英语神经外科病例及英汉神经外科词汇
英语神经外科病例及英汉神经外科词汇
Case4: Posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonate
This newborn female was born at a gestational age of 40 weeks, weighing 3780, to a gravida 2 para 1 mother. Forceps were applied to the fetal head for failure to progress. Apgar scores were 6 and 9. within the 1st day of life, the baby was observed to be listless and lethargic and to have a poor suck. The anterior fontanelle was tense. Seizures developed. Endotracheal intubation and ventilation were required for bradycardia and apneic episodes. The hemogram was normal. A lumbar puncture was performed to rule out central nervous system sepsis, and bloody cerebrospinal fluid was obtained. CT was then performed, and a large PFSDH was observed in addition to moderate ventriculomegaly. A neurosurgical consultation was obtained. The neonate was quadriplegic on a ventilator, making only the occasional respiratory effort. The neonate was taken urgently to surgery, and a posterior fossa craniectomy was performed. The clot could be removed from the posterior fossa subdural space. The bleeding sites were identified and successfully coagulated. The infant did not require an external ventricular drain nor did she go on to develop progressive hydrocephalus. She began to breathe readily after the posterior fossa decompression and clot evacuationn. She was weaned from the ventilator within 4 days. Subsequent CT showed minimal left cerebellar parenchyma involvement with calcification and volume loss. The ventriculomegaly had resolved completely. At 4 years of aged, the cild walked and talked normally. A right esotropia remained that had persisted since surgery.
新生儿后颅窝硬膜下血肿
一位妊娠两次生育一胎的母亲，在怀孕四十周后生下了一个重3780克的女婴，在胎头娩出不顺利时应用了产钳，Apgar评分为6和9。在生后的第一天，她吮吸较差并且嗜睡，精神萎靡，前囟门张力较高，抓握反射存在，由于心率过缓窒息，不得不应用气管插管通气，血象正常。为了除外小儿中枢系统脓毒症，进行了腰穿检查，可见血性脑脊液，行头CT检查显示患儿后颅窝硬膜下血肿，并且有轻微的脑室扩大，请神经外科会诊。患儿四肢瘫，并且应用呼吸机辅助呼吸。
患儿被快速送到神经外科，实行后颅窝开颅手术，血块被从后颅窝硬膜下清除，出血点被找出并且确切止血。患儿没有放置外引流，也未检出进展性脑水肿。在后颅窝血肿清除，压迫解除后，她恢复呼吸。四天后她脱离了呼吸机。复查CT可见左侧小脑实质小片钙化，体积缩小。脑室回复正常。小孩四岁时，可以正常走路说话，但在外科手术后就出现的内斜视仍然存在。
Case 5
Astrocytoma of frontal lobe
The patient was a 48-year-old male who presented with complaints of increasingly severe headaches. Workup at another hospital revealed a lucent left frontal lesion. The biopsy diagnosis was gradeⅢastrocytoma. He was referred to our hopsital after external radiation therapy was delivered. Neurological exam revealed mild bradykinesia, but was otherwise unremarkable. He was admitted and underwent a left frontal lobectomy, with gross total tumor resection. One month later he underwent stereotactic implantation of brachytherapy catheters. He received 6000 rads to the margin of the tumor cavity. Subsequent scans revealed progressively worsening enhancement, edema, and shift around the tumor cavity. Reoperation was undertaken with resection of all grossly abnormal tissue. Pathologic analysis revealed radiation necrosis and tumor. The patient is alive 5 years later, with no evidence of disease progression.
额叶星形细胞瘤
一男性患者，48岁，自诉进行性剧烈头痛数日，在某医院检查示有左额叶高亮度损害，活组织检查诊断为三级星形细胞瘤，在外院应用放疗后，被送入我院。神经系统检查，表明有轻微的运动过缓，但并不明显。入院后行肿瘤全切及左额叶切除术。一个月后，他接受了立体定向导管穿刺移植治疗，在肿瘤腔的边缘吸收6000拉德进行照射，随后CT扫描显示有进行性的瘤腔扩大，周围水肿，并伴有瘤腔移位，再次手术全切了异常组织，病理分析回报，这些异常组织包括放疗后的坏死组织和肿瘤细胞。患者出院后5年，随访无明显的疾病进行性发展的迹象。Case 6
Glioblastoma multiforme of frontal lobe
A healthy 9-year- old woman presented with a 3-month history of dysphasia. Computed tomography demonstrated a ringenhancing lesion in the right frontal lobe. She was not immunosuppessed or on steroids. The rim was T2 hypointense and T1 hyperintense. There was a small amount of surrounding edema. Brain abscess was considered in the differential diagnosis, but a tumor was believed more likely, because:⑴there wase an eccentric area of capsular thickening, ⑵edema was minimal, and ⑶the clinical caurse was long. At operation, glioblastoma multiforme was encountered. Substances with unpaired electrons exhibit an unusual combination of increased T1signal and decreased T2 signal termed paramagnetism. Methemoglobin, melanin, and gadolinium are familiar paramagnetic substances. In an abscess
capsule, paramagnetic changes occur because macrophages release free-radicals that contain unpaired electorns. Although uncommon, clinicians should be aware that paramagnetic rim signal may also be observed in metastasis, primary brain tumors, granulomas like tuberculosis, and in large demyelinating plaques.
