construction Engineering Available to undertake construction decoration, engineering design, building curtain wall engineering design, light steel structure engineering design, intelligent building system design, lighting engineering design, fire control facilities engineering design, and the corresponding design business within the qualification certificate scope. Available to undertake the construction of a plant and general contracting business and that is related to technology and management services of project management within the qualification certificate scope.

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流行的，盛行的猎物，捕获预防，阻止，妨碍刺穿，刺孔远古的，未开化的主要，大抵印刷工，印花工优先，重点棱柱体，棱镜探针，用探针探查程序，行动，事项生产者，舞台监督生产的，出产……的熟练，精通熟练的，精通的生产率，多产有利的，有益的深刻的，渊博的编制程序投影仪，探照灯延长，拉长，拖延促进，提升，创立敏捷地，迅速地宣传，宣传机构繁殖，传播，普及繁殖，传播，蔓延推动，推进螺旋桨，推进器合乎体统的，正派的预言，语言能力预言家，先知命题，主题，提议散文质子原型，典型，范例谚语，格言，箴言领域，范围，职权规定，条款，条项对……挑衅，激发谨慎的，精明的心理学，心理喘气，喷烟等滑轮，滑车，皮带轮冲压，n冲压机小狗，幼小动物提纯，精炼金属

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