文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 语法

语法

现代英语语法

第一部分:引言

《现代英语语法》是由李基安先生编写,全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会指定的全国高等教育自学考试教材。

关于这门课程的考试要求,可参见该教程第425所附录的《英语语法自学考试大纲》。大纲是方向、目标,广大考生必须仔细了解。

英语语法是关于英语语言结构的理论知识。通过该课程的学习,学员能够比较系统地认识英语从词,句到语篇的构造,从而提高他们应用英语的规范性。

在学习该教材时,学员普遍存在两种倾向:一是,由于该教材都是用英文编写,里面又涉及很多专业术语,许多学员觉得高深、难懂;二是,有些学员认为,自己从学英语开始就在学习英语语法,没有必要在这门功课上花太多的精力,所有的语法书都大同小异,自己稍做准备就能对付过去。

其实,两种看法都失偏颇。现代语法的发展与传统语法已经存在比较明显的差异,例如:传统语法认为,英语有九种(甚至十六种)时态,该教程则采取的是‘a system of two tenses and two aspects‘—-—-—-两时两体体系。另外对phrases, clauses 的概念也有不同的定义。书中提到的一些其他语言现象,如:外位[extraposition], 分隔[discontinuity], 分裂句[cleft sentence]等都是一般语法书所不提及或者阐述不同。该教材也并非高深莫测,毕竟多数语言现象还是我们日常英语学习中所耳濡目染的,只不过我们许多英语学习者没有考究过它们形成的理论根据,来龙去脉而已。

所以,为了使自己的英语更加规范,让自己能用英语更准确、有效地传递信息、表达思想,英语专业的学生还是很有必要把这门课程学好。

现在我们就结合《现代英语语法》教材,近几年英语语法专业考试试题,讲述英语语法考试中考生容易忽略的测试要点或难点。

我们先通过几道语法题来检测你现有的现代语法水平,接着探讨一下该教材的学习方法,最后把教材各章的要点、难点归纳给大家。在整个讲解过程中,我们力争多采用教材里的素材以及往年试题中的一些经典考题,以便学员在学习、归纳语法现象的同时使自己的备考收效最大化。

先测试一下自己的现代语法水平(同时了解一下英语语法考试的题型、结构;每年考试形式基本相同,有些部分稍有调整。为了节省篇幅,这里各部分只选取几个样题)

The Pre-course Quiz

I、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每题1分,共20分)

Choose the best answer from the choices given:

1. In the end, he ________.

a. got invited

b. gets invited

c. was invited

d. was to be invited

2. Do what I tell you --__________!

a. or else

b. or so

c. and that

d. and do

3. __________ , he managed to remain among the top 5% of his class.

a. To work hard as he did

b. Working hard as he did

c. Work hard as he did

d. Worked hard as he did

4.____ there be life on Mars? (p171)

a. May

b. Can

c. Might

d. Ought

5.Stay ____ have dinner with us, will you?(p263)

a. to

b. or

c. and

d. here

6.You _____ be shocked at the news.(p168)

a. should well

b. must well

c. may well

d. can well

7. You have to wait a minute, _____?

a. haven't you

b. do you

c. don't you

d. shouldn't you

8. Staying in hotel cost ________ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.

a. twice as much

b. twice as much as

c. as much as twice

d. twice than

9. I don't think she meant_________ you. (p206)

a. hurt

b. to hurt

c. hurting

d. be hurt

10. ___ I worked hard at school, I ___ this kind of work now.

a. Had... wouldn't have done

b. Had... wouldn't be doing

c. If... wouldn't do

d. If... wouldn't be doing

II.多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每题2分,共10分)

Fill in the blanks with one of the items given below:

a, the, any, some, all

1. __________ of us decides what to take into the future and what to leave behind. That's why__________ arrival of the Year 2000 has become such a personal moment.

2. be, is, was, are ,were, will be, shall be, has, have had

a. She is one of these girls who _______ trouble running around.

b. This one of the many houses here which _______ destroyed in the earthquake.