额叶多形胶母细胞瘤
一6岁女孩有3个月的言语困难病史，CT检查显示在右侧额叶有一环形增强的损害，她没有免疫抑制也没有应用过类固醇，此损害的边缘在MRI T2像为低信号，T1像为高信号，周围有轻微水肿，此病灶可能为肿瘤，但应除外脑脓肿，考虑肿瘤是因为
（1）有囊性增厚的反常区域
（2）水肿轻微
（3）临床病程长
手术时，看到了多形胶母细胞瘤。带有不成对电子的物质常有T1高信号，T2低信号相结合的特殊表现，这也叫顺磁性。正铁血红蛋白，黑色素，钆是常见的顺磁性的物质。在脓肿囊内，常会有顺磁性的表现，因为巨噬细胞释放放射物质中就包括不成对电子。虽然这不常见，但临床医生们应该意识到，顺磁性的环形信号，可以在转移瘤，脑原发肿瘤，结核性肉芽肿和大的脱髓鞘斑块中出现。
Case 7: glioblastoma multiforme located near motor cortex
History
Patient A.L is a 23-year-old right handed man from Hebei who works as a painter and has had nocturnal seizures for approximately two years. In January the seizures increase in frequency and began to occur during the day. They are associated with turning of the head and shoulders to the right prior to generalization. The patient is confused and fatigued afterwards, but does not have a neurologic deficit. A scan was done in February and this demonstrates an area of nonenhancement in the posterior portion of the superior frontal convolution, with a small contrast enhancing area in the center of the lesion. The latter approximately 3 mm, the former measures approximately 3.5 cm. The scan was repeated recently and it appeared that the lesion had grown slightly. Stereotactic biopsy was recommended. The patient in fact was scheduled for a biopsy in Hebei but they decided to seek another opinion. The patient is presently on Dilantin 100 mg three times per day. Past medical history is noncontributory. Family history and social history are not significant.
Physical Examination
The patient is a well nourished, well developed, thin, pleasant male who appears intellectually intact. Recent memory is intact, general information is good. Cranial nerve examination dalities. Motor examination reveals no drift to distraction, and good strength in upper and lower extremities. There may be some weakness of the wrist extensors on the right, however. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical, the patient walks with a normal gait with a normal arm swing. Radiographic studies
MRI scan shows an approximately 3.5 cm well-demarcated lesion in the posterior aspect of the left superior frontal convolution.
Impression
Probable low/intermediate grade glioma, possibly ganglioglioma or ganglio-neurocytoma. If the lesion is anterior to the motor cortex, resection is recommended. If the lesion is within the motor cortex, a biopsy is recommended.
Hospital course
The patient underwent magnetoencephalography(MEG) to map his primary motor cortex and define its relationship to the tumor. This confirmed the clinical and radiographic impression that the tumor was anterior to the motor strip.
A stereotactic volumetric resection of the lesion was then performed. The volume of the tumor, based on the contrast-enhancing portions on both CT and MRI, as well as from the area of abnormality on T2-weighted MRI, was digitized for computer targeting. A view of the cortical surface after the trephine craniotomy was performed. A strip electrode placed onto the cortical surface in a direction posterion to the edge of the trephine confirmed the location of sensorimotor cortex by phase reveral.
The tumor volume can be superimposed onto the field of view of the operating microscope, to assist the surgeon in defining the margins of the tumor. The lesion was dissected away from the surrounding brain tissue at its inerface and was removed as a single specimen.
The patient’s neurologic function postoperatively was unchanged from his preoperative status. Pathologic report
The tumor was signed out as glioblastoma multiforme arising as a small focus within a lowgrade astrocytoma. The malignant portion apparently was the contrast-enhancing portion on the preoperative scans. The patient is scheduled to begin external beam radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy.
