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翻译专业解析:与外语专业互通有无

翻译专业解析:与外语专业互通有无
翻译专业解析:与外语专业互通有无

翻译专业解析:与外语专业互通有无

翻译专业解析:与外语专业互通有无

刚刚结束的G20峰会,像历次重要的大型国际会议一样,让翻译这个职业再次走进人们的视野。过去,如果考生想把翻译作为未来

的职业目标,可供选择的专业无外乎英语或各类外语专业。但近年来,本科翻译专业也在悄然崛起。很多人对这个诞生时间不长的本

科新专业有兴趣,不过对其前景仍抱有疑问。既然有外语专业,为

何还要开设翻译专业?翻译专业的就业方向有哪些?是不是翻译专业

本科毕业就能胜任同声传译的工作?带着这些问题,记者采访了北京

语言大学高级翻译学院副院长许明。

翻译专业和外语专业有何不同?

在教育部专业目录中,翻译专业虽然属于外国语言文学类,但在课程设置上仍有差异。以英语专业为例,翻看各学校招生专业介绍,专业课程往往包含诸如英汉互译或者笔译、口译等翻译课程,而翻

译专业同样要学习综合英语、英语口语、英语写作、英语视听说、

英语国家概况等一般英语专业常见的课程。那么翻译专业的不同之

处在哪儿呢?其实,虽然外语专业与翻译专业有互通的课程,但侧重

点不同。以北京语言大学翻译专业英语方向为例,语言、翻译和翻

译技术被划分为单独的课程模块,其中翻译模块课程比普通英语专

业丰富许多,包含翻译理论与实务、基础笔译、应用翻译、经贸翻译、中国文化外译、语言与翻译、文学翻译、新闻编译、基础口译、联络口译、交替传译、专题口译、科技翻译、法律翻译、视译等众

多课程。而翻译技术模块中的计算机辅助翻译也是该专业的特色课程。

在人才培养目标上,翻译专业比普通的英语专业更加具体。如北语翻译专业英语方向,明确将培养目标定为“完成中等难度、内容

涉及文化交流、商务、新闻等实用类文本的翻译,要求为250—320

字词/小时;能够承担联络口译工作,交替传译能够做到借助笔记连

续翻译2—5分钟、语速为120—140字词/分钟,语篇类型为叙述类、论述类或描述类一般难度的讲话。”汉英法方向则要求学生同时掌

握一定的中英、中法互译能力。这类培养目标是一般外语类专业所

没有的。

为了突出与一般外语专业的差异化培养,北语翻译专业的本地化这一方向增加了计算机技术模块,包含高级编程、数据结构与数据

库原理、移动开发等计算机或软件专业课程,翻译技术模块中还添

加本地化概论、本地化实践等课程,从软件等产品、产业本地化这

一更针对市场发展需求的角度,重新定义翻译人才的价值功能,拓

展了翻译人才对不同岗位需求的适应能力,使学生能够快速上手大

型软件翻译这类单一语言人才难以承担的工作。

翻译专业就业方向如何?