3. seem, seems, me, I, mine

Your politics _____ to be entirely different from _____. (p59)

4. less, less of, than, as, like

Mr. Smith is _____ a politician ______ Mr. Lee. (p237)

III.填空题(本大题共20小题,每题1分,共20分)

Fill in the blank with an appropriate coordinator or subordinator:

1. It was an island __________ name I have forgotten.

2. He carried his luggage all the way home, __________ was actually unnecessary.

3. He soon made it clear __________ he had asked for a meeting.

4. The police arrived, after __________ the situation became calmer.

Fill in the blanks with proper words:

5.I like Australia best _______ all the English-speaking countries.

6.I made a comparison _______ the major English speaking countries.(p251)

IV.改错题(本大题共8小题,每小题1分,共8分)

Correct errors in the following sentences:

1. Francis Bacon wrote that reading made a full man.

2. Go and get some fresh air! You were sitting here all morning.

3.The all of Paris welcomed the general. (p79)

4. I've got five brothers, and every of them is quite different from the others.

5. None of my parents are interested in my idea. (p344)

V.改写句子(本大题共14小题,每题2分,共28分)

Rewrite the following sentences as required:

1. Combining the sentences into one that contains a relative clause:

You sent my son an English-Chinese dictionary. Thank you very much.

2. Combining the sentences into one that contains a relative clause:

Twenty horses were put into the corral. They were to be trained for riding.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d44143742.html,bine the sentences into one that contains a relative clause:(p289)

My boss is a very considerate person. His predecessor was not a considerate person at all.

4.Rewrite the following sentence using whatever cohesive device is appropriate:

A: Is John trying to enter Harvard Law School?

B: No, I don't think John is trying to enter Harvard Law School. He hates lawyers.

5. Use discontinuity:

Excessive exposure to violence on TV is more harmful than expected to children.

VI.名词解释(本大题共2小题,每小题2分,共4分)

Define the following terms with examples:

1.Non-finite verbs

2.Determiners

VII.简答题(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)

1. What are inherent adjectives?

2. Can HOW - exclamations be used to highlight the noun? If not, what can HOW - questions highlight? Key to the pre-course quiz

I. 单项选择题(每小题1分,共20分)

1、a

2、a

3、b

4、b

5、c

6、c

7、c

8、b

9、b10、b II. 多项选择填空题(每小题2分,共10分,)

1. Each, the (共2分,一格1分)

2. have, were(共2分,一格1分)

3. seem, mine(共2分,一格1分)

4. less of, than(共2分,一格1分)

III. 填空题(每题1分,共20分)

1. whose

2. which

3. why

4. which

5. among

6.between

IV. 改错题(每小题1分,共8分)

Correct errors in the following sentences:

1. Francis Bacon wrote that reading makes a full man.

2. Go and get some fresh air! You have been sitting here all morning.

3.The whole of Paris welcomed the general.

4. I've got five brothers, and each of them is quite different from the others.

5. Neither of my parents are interested in my idea.

V. 改写句子(每题2分,共28分)

1. Thank you very much for the English-Chinese dictionary you sent my son.

2. Twenty horses that were to be trained for riding were put into the corral.

3. My boss is a very considerate person, which his predecessor was not at all.

4. No, I don't think so. He hates lawyers.

5. Excessive exposure to violence on TV is more harmful to children than expected.

VI. 名词解释(每题2分,共4分)

1. The non-finite verbs are verbs that are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord.

2. Determiners refer to words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that pre-modify the head word.

VII. 简答题(每小题2分,共10分)

1. Generally speaking, adjectives denoting inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun.

e.g. A big house refers to a house whose size is big.

2. No, they can't. They can highlight the adjectives, adverb or verb.

第二部分:教材的学习与使用

一.首先,仔细研读教材后面所附录的《高等教育自学考试英语语法自学考试大纲》,做到学习重点、考试要求了然于心。

二.由于教材涉及的术语较多,考试时所有的考题均用英文表述,学员必须熟记这些术语。

可参照书后《课程内容与考核目标》所列出的主要概念中英文对照。如:词素(morphemes),词缀法(affixation), 修饰性状语(adjunct) ,评注性状语(disjunct)等。三.对于每个概念,术语,都要做到能用简单的英语解释,最好能用书中的定义进行解释。

语法考试中就有一部分要检查考生对概念的理解及记忆。如:(1)Morpheme(p4): A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed ―morph‖which realizes the morpheme.(词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位.词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素.词素是抽象的形式成分,在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现) (2)Mass nouns(p57): Those nouns that can not take plural forms are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)

四.在理解的基础上,熟记教材上的例句。从以往的试卷分析来看,很多考题就是教材上的原句或略作变动。例如:在全国2003年4月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题第Ⅱ.