Case 7
运动区附近的多形胶母细胞瘤
一位来自湖北的右利患者，职业是画家，自诉近两年有夜间癫痫症状。今年一月，癫痫的发病次数增加，并且在白天也时有发生，且常随着转头转肩而发生，每次癫痫发病后，病人意识模糊，但没有神经系统功能缺陷。二月，CT扫描显示额上回后部有一个未增强区域，并且在这个损伤中心有一个小的对比增强的区域，后者约3mm，前者约3.5cm，最近复查CT，显示病灶有轻度增大，我们建议病人行立体定向活检，事实上在湖北，病人已经被安排做活检，但后来他们决定寻找其他方法，患者现在在应用苯妥英那，每日三次，每次100mg。既往病史，家族史，社交史对此次诊断无特殊帮助。
体格检查：患者是一个营养状态良好，发育正常，体形偏瘦，并且没有智力障碍的快乐男性。近期记忆完整，大体信息都很好。颅神经检查未见异常，所有形式的感觉功能测试都正常，运动功能检查没有异常的倾向，并且上下肢肌力良好，右侧腕部伸肌力量减弱，而深反射对称，病人走路为双臂摆动的正常步态。
放射学检查：MRI显示左侧额上回后部有一边界清楚约3.5cm的病灶。
印象：这可能为低度或中度恶性肿瘤，可能为神经胶质瘤或神经节细胞瘤，如果病灶在运动区前部，应采取切除术，如果病灶在运动区内，应采取活检。
医院治疗过程：对病人应用脑磁波描记术来描绘第一运动区，明确它和肿瘤的关系，这进一步确定了临床和影象学印象，即肿瘤在运动区前面。病灶立体定向测体积切除术被应用。肿瘤的全部，也就是在CT，MRI上被对比增加的部分，同时也是T2像上显示的异常部分，被数字化显示在计算机上。在用环钻进行开颅术后，大脑表面呈现出来，放在大脑表面环钻边缘后方的多层电极，可以通过阶段性反转显影的方法来确定感觉运动区的位置。为了能帮助外科医生确定肿瘤的边界，我们把肿瘤的整体呈现在手术显微镜中。我们在肿瘤周围组织的内表面将肿瘤剥离，并把他做为一个独立的标本取出。病人的神经系统功能和术前相比没有变化。
病理报告：肿瘤被确认为多形胶母细胞瘤为低度恶性的星形细胞瘤，在术前扫描对比增强的部分就是恶性的部分。随后安排病人开始外部射线放疗并辅以化疗。
Case 12：olfactory groove meningioma
A 59-year-old women presented with a 2-year history of progressive dementia. Clinical examination disclosed bilateral anosmia and a concentric contraction of the left visual field with visual acuity reduced 20%. Plain radiographs showed erosion of the cribriform plate, and CT scans demonstrated a large mass lesion suspicious for meningioma. The angiogram showed elevation of the anterior cerebral arteries and pathological staining of the tumor vessels
supplied via the ophthalmic arteries. The tumor was appproached through a bifrontal craniotomy and exposed by gentle retraction of the frontal lobes. Piecemeal removal of the highly vascular tumor was accoplished by bipolar coagulation and resection. Both anterior cerebral arteries, the optic nerves, and the optic chiasm were microsurgically freed of tumor. After removal of the dura bordering on the tumor, the thickened crista galli and cribriform plate were removed with the diamond burr. The small skull base defect was closed in two layers with a dural graft and a galeal pericranial flap. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and Ct scans confirmed total tumor removal. One year later, the patient was clinically asymptomatic and recurrence-free.
Case 12
嗅沟脑膜瘤
一患者59岁，有两年的痴呆病史，体格检查显示双侧嗅觉丧失，左侧视野向心性盲，视力减弱到正常时的百分之二十。平片示视神经盘侵蚀，并且CT扫描示有巨大的脑膜瘤侵害，血管造影显示大脑前动脉抬高，又进行了病理染色说明有眼动脉穿过瘤体。我们应用双额入路颅骨牵开器小心暴露额叶，后在双极电凝的辅助下逐渐切除这个血管丰富的肿瘤，与肿瘤相连的大脑前动脉，视神经，视交叉也被剥离出来，去除肿瘤边界的硬脑膜，增厚的鸡冠和视盘也用金刚钻处理，小的颅骨缺损被封闭在硬脑膜和颅骨骨膜帽状腱膜之间。术后的处理并不复杂，CT确定肿瘤已完全切除，一年后，此病人无临床症状，并且也没有复发。
Case 42
Trigeminal neurinoma
This 48-year-old woman was hospitalized in March, 1985, for assessment of disturbance. Neurological examination revealed decreased corneal sensation on the right ride and an awkward tandem gait. A CT scan showed an expanding lesion in the right cerebellopontine angle with a slight supratentorial extension. An enlarged Bernasconis artery was visible on the right carotid angiogram. Vertebral angiography showed elevation of the first segment of the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries on the right side. Surgery was performed via a transpetrosal transtentorial approach in April, 1985, and the tumor was totally removed. The tumor originated from the root of the right trigeminal nerve and was well encapsulated. The pathological diagnosis was a schwannoma without any sign of malignancy. Postoperatively, there was anesthesia on the right side of face without any trophic corneal disorder. Slight right abducens nerve palsy was also noted. At the patient 2-year follow-up examination, the only
sequelae still remaining were fifth nerve dificits.
三叉神经瘤
一患者女，48岁，1985年3月由于视力障碍被送入我院，神经系统检查为右侧角膜感觉减退，并且有动作迟缓性交叉步态，CT示右侧桥小脑角有占位损害，并伴有轻微幕上扩展，右侧颈内动脉造影可见Bernasconi动脉扩张，椎动脉造影显示右侧大脑后动脉的第一段和小脑上动脉被抬高。该患于1985年4月行经岩骨小脑幕入路手术切除术，肿瘤被全切，此肿瘤起源于三叉神经根，并被包膜包裹，病理回报为良性神经鞘瘤，术后没有角膜营养障碍，仅有右面部的感觉缺失和轻微的右侧外展神经麻痹。两年后病人复查，唯一的后遗症是第五对颅神经的功能障碍。Hemifacial spasm caused by a venous angioma
This 53-year-old woman, who had suffered for more than 2 years from muscle twitching on the left side of her face, was admitted to the neurosurgical ward in September 1995. Her symptom initially was confined to the orbicularis oculi muscle; however, 6 months after it appeared, it had spread to involve other muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging performed after gadolinium injection showed a caput medusae-like enhancement in the left cerebellar hemisphere. In the same area cerebral angiography demonstrated a characteristic venous angioma with drainage into the sigmoid sinus.