从北语近年翻译专业毕业生出路来看,直接就业的学生主要分布在各大部委、政府部门、外事机构、教育和信息咨询机构、文化传

媒等行业,从事的也多是与语言服务相关的工作。部分学生直接从

事与翻译相关的工作。

如果单从毕业生就业领域来看,翻译专业和一般外语专业的区别似乎不大。但是从知识结构特点来看,翻译专业人才就业时仍有独

特的优势。研究生阶段学习翻译专业的宋女士介绍,她本科英语专

业毕业后,也能胜任一般的笔译工作,但是从口语传译阶段开始,

所需要的就不仅仅是外语熟练这么简单。很多外语专业的毕业生都

是经过很长时间的经验积累,才能顺利完成各种场合的传译。并不

是每一个英语专业毕业生都具备这样的能力。即便从笔译来说,受

过翻译训练的人和仅仅懂英语的人,翻译质量也会截然不同。学外

语往往很容易让自己懂外语,但翻译的关键是还要让别人懂,因而

针对翻译这一岗位需求进行针对化的学习训练是很有必要的。此外,由于英语专业毕业生水平参差不齐,如果用人单位有专门的翻译招

聘需求,面对此类岗位,翻译专业毕业生无疑会更吃香。

许明副院长介绍,大家常说语言是一门工具,其实翻译也是一门工具,具有独立于语言学习本身之外的工具价值,学好外语不代表

就能胜任翻译工作。在翻译专业中,语言能力依然是培养的重点之

一,翻译专业英语方向的学生同样要达到英语专业八级水平。但是

在语言能力之外,翻译还涉及管理、翻译工具使用、中文功底等多

方面的综合能力,这些都是翻译专业人才培养的重点。让学生不仅

掌握宽泛的语言交流能力,更能掌握一定的翻译项目管理能力,能

将翻译而不仅仅是外语知识应用到实际工作中,从而在更具对口性

的工作里获得更高级的发展平台,这也是翻译专业人才在就业上的

一大优势。如今,英语能力已成为求职时重要的敲门专业,而这块

敲门砖也早非英语专业毕业生所独有。具备翻译这一更为专业的能力,无疑让学生在求职时获得更有力的砝码。

不可否认的是,很多考生和家长对翻译专业感兴趣,就是看重同声传译是个既体面又吸金的金领职业。不过许明副院长表示,目前

来讲,本科阶段的翻译专业其实不会开设同声传译课程,也不以口译、笔译区分专业方向。翻译专业在本科阶段的培养要求,一般定

位在高质量的笔译和交替传译这一层次。

所谓同声传译,是指译员在不打断讲话者讲话的情况下,不间断地将内容口译给听众的一种翻译方式。同声传译员通过专用设备提

供即时翻译。我们平时接触更多的其实是交替传译,即译员坐在会

议室里,一边听源语讲话,一边记笔记,利用发言者中断讲话的间

隙进行口语翻译。现实情况中,受制于设备等限制,交替传译的方

式其实更普遍,因而翻译本科阶段的培养目标已经能够满足众多翻

译岗位工作的需求。

如果学生想进入同声传译或者其他更高级的翻译领域,读研或者出国留学是有必要的。从北语翻译专业毕业生近年情况来看,本科

生大概有半数集中在考研和出国两个层面。可以说,在翻译专业这

一领域进行深造有很高的性价比。

相关媒体报道,从自由职业的角度来看,同声传译的收入往往按小时甚至分钟计算,“一天入万不是梦”,而且同传人才比较稀缺。一般交替传译单场的收入也能达到上千元。笔译工作尤其是按字数

统计的低层次笔译,收入回报较低,但工作压力也明显小于口译。

总体来看,翻译专业就业渠道广泛,多以固定职业为主。很多涉外

领域其实有翻译岗位的人才需求,所以翻译专业人才有较广阔的就业前景,收入也能达到令人满意的水平。或许“同传”是很多人最初选择翻译专业的终极梦想,但即便不做“同传”,也能从翻译专业的学习中获得良好的发展空间。

目前,随着国际贸易和文化交流的不断加深,市场对专业翻译人才的需求不断看涨。外语专业毕业生中,专职翻译人才只占少数,受过专业训练的翻译人才更少。虽然我国开设翻译本科专业的院校已超过200所,但翻译在各校中一般都是“小专业”,与一般外语类专业相比,人才培养规模有限。无论考生是喜欢翻译这一职业,还是仅仅想学习外语专业,独辟蹊径选择翻译专业都不失为一种明智的选择。

安全工程专业英语部分翻译

Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩

效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文:组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成:个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任,以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果