多项选择填空题(本大题共8小题,每小题2分,共16分)中,几乎所有的题目均能从书中找出:

Fill in the blanks with one of the items given below:

21. bank, bunch, congregation, pack, series(P65)

A. a _____ of musicians

B. a___ of lectures

22. board, bunch, choir, packet, party(P66)

A. a ______ of guests

B. a______ of keys

23. is, are, was, were, will be, shall be(P344)

Some money _____ carried to the spot and all the food and everything else _____ ready for the picnic.

24. seem, seems, me, I, mine(P59)

Your politics _____ to be entirely different from _____.

25. less, less of, than, as, like(P237)

Mr. Smith is _____ a politician ______ Mr. Lee.

26. more of, many of, much of, than, as, like(P236)

John is as _____ a fool _____ Bill.

27. be, is, was, are, were, will be, shall be

A. That she is still alive ______ sheer luck.

B. Neither his oral statement nor what he wrote _____ true.

28. have, has, had, will have, shall have(P346)

A. She is the only one of her family who ______ trouble making up the mind.

B. This is the only family in the community who ____ different opinions while making up the mind.

五.每一章后面设计的练习题也非常重要,学员要做到每一题都能够理解,作答正确。许多题目被用作以往的考题,将来的试卷同样会从中选择不少题目。

六.勤于动手,加强实践。该教程共分十六章,学习时可以把每一章节的重点概念摘录出来,把重点例句归纳出来,供自己复习巩固。只有这样,才能让自己掌握好各章节的精华。我们不主张大家去找别的语法练习来训练,因为采取不同的语法体系编辑的练习题有可能差距很大。教材上的例句及练习题稍作变动就可以产生无数的新语法题,足以让同学得到充分地训练。

七.善于请教,多方求索。学员对自己学习过程中弄不清楚的问题,可以与别的学员共同商讨,或请教老师。互联网也是一种很好的助学手段,但不要在那上面花太多的精力,因为那里的东西庞杂而良莠不齐。只要通过?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d44143742.html,‘或?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d44143742.html,‘,输入你想搜寻的内容的关键词, 如:‘自考语法’;‘语法考试’等,它们就会为你提供大量的网站或网页供你登陆或浏览。

八.学会归纳、总结。学习任何东西都应该多动脑筋。死记硬背得来的东西往往遗忘也很快,理解基础上熟记的东西才能长时间为主人服务。为什么“A book is on the desk..”

不对而“On the desk is a book.”正确;为什么“There is a bus over there.”是存在句,“There comes the bus”是倒装句;什么情况下?family‘之后的动词用复数,什么情况下?family‘之后的动词用单数。这些只有在理解的基础上,通过归纳总结才能真正牢记住。

第三部分:教材的重点与难点归纳

Chapter 1 The Structure

of the English Sentence

(第一章绪论)

一、难点、重点

1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.

(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)

Answer: The grammatical units that form a hierarchical order are explained and shown as follows:

Higher | A sentence consists of one or more clauses

| A clause consists of one or more phrases

| A phrase consists of one or more words

Lower | A word

From the macro-grammatical point of view, we can come to a hierarchical structure as:

Higher | A text consists of one or more sentences

| A sentence consists of one or more clauses

| A clause consists of one or more phrases

| A phrase consists of one or more words

| A word consists of one or more morphemes

Lower | A morpheme

英语句子的结构层次是:分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words),图示如下:高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)

分句(由一个或多个词组组成)

词组(由一个或多个词组成)

低级层次词

图1.1语法单位的层次(Leech等,1982:27)

如果从语义的角度来考虑,单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes);句子以上还有更大的语言单位,即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以,从超语法的角度来看,语法层次结构可以如下图所示:

高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)