Operation. A left retromastoid craniectomy was performed. The offending vessed was identified as the distal portion of the parenchymal segment of the angioma. It was located between the facial and auditory nerves. To avoid the possibility of venous infarcton, the vein was carefully dissected away from the exit zone of the facial nerve. Small pieces of shredded Teflon were placed between the nerve and the vessel.
Postoperative course. The patients spasm completely disappeared 1week after surgery without any neurological deficit.
53岁女性，主诉：左面部肌肉颤动2年余，1995年9月入神经外科病房。症状起初局限于眼轮匝肌，然后6个月后波及面神经支配的其它肌肉。注射gadolinium的磁共振成像显示左小脑半球有海蛇头样强化。在同一部位血管造影显示特征性的静脉血管瘤引流至乙状窦。
手术：行左乳突后颅骨切除。病变血管确定为血管瘤实质的远端部分。位于面神经和听神经之间。为避免静脉性梗死的可能，小心的将静脉从面神经出口处剥离，在神经和血管间放置些小的聚四氟乙烯树脂碎片。
术后病程：患者痉挛症状于术后1周彻底消失，无任何神经功能缺损。
Case81 Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation
A 12-year-old boy was struck by a car while riding his bicycle and was thrown over the hood of the car. He landed 20-25 feet away from the rear of the vehicle. At the scene of the accident, the patient was combative and confused but was able to move and speak purposefully. His radial pulses were palpable and his airway was clear. After initial resuscitation and immobilization efforts, he was transferred to the hospital. Upon arrival at the Emergency Department, the patient had stable vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12. his pupils were equal and reactive. He was still combative and confused but responded to some questions appropriately. Physical examination revealed a deep scalp laceration in the left occipito-parietal region, a forehead hematoma, and a swollen, deformed, and tender left ankle. He hand marked weakness of the right upper and lower extremities and a positive babinskis sign on the right side. The chest and abdomen were assessed as normal. Because of the head iniury, tracheal intubation was performed immediately to secure the airway. A lateral radiograph of the cervical spine revealed an atlanto-occipital dislocation without any anterior or posterior displacement. Among other radiographic studies obtained, only those of the left ankle were significant, demonstrating a fracture of the tibial epiphysis. After a diagnostic peritoneal lavage, which was grossly negative for intraabdominal bleeding, MRI studies of the head and neck were obtained. No incracerebral or spinal tissue injury was noted. The left ankle was placed in a cast after the radiologic studies were completed. On the following day, atlanto-occipital fusion was performed with wiring and a bone autograft, and a halo vest was put on the patient. His neurologic condition improved dramatically postoperatively. At 10 days after admission, the patient was transferred to another hospital for rehabilitation with a completely norma mental status and no neurologic deficit other than a slight weakness of the right lower extremity and positive babinskis sigm on that side. On follow-up examination 2 months after the accident, the patient was found to have had a complete neurologic recovery. Case81：外伤性寰枕脱位
一名12岁男孩在骑自行车时被汽车撞到，人被抛到了汽车的遮光板上，落到了车后20-25英尺的地方。在车祸过程中，患者情绪激动，定向力差，但是可以移动，能主动说话，在现场复苏和固定后，他被送往医院，到达医院急症室后，患者生命体征平稳，GCS评分12分，双瞳等大光反射灵敏。患者仍然情绪激动，定向力差，可回答一些问题，查体发现左顶枕部可见一处头皮裂伤，前额头皮血肿，左踝部肿胀畸形，右侧肢体肌力弱，右侧巴氏征阳性，胸腹未见异常，因头部受外伤，为通畅气道，立即行气管插管术。脊柱颈段侧位片示寰枕脱位，无前后方移位，
左踝片示胫骨下端骨折，诊断性腹腔灌洗，表明无腹腔内出血，头颈磁共振表明，无颅内及脊髓损伤，在放射线检查后左踝固定，第二天应用钢丝自体骨行寰枕融合术，并用支具固定患者，术后神经系统症状明显好转，十天后，病人身体恢复正常，右下肢肌力略差，右侧巴氏征阳性，无其他阳性体征，转到其他医院治疗，在接下来两个月后的查体表明，神经系统症状完全康复Case 53:cerebellopontine angle lipoma
The patient is a 33-year-old man with a 10-year history of decreased hearing in the right ear and a 1-year history of vertigo. A neurological examination demonstrated sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear. An audiogram revealed 8% discrimination in the right ear. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) demonstrated an 8-mm nonenhancing mass at the inferior margin of the right cerebellopontine angle, which was hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. The computed tomographic(CT) scan demonstrated a non-enhancing hypodensity in the same region. Because of intractable vertigo, the patient underwent a right suboccipital craniectomy for a presumptive cerebellopontine angle lipoma. The lipoma was found just below cranial nerves 7 and 8, adherent to the brain stem. Approximately 50% of the lesion was debulked. The patient did well postoperatively without new cranial nerve deficits. He did develop an aseptic meningitis that responded to steroid therapy. Currently, the patient is doing well, is free from vertigo, and has an underlying right hearing deficit.