计算机专业外文文献及翻译

微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境,Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序,也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE,它可以用来开发由微软视窗,视窗手机,Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序,网站,Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序,网页设计师,类设计师,数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能,包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器,如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如Team Foundation Server的客户端:团队资源管理器)。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言,它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言,提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中(通过Visual C++),https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d011865316.html,(通过Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d011865316.html,),C#中(通过Visual C#)和F#(作为Visual Studio 2010),为支持其他语言,如M,Python,和Ruby等,可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的:微软Visual Basic,Visual J#、Visual C#和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C#和Visual C + +,和Visual Web Developer版本,不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版,以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本(Visual Basic、C++、C#、J#),通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划,对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言,解决方案或工具本质。相反,它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时,这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务:SVsSolution,它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell,它提供了窗口和用户界面功能(包括标签,工具栏和工具窗口)和SVsShell,它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外,IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器,设计器,项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF),这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而,MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。

英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案

1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)

Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为:“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术,这些压力产生或来自与工作场所,能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高,并使他们感觉到很不舒服。(P67) 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失,使身体或精神发生紊乱,对语言交流产生干扰,或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时,它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音,它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别,可能是有害的,能使人烦恼,并干扰人们说话。(P68) Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据,从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息,在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话,在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查,对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图,记录与地形相关的所有数据,并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外,记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。(P119) Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded(hot)conductor 未接地(高压)单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时,在返回

英语 安全工程专业翻译

Unit1 Safety Management Systems 1. Accident Causation Models The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s

各专业的英文翻译剖析

哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws

专业英语翻译

Freeways,especially those built to Interstate standards are the safest of the various classes of highways. 高速公路,尤其是那些按照州际公路标准建造的是各种公路里面最安全的. While control of access, which limits vehicle conflicts(车辆冲突), is a primary factor in relatively low accident, injury,and fatality rates(事故,死亡率), other design features, such as wide medians and shoulders roadsides clear of obstructions, and the extensive use of protective barriers(护栏), are key factors as well. 出入口控制减少车辆冲突,是获得较低的交通事故率和伤亡率的一个主要因素。另外,其他的设计特性,如较宽的中央分隔带和较宽的路肩、路边无障碍物、大量采用防护栏等也是关键要素。 The higher design speeds(设计速度) used for freeways result in long sight distances(视距)due to long radius horizontal curves and long vertical curves, and other desirable design features that create a safe driving environment. 高速公路采用较高的设计速度导致的长视距是由于大半径水平曲线和长的竖曲线,以及其他创造安全的驾驶环境的适宜的设计特性. Although most of the nation’s freeways enjoy this

安全工程专业外语翻译

The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components. (译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。) There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. (译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。) The purpose of a driller is to holes. (译为“钻孔”) A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes. (译为“车”) The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components. (译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。) There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. (译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。) The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines. (译为“炼钢”,不译“制造刚”。) An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes. (译为“很大阻力”,不译“高阻力”) Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater. 物质可以转换为能,能也可以转化为物质。 The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。 If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B. 若A=D,则A+B=D+B。 The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky. 第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件,这使得设备又大又笨。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development. 这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。 The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls(rough or smooth)。 水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素:管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性(粗糙或光滑)。Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds. 太阳发出的热能搅动大气,于是产生了风。 In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. 一般来说,金属都是良导体,其中以银为最好,铜次之。 The world of work injury insurance is complex. 工伤保险是复杂的。 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质,不论是固体、液体或是气体,都是有原子组成的。 In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 无外力作用,物体则保持静止状态,或作匀速直线运动。 A wire lengthens while it is heated. 金属丝受热则伸长。 Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1 Safety Management Systems 安全管理体系 1.Accident Causation Models 1.事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时,了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象,和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期,事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候,人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下,一件事故的发生主要有两个原因:人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外,他指出,高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今,这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。 Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务,为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

安全工程专业英语 Unit1 1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it. 由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更,其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会,更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备,也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。 2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field. 这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息,它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。 3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ. 尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟,也具有一定的广泛适应性,但在美国,这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。 4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings. 这部法律很重要,因为它强调工作场所的危险控制,同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一

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