句子(由一个或多个分句组成)

分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)

词组(由一个或多个词组成)

词(由一个或多个词素组成)

低级层次词素

图1.2 扩大的语法层次结构图

2. Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)

(注:此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容,然而必须注意两门课程描述

的不同点。)

什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位。

词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。词素是一种抽象形式的成分,在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现,如英语中的复数词素可以表现为/s,z,iz /。

某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体,几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。

词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义,可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词,如boy,girl,do,so等,也可以是派生词的词根,如im-polite,self-ish等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。

粘附词素 (bound morpheme)是指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义,这种词素不能单独存在和使用,只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀,如unfriendliness中的un-,-ly,-ness等。

3.Finite clauses and infinite clauses (限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面

的简答题部分)

注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别,特别是非限定性分句。

Finite Clauses

(1)名词性分句

What he said was incredible.

(2)关系分句

This is one of the best books I‘ve ever read.

(3)状语分句

If I were in your shoes, I wouldn‘t quit.

Non-finite clauses:

(1) 非限定性名词性分句:

She didn‘t know what to say.

(2)非限定性关系分句:

The man standing by the window is her brother.

(3) 非限定性状语分句:

Published ten years ago,this is still the best dictionary.

二、重要概念

1.morpheme (参见第一部分测试题)

2.parsing:Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis

and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way.

把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、

数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。

3.Define the complex sentence

The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause

that are joined together by subordinating one to another.[复杂句是用

从属连词(如if, when, though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.]

三、典型考题

I. 选择题

1. There are ( ) morphemes in “gunfighter”.

A. two

B. three

C. four

D. one

2. In “He downed his beer and punched me on the nose. ”“downed”belongs to ( ) . (P13)

A. backformation

B. clipping

C. conversion

D. blending

3. Suffixes basically change ( ) .

A. word meaning

B. word class

C. nothing

D. word formation

4. The prefix“uni-”means ( ) .

A. without

B. self

C. false

D. one

Key: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D

II. 简答题

1.In terms of which three factors are words classified?

The three factors are: the environment where words occur, their internal structure and their meaning.

2.Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.

The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates.The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects

unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms.(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或

后面已有主语。)

Chapter 2

Sentence Types

(第二章句子类型)

一、难点、重点

1.The four major types of sentences in English and their discourse

functions.

The four major types of sentences are declaratives,interrogatives,

imperatives and exclamatives.These four types are respectively associated with giving information,requiring information,requiring actions and expressing the speaker‘s impression of something.英语句子四大类型为陈述

句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句;这四种句型分别表示提供信息,寻求信息,要求动

作进行和表达说话者的情感.

2.Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in

positive statements and assertive words in questions. (解释在肯定句中

使用非肯定词和在疑问句中使用肯定句的情况。)

When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be used in

questions, such as: Would you like some more coffee? Is somebody waiting for me?

And in affirmative sentences in which there are negative import, if-clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can

be used, such as:

He is too young to take any job.

If anyone calls me at this moment, it must be Xiao Zhang.

It‘s odd that the hero should say anything like that.

He‘s better than anyone else in this company.

疑问句中如期望肯定回答,可用肯定词,在含有带否定含义的词,If-分句,should

推定分句,比较分句中也可用非肯定词.

3.Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone.(解释附加疑问句结尾升调与降调的区别。)

With a rising tone,the question expresses the speaker‘s neutral

expectation of the hearer‘s response and invites the hearer to verify the

truth of the proposition in the statement.With a falling tone,the

speaker asks for the hearer‘s confirmation of the statement.It can be regarded as similar to an exclamation.(念升调,附加疑问句的说话者对对方的回答不是很确定;念降调,说话者期望对方证实他的陈述,有点类似于感叹句。)

Examples:

Lovely weather, isn‘t it?

(Seeing the student‘s ID) You are a student, aren‘t you?

以上两句,都应该念降调。

另外,在附加疑问句中,HA VE一词也是常考的重点:

You have heard me, haven‘t you? (Auxiliary ?have‘)

Mary has to live on her own, doesn‘t she?

Tom has coffee with milk, doesn‘t he?