患者，男，33岁，主诉：右耳听力下降十年，眩晕一年。神经科检查右耳感觉神经性耳聋，听力曲线右耳仅有8%辨识力，MRI显示在右桥小脑角下缘可见8毫米的非增强区，在T1加权像高信号和T2加权像低信号，CT显示在同一区域为未增强的低密度，由于顽固性眩晕，患者接受了枕下开颅桥小脑角脂肪瘤切除术，术中在第7、8颅神经下找到了脂肪瘤，临近脑干，50%的损害不可逆，患者术后没有新的颅神经受损症状，出现了无菌性脑炎，应用类固醇激素治疗，现在患者恢复不错，眩晕症状消失，但右耳仍有听力损害。
Case 11
Meningioma of the anterior skull base
A 58-year-old man was diagnosed as having a predominantly intracranial meningioma en
plaque of the anterior skull base in the midline area, extending from the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale to the crista galli. The tumor was exposed intradurally through a right frontal craniotomy. The compressed right optic nerve and internal carotid artery were identified and freed from tumor. Then the optic chiasm and left optic nerve, completely encased by tumor, were freed by piecemeal removal of the neoplasm. Residual tumor on the tuberculum sellae
and portions of the planum sphenoidale were removed with the diamond burr. The bone defect was closed in two layers with lyophilized dura and a galeal pericranial flap.
前颅底脑膜瘤
患者，男性，58岁，被诊断为前颅底中部有一显著颅内脑膜瘤。肿瘤从鞍结节和蝶骨平面延伸到鸡冠。经右额叶开颅手术可见肿瘤暴露在硬脑膜下。受压的右侧视神经和颈内动脉可以得到确认并和肿瘤分离。之后，将肿瘤及被肿瘤完全包裹的视交叉和左视神经手术清除。鞍结节和蝶骨平面的残余肿瘤有钻刀清除。骨缺损用低压冻干硬脑膜和颅骨瓣膜上的帽状腱膜覆盖。CASE 13 lateral sphenoid wing meningioma
A 51-year-old man had previously undergone surgery for a sphenoid wing meningioma of the left skull base. Six years later he complained of a dull headache. CT disclosed an extensive, predominantly lateral sphenoid wing meningioma on the right side with infiltration of the temporal muscle. This was presumed to represent an extracranial extension from a primary intracranial tumor.
Tumor infiltration of the temporal muscle and infratemporal fossa was already evident the right frontotemporal skin flap was raised. After removal of the extracranial part of the tumor,a frontotemporal craniotomy was performed, exposing the extradural portion of the large intracranial meningioma. Two measures were taken to minimize tension and pressure on the frontal and temporal lobes during further dissection:
1. the lesser sphenoid wing was removed with the diamond burr.
2. the sylvian fissure was opened micro-surgically after incising the dura a safe distance from the area of tumor infiltration.
The tumor was then debulked from its center using an ultrasonic aspirator(CUSA).as the tumor capsule became lax, the branches of the middle cerebral artery could be identified, and dissection of the capsule proceeded along the middle cerebral artery branches to the internal carotid artery. At that point it was possible to remove the tumor completely, including its dural attachment, without danger to neighboring structures. The dura was patched with stored dura, the bony defect was repaired with a methylmethacrylate implant, and the soft tissues were closed in layers. The postoperative course was uncomplicated.
蝶骨嵴外侧脑膜瘤
患者，51岁，既往曾行左颅底蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤手术。六年后患者主诉头部隐痛。CT表明一个广泛增长的右侧蝶骨嵴外侧脑膜瘤，已经侵袭到了颞部肌肉。这表明颅内原发肿瘤的颅外侵袭。肿
瘤侵袭颞部肌肉和颞下窝，取额颞皮瓣。在切除肿瘤的颅外部分后，行额颞部开颅术，暴露大的颅内脑膜瘤的硬膜外部分。在进一步切割肿瘤过程中有两种方法可以降低额叶和颞叶压力和紧张度。
1.用金刚钻尽量少磨除蝶骨嵴。
2.在距离肿瘤区域安全的距离切开硬膜，然后用显微镜分开外侧裂。用超声吸引器软化肿瘤内部，然后开始切肿瘤，大脑中动脉的分支清晰可见，沿着这个血管切除肿瘤，一直到颈内动脉。肿瘤被完全切除，包括硬膜附着点，临近组织没有损伤。用储存硬膜修补硬膜缺损部分，用甲基丙烯酸甲酯移植修补骨缺损，并且逐层关颅。术后过程并不复杂。
The prevalence and risk factor analysis of silent brain infarction in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of silent brain infarction (SBI) in patients with ischemic stroke.