(In the sense of ?possess‘, ?own‘, etc.) You have a big house, don‘t / haven‘t you?

4.Commands

1)Be patient. (Command)

2)You be patient. (Emphatic effect, or to light a contrast)

3)Do be patient. (To reinforce a command)

4)Be patient, please! (To smooth away abruptness)

5)You be patient, please! (This sentence is incorrect!)

So the following sentences are also commands:

1)Someone take out the rubbish.

2)Anybody help him!

3)Everyone freeze!

二、重要概念

1.Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and

usually imply that one of them could be true.

2.How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb ?how‘. It highlights the

adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.

三、典型考题

I.选择题

1. You have to wait a moment, ______?

A. haven't you

B. do you

C. don't you

D. shouldn't you

2. "Mary wasn't in the reading - room, was she?" "_________."

A. Yes, she wasn't

B. No, she was

C. Yes, she was

D. She wasn't

Key: 1. c 2. c

II.简答题

1.What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with?

What is their shared semantic feature?(转移否定经常与哪些动词

同现?它们有什么共同的语义特征?)

The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are:

think,believe,suppose,imagine and expect.They are the verbs

that express ―opinion‖.(转移否定经常与think,believe,suppose,

imagine和expect等动词连用。这些动词都是表示“意见”的语义。)

2.What are the two major types of exclamations?(感叹句的两大类

型是什么?)

The two major types of exclamations are WHAT—exclamations and

HOW-exclamations.The former is followed by a noun phrase;the

latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.感叹句分为WHAT-

感叹句和HOW-感叹句。前一种后接名词词组,后者接形容词或副词。

III.完成下列句子

1.You‘d rather we didn‘t go there,_______

2.I don‘t think he will come,________?

3.They must have lost their way,_____?

4.Let‘s talk about it later,_____?

5.Everyone is here,________?

Key: 1.hadn‘t you 2. will he 3. mustn‘t/ didn‘t they

4. shall we

5.isn‘t here/aren‘t they

Chapter 3

Noun and Noun Phrase (1):

Noun and Number

(第三章名词和名词词组(1):名词和名词的数)

一、难点、重点

1.The functions of noun phrases: In function, a noun phrase can play

such grammatical roles as subject, object, complement, modifier and

even adverbial. 名词词组的功能,可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语(a

tea table),有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday, last week)。

2.Noun classes

名词可以以多种方法分类,如具体名词(table, water)与抽象名词

(happiness, hatred),可数名词(table, girl)与不可数名词(water,

money),有生物名词(boy, monkey)与无生物名词(table, water)等.但名词

通常按以下方式分类:

名词-----|专有名词Proper nouns

(nouns) |可数名词----------|普通名词(common nouns)

(c. nouns) |物质名词(mass nouns)

我们在可数名词和物质名词中还可以再划分具体名词和抽象名词:

名词--|专有名词

|普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)

(common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns

|物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)

|抽象名词(abstract nouns)

3.缩略词:加-’s,-s,双写或零形式复数,首字母缩略词,

加-?s或-s:

MP(议员) MP’s/MPs

POW(战犯) POW’s/POWs

VIP(要人) VIP’s/VIPs

laser lasers

缩略词加-s,双写或用零形式复数:

缩略词加-s

Dr.(医生) Drs.

hr(小时) hrs.(或hr.)

yd.(码) yds.

Yr. (年) yrs.

双写:

ex.(例子) exx.

gal.(加仑) gall.

1. (行) ll.

p.(页) pp

或用零形式复数

ft.(英尺) ft

kg.(公斤) kg.

km.(公里) km

min.(分) min.

sec.(秒) Sec

4.熟记教材(P65)单位名称表

二、重要概念

1.Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person,

place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (persons), Washington D.C., London

(places), NATO, United Nations (things)(专有名称是特指人,地方或事

物的名词)

2.Mass noun: Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as

butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名

词)

3.Unit noun: It is also called "partitive", is a very special class

of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes

of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. (单

位名词亦称―部分词‖用于说明所修饰名词的量、大小和形状等)

4.Foreign plurals:They are words borrowed from some other languages

which still take their original forms of plural,Most often,they

are from-Latin,French,Greek:alumna--alumnae,index--indices,

plateau--plateaux,analysis—analyses,etc.(外来词复数是指从外语

中借来尚保持原来复数形式的复数名词,多是拉丁语、法语和希腊语等)

三、典型考题

I.选择题

1. _________ plastics are made in this chemical plant.