METHODS: A total of 395 consecutive patients with first-ever ischemic stroke that underwent brain MRI were enrolled in this study. The prevalences of vascular risk factors in a S BI-positive (n=132) and in a SBI-negative group (n=263) were compared. The prevalences and characteristics of SBI were further evaluated with respect to stroke subtype and periventricular white-matter hyperintensity (PWMH) lesion.
RESULTS: The frequency of S BI among the 395 study subjects was 33.4%, and 10.1% of the study subjects had multiple-SBI lesions. The most common lesion site was basal ganglia (47%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.22-3.07, P=0.005) and the presence of an advanced PWMH lesion (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.06-2.96, P=0.030) were significantly associated with S BI. Furthermore, an advanced PWMH lesion (OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.19-6.95, P=0.010) was more associated with multiple-SBI lesions than with a single-SBI lesion. The frequency of SBI was higher among those with the small-vessel disease type (45.5%) than in those with the large-artery disease (32.5%) or cardioembolic stroke type (25.6%) (P=0.04).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SBI in patients with ischemic stroke was found to be high, and hypertension was found to be the most important risk factor of SBI. Small-vessel disease and a diffuse white-matter lesion were found to be closely associated with SBI, and especially with multiple-SBI lesions.
对初发缺血性卒中患者的无症状性脑梗死的发病率和危险因素的分析
背景：旨在评估缺血性卒中患者无症状性脑梗死(S BI)的发病率并确认其危险因素。
方法：经过脑部MRI检查的共计395名初发缺血性卒中患者被纳入本研究。我们比较了SBI阳性组(n=132)和SBI 阴性组(n=263)之间的血管危险因素的情况，并且就卒中亚型和脑室周围白质高信号病变对S BI的发病率和特征进行了评估。
结果：在395名受试者中，S BI的发生率为33.4%，10.1%的受试者有多处S BI病变，最常见的病变部位在基底核(47%)。多元logistic回归分析显示，高血压(OR: 1.94，95% CI: 1.22-3.07，P=0.005)和一个晚期的脑室周围白质高信号病变的出现(OR: 1.77，95% CI: 1.06-2.96，P=0.030)与SBI明显相关，并且，比起单一的S BI病变，一个晚期的脑室周围白质高信号病变的出现(OR: 2.88，95% CI: 1.19-6.95，P=0.010)与多处SBI病变更加有相关性。与有大动脉疾病(32.5%)或心源性卒中(25.6%)的受试者相比，有小血管疾病的受试者发生S BI的频率更高。
(P=0.04)
结论：缺血性卒中患者的SBI发病率高，并且高血压是SBI最重要的危险因素。小血管疾病和弥漫性白质病变与SBI(尤其是多处S BI病变)最密切相关。
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11 audi to hear听 audience听众, audible听得见的 ( 12 bio life生命，生物 biology生物学, bionics仿生学 13 cap, cip, cept, ceive to take, to hold拿，取 capture捕获, recipient接受者, concept 概念, deceive欺骗14 card heart心 cardiac心脏的, cardiogram心电图 15 cede, ceed, cess to go, to yield行，走，让与 。 precedent先例, exceed超过, secession退出 16 cent hundred百 centigrade百分度的, centimeter厘米 17 center, center center中心 concentrate集中, centrifugal离心力的 18 cert to perceive, to make certain确信，确定 certainty必然的事, certificate证书 19 chrom color颜色 ！ chromatic色的, chromosome染色体 20 chron time时间 chronicle编年史, synchronism同时性 21 cide, cis to kill, to cut杀，切
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【英语】英语翻译练习题20篇及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be ac customed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy) 2．舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) 3．经过多年的建设，这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as) 4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar) 5．她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No sooner)【答案】
神经外科单词