A. Many kind of

B. Many kinds of

C. Many kinds

D. Many kind

2. "Jack has just moved into a new house."

"Did he have to buy ________for it?"

A. many new furniture

B. much new furnitures

C. much new furniture

D. many new furnitures

3. Michael took _______ as to what he should do.

A. his friend's advise

B. his friend's advises

C. his friend advice

D. his friend's advice

Key: 1. B 2. C 3. D

II.简答题

1.Collective noun: These are generally countable nouns, but even in

the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such

as family, class, team, government, committee, etc. (集体名词一般

是可数名词,但就是单数,也指人, 动物或事物的群体)

2.singular invariables: They are proper nouns like country names,

personal names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences,

subjects, diseases, and games. For example: the United States,

the United Nations,Black,Jones,classics,physics,bronchitis,

bowls,et。.(单数名词指的是某些国家名称,人名和表示学科、疾病和运

动项目等形式上有以—s结尾的名词,一般用作单数)

3.plural invariables:They are 1)names of tools and articles of dress

consisting of two equal parts:binoculars,compasses,jeans,shorts,

etc.2)some collective nouns:cattle,people,police,

etc.3)geographical names of mountain ranges,waterfalls,groups of

islands:the Rockies,the Balkans,Niagara Falls,etc.4)other nouns

ending in-s:archives,arms,etc.(复数名词指由两部分构成的工具或

服饰;某些集体名词;山脉、瀑布、群岛等地理名词以及其他以-s结尾的

名词,用作复数)

III.其他题型

Supply the appropriate unit noun from the list below:

company collection troop herd bundle drop piece

ray swarm can school pack fleet crew

1. a ______ of ships

2. a ______ of lies

3. a ______ of firewood

4. a ______ of whales

5. a ______ of sailors

6. a _____ of bees

7. a ______ of tourists 8. a _____ of crude oil

9. a ______ of cattle 10. a _____ of music

11. a _____ of monkeys 12. a _____ of coins

13. a _____ of blood 14. a _____ of sunshine

Key:

1. fleet

2. pack

3. bundle

4. school

5. crew

6. swarm

7. company

8. can

9. herd 10. piece 11. troop 12. collection

13. drop 14. ray

Chapter 4

Noun and Noun Phrase(2):

Determiner and Genitive

(第四章名词和名词词组(2):限定词和属格)

一、难点、重点

1. The constraints that the double genitive is subject to:

The second noun in the double genitive almost always refers to persons,

never to objects,and the first noun usually has indefinite reference (typically premodified by the indefinite article) and the second noun is always definite.(双重属格的第二个名词指人,不指物,第一个名词不确指,通常用不定冠词,第二个名词必须确指)

a window of the house‘s / a page of the newspaper‘s

the friend of that reporter‘s /the friend of a teacher‘s

[以上表达均有错误!]

2.Group genitive集体属格

集体属格是指把’s加在后位修饰词组或并列名词词组后面的属格,如: someone else‘s car,an hour and a half‘s test(一个半小时的测试),a week or so‘s break(一个星期左右的休息)。

但集体属格不用于含有后位修饰分句(限定分句和非限定分句)的名词词组中:

* the lady living next door‘s hat

* the children killed in the war‘s pictures

3. Genitive :

Generally, of-phrase is not used with first names, but would be acceptable with full names:

* The bike of Tom

The car of George Bush

4. Determiners

The pre-determiners or central determiners are mutually exclusive:

* all half the employees (two pre-determiners)

* all the his employees (two central determiners)

5. The difference between ‘all’ and ‘whole’ when they modify a proper name:

All Beijing was excited at the news of winning the bid.

The whole of Beijing was excited at the news.

* Whole Beijing was excited at the news.

* The whole Beijing was excited at the news.

* The all Beijing was excited at the news.