一诊断名词 髓母细胞瘤Medulloblastoma 室管膜瘤 Ependymoma 少枝胶质瘤Oligodendroglioma 脑膜瘤 Meningioma 颅咽管瘤Craniopharyngioma 神经瘤 Neuroma 听神经瘤 Acoustic Neuroma 血管母细胞瘤Hemangioblastoma 胶质瘤 Glioma 星形细胞瘤 Astrocytoma 胶母细胞瘤 Glioblastoma畸胎瘤Teratoma 胆脂瘤 Cholesteatoma 上皮样囊肿 Epidermoids cyst 脊索瘤 Chordoma 松果体瘤 Pineal tumour 生殖细胞瘤 Germinoma 骨瘤 osteoma 先天性肿瘤 Congenital tumour 颈A-海绵窦漏 Carotico-cavernous fistula 头皮和颅骨损伤 Scalp and skull injury 原发伤 Primary lesions 蛛网膜下腔出血Subarachnoid hemorrhage 颅内血肿Intracranial hematoma /clot 硬膜外血肿 Epidural hematoma 硬膜下血肿 Subdural heamtoma 弥漫性轴索损伤 diffuse axonal injury 挫伤 Contusion 裂伤 laceration 继发伤 Secondary lesions 脑肿胀 Brain swelling 颅骨骨折 Skull fracture 脑脓肿 Brain abscess 脑膜炎 Meningitis 脑脊液漏 CSF leak 鼻漏 Rhinorrhea 耳漏 Otorrhea 化脓性脑膜炎 Pyogenic Meningitis 耳源脓肿 Otogenic abscess 无菌性脑膜炎 Aseptic meningitis 硬膜下积液 Subdural effusions 血管瘤 Angiomas 神经纤维瘤 Neurofibroma 蛛网膜囊肿 Arachnoid cyst 脊髓空洞 Syringomyelia 髓内肿瘤 Intramedullary tumour 颅内动脉瘤 Intracranial aneurysm 梗阻性脑积水 Obstructive hydrocephalus 头痛 Headache 视乳头水肿 Papilloedema 呕吐 Vomiting 偏盲 Hemianopsia 癫痫 Epilepsy 失语 aphasia 三叉神经痛 Trigeminal neuralgia 胶样囊肿 Colloid Cyst 垂体卒中 Pituitary apoplexy 二解剖名词 中枢神经系统 Central nervous system 矢状窦旁 Parasagittal 凸面 Convexity 溴沟 Olfactory groove 脊髓 Spinal cord 颈段 Cervical segment 胸段 Thoracic segment 腰(骶)段 Lumbar segment 灰质 Gray matter 白质 White matter 白质前连合 Anterior white commissure 锥体 Pyramid
神经外科英语词汇
神经外科英语词汇 Carotico-cavernous fistula 血管瘤 一头皮和颅骨损伤Angiomas 诊断名词Scalp and skull injury 神经纤维瘤 髓母细胞瘤原发伤Neurofibroma Medulloblastoma Primary lesions 蛛网膜囊肿 室管膜瘤蛛网膜下腔出血Arachnoid cyst Ependymoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage 脊髓空洞 少枝胶质瘤颅内血肿Syringomyelia Oligodendroglioma Intracranial hematoma 髓内肿瘤 脑膜瘤/clot Intramedullary tumour Meningioma 硬膜外血肿颅内动脉瘤 颅咽管瘤Epidural hematoma Intracranial aneurysm Craniopharyngioma 硬膜下血肿梗阻性脑积水 神经瘤Subdural heamtoma Obstructive hydrocephalus Neuroma 弥漫性轴索损伤头痛 听神经瘤diffuse axonal injury Headache Acoustic Neuroma 挫伤视乳头水肿 血管母细胞瘤Contusion Papilloedema Hemangioblastoma 裂伤呕吐 胶质瘤laceration Vomiting Glioma 继发伤偏盲 星形细胞瘤Secondary lesions Hemianopsia Astrocytoma 脑肿胀癫痫 胶母细胞瘤Brain swelling Epilepsy Glioblastoma 颅骨骨折失语 畸胎瘤Skull fracture aphasia Teratoma 脑脓肿三叉神经痛 胆脂瘤Brain abscess Trigeminal neuralgia Cholesteatoma 脑膜炎胶样囊肿 上皮样囊肿Meningitis Colloid Cyst Epidermoids cyst 脑脊液漏垂体卒中 脊索瘤CSF leak Pituitary apoplexy Chordoma 鼻漏二 松果体瘤Rhinorrhea 解剖名词 Pineal tumour 耳漏中枢神经系统 生殖细胞瘤Otorrhea Central nervous system Germinoma
(英语)高三英语翻译试题经典
（英语）高三英语翻译试题经典 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
脊柱外科常用英语词汇(20191202092418)
脊柱外科常用英语词汇 LUMBAR SPINE Lumbar disc herniation syndrome 腰椎间盘突出症 Fenestration and Discectomy Love method(开窗髓核摘除术 Love 法) minimally invasive discectomy 微创椎间盘切除术 MED(micro-endoscopic discectomy) 内镜椎间盘切除术 Burst （Compression） fracture of T1-12, L1-5 胸腰椎爆裂 (压缩 )骨折 Open reduction and pedicle screw internal fixation切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定Decompression and pedicle screw system internal fixation with bone graft 减压植骨椎弓根钉内固定 Lumbar spine canal stenosis腰椎管狭窄症 spinal stenosis Fenestration decompression(开窗减压 ) laminectomy 椎板切除术 Degenerative spondylolisthesis 假性（退变性）脊柱滑脱 Spondylolitic spondylolisthesis 真性（峡部裂性）滑脱 Reduction and interbody fusion (复位椎间植骨融合 ) anterior approach前入路 posterior approach后入路 Removal of internal fixation 内固定取出术 ALIF ：anterior lumber interbody fusion 前路椎间融合 PLIF：posterior lumbar interbody fusion 后路椎间融合 TLIF ：transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion 经椎间孔融合 Endoscopic operation内镜手术 spinal fusion 脊柱融合 pseudarthrosis假关节 chemonucleolysis髓核融解术 discogenic back pain椎间盘源性腰痛 sacroiliac joint 骶髂关节 spondylolisthesis 脊柱滑脱 Removal 取出（术） back pain in children and adolescents儿童和青少年的下腰痛 discitis 间盘炎
神经外科英语词汇
神经外科英语词汇 诊断名词 髓母细胞瘤Medulloblastoma 室管膜瘤 Ependymoma 少枝胶质瘤Oligodendroglioma 脑膜瘤 Meningioma 颅咽管瘤Craniopharyngioma 神经瘤 Neuroma 听神经瘤 Acoustic Neuroma 血管母细胞瘤Hemangioblastoma 胶质瘤 Glioma 星形细胞瘤 Astrocytoma 胶母细胞瘤Glioblastoma 畸胎瘤 Teratoma 胆脂瘤 Cholesteatoma 上皮样囊肿 Epidermoids cyst 脊索瘤 Chordoma 松果体瘤 Pineal tumour 生殖细胞瘤 Germinoma 骨瘤 osteoma 先天性肿瘤 Congenital tumour 海绵窦漏 Carotico-cavernous fistula 头皮和颅骨损伤Scalp and skull injury 原发伤 Primary lesions 蛛网膜下腔出血Subarachnoid hemorrhage 颅内血肿 Intracranial hematoma /clot 硬膜外血肿 Epidural hematoma 硬膜下血肿 Subdural heamtoma 弥漫性轴索损伤 diffuse axonal injury 挫伤 Contusion 裂伤 laceration 继发伤 Secondary lesions 脑肿胀 Brain swelling 颅骨骨折 Skull fracture 脑脓肿 Brain abscess 脑膜炎 Meningitis 脑脊液漏 CSF leak 鼻漏 Rhinorrhea 耳漏 Otorrhea 化脓性脑膜炎 Pyogenic Meningitis 耳源脓肿 Otogenic abscess 无菌性脑膜炎 Aseptic meningitis 硬膜下积液 Subdural effusions
大学英语六级汉译英经典试题详细解析
大学英语六级汉译英经典试题详细解析(答案) 汉译英专项练习答案及解析 一、倍数增减的表示法 is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+ 形容词/副词比较级+ than） reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as + 形容词/副词+ as） is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+ 名词） wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by + 数词/百分比/倍数）plan to double their investment （考点：double + 名词） 二、时态 or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been … since sb. did sth. 表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了）He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1. 现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态 is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时） can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work （考点：1. 被动语态与情态动词联用; 2. 汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表示被动, 要译成英语的被动语态） I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated （考点：同“3”的考点2） Effective measures must be taken immediately （考点：汉语的无主句通常翻译成英语的被动语态） 四、情态动词 but there is no answer. She can’t be at home （考点：情态动词可以表示可能性，can’t 表示“一定不”） I may have left them in the coffee shop yesterday （考点：“情态动词can/could, may/might, must + 完成式”用于表示对过去发生的动作的主观判断）
神经外科英文词汇汇总
A 癌瘤 Carcinomatosis 癌性脑膜炎 Carcinomatous meningitis 鞍背 Dorsum sellae 鞍结节 Tuberculum sellae 鞍区和鞍旁 Sellar and parasellar B 疤痕组织 scar tissue 巴氏征 Extensor plantar reflex 白质 White matter 白质前连合 Anterior white commissure 半切 Hemisection 半月神经节 Trigeminal semilunar ganglion 板障静脉 Diploic v. 棒状体 Nuclei gracilis 包裹 Wrpping 保守治疗 Conservative treatment 背侧副橄榄核 Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus 背侧纵束 Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus 背核 Dorsal nucleus 苯巴比妥 Phenobarbitone 鼻窦 paranasal sinus 鼻溢 Rhinorrhoea 臂丛 Brachial plexus 臂神经病 Brachial neuropathy 比重 Specific gravity 标准 Criteria 并发症 Complications 病理特征 pathological features 病因 Aetiology 薄束 Slender fasciculus 薄束核 Nucleus gracilis 不典型面痛 Atypical facial pain 不可达到的 Inaccessible C 侧角 Lateral horn 侧块 Lateral masses 侧面的,旁边的 Lateral 侧室 Lateral ventricles 侧索 Lateral funiculus 侧索核 Lateral nucleus 侧柱 Lateral column 插管 Intubation 成血管细胞性脑膜瘤 Angioblastic Meningioma 齿突 Dens 齿突间韧带 Apical dental lig. 齿凹 Fovea for dens 抽搐 Convulsion 出血性脑梗塞 Haemorrgagic infarction 垂体柄 Pituitary stalk 垂体机能低下 Hypopituitarism 垂体机能低下危象 Hypopituitary crises 垂体切除 Hypophysectomy 垂体窝 Hypophyseal fossa 垂体窝 Pituitary fossa 垂体卒中 Pituitary apoplexy 次裂 Seconary fissure 挫伤和裂伤 Contusion and laceration D 打呵 Yawning 大伦丁(笨妥英钠) Epanutin (dilantin) 大脑半球 Cerebral hemispheres 大脑大静脉 Great cerebral v. 大脑后动脉 Posterior cerebral a. 大脑内静脉