二、重要概念

1. Determiners(什么是限定词)?

Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase

and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the headword.(限定词是指用于各词词组的前位修饰语的词,限定词放在修饰中心词的

形容词前面)

2.Genitives

Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.

Example: John‘s car; a moment‘s digression; the resistance of Iraq

三、典型考题

I. 选择题

1.Jack is ____________________.

a. a friend of a doctor‘s

b. the friend of a doctor‘s

c. the friend of the doctor‘s

d. a friend of the doctor‘s

2.This is ________________________.

a. the passport of John

b. the passport of John‘s

c. the passport of John Smith

d. the John passport

Key: 1. d 3. c

II. 简答题

1. What are generic reference and specific reference(什么是类指和特指)?

Generic reference and specific reference are the two uses of articles.Genetic reference indicates the whole species or kind,while specific reference,specific one or thing.[类指和特指是冠词的两个用法。

类指指事物(或人)的整个种类,而物特指则是某一具体的事物(或人)]

2. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice

versa?(在什么情况下用属格不用of-词组,什么情况下用of-词组,不用属格?) When nouns refer to people,and the relation between the nouns is one of

definition,classification,etc,genitives are preferred,when nouns

refer to inanimate,lifeless objects,and the head words of noun phrases

are classifying adjectives, of—phrases are preferred.(当名词指人,或名词之间属于定义或归类关系时,用属格;而当名词指无生物,或中心词是the+形

容词时,用of-词组)

examples:

men‘s clothes / the teacher‘s book

the color of the car / the struggle of the exploited

Chapter 5

Verb and Verb Phrase(1):

Tense,Aspect and Future

(第五章动词和动词词组(1):时、体和将来时间)

一、难点、重点

1. Why does this book adopt the system of two tenses and two aspects?

The reason is threefold. First of all, the traditional system identifies tense forms on the basis of reference to time distinctions, in which case

tense is basically equivalent to time. Secondly, tense and aspect are

independent grammatical categories, the former being inflectional and the

latter analytical. And thirdly, from the pedagogical point of view, the

new system contributes to English learning by simplifying grammatical

categories.

本书采用两时两体体系,理由有三。

第一,传统语法是以时间为参照划分英语时态的,而在处理像The train leaves

at eight tomorrow morning和 They would have heard the news last night

等句子时遇到麻烦,因为在语言中形式与意义是不常等同或对应的。我们将英语

的时分为两时——现在时和过去时,是基于对英语形态的考虑。像汉语这样没有

词汇屈折变化的语言根本就没有时。

第二,时(tense,)和体(aspect)是两个彼此独立的语法范畴。前者基于词汇

的屈折变化,而后者基于结构分析。由于时与体经常合用,所以导致时体不分,

时指动作发生的时间而体标记动作发生的状态或方式。

第三,从教学角度上看,新的时体体系简单易学,还可以让学生懂得一种意义可

以用不同的形式表示,一种形式也可表示不同的意义。

2. Why do most contemporary English grammarians adopt a two-tense

system?(当代英语语法家为什么采用两时体系?)

Because tense is a verb form.Morphologically,only present tense and

past tense have their forms of verbs.A language (such as Chinese)which

has not verb forms has no tense.(因为时态是动词的形式。从形态上讲,

英语只有现在时和过去时,动词才有变化形式,所以英语是两时体系。一门

语言(如汉语)如没有动词的变化形式就没有时态。)

3. Why is the past tense often used for politeness?(过去时为什么常用

来表示客气的语气?)

Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a

suggestion less direct.It is more polite to use the past tense on the part of the speaker.(因为过去时使疑问句、陈述句或建议不直接提

出,显得委婉,所以说话者觉得它比现在时更利于表达客气的语气。)

4. Non-progressive verbs: verbs that cannot occur in the progressive

aspect.非进行体动词不用于进行体中

非进行体动词也可再分为关系动词(如be,have,own,equal,weigh,等),感知

动词(如see,smell,taste,等)和态度动词(如think,wonder,guess, like等)

e.g. *I am liking the car.

*He isn‘t thinking that is right.

However, they can take the progressive form in the circumstances where they suggest temporariness, gradual increase of decrease, etc.但在表达动作

的短暂性、逐渐增加或减少时也使用进行体形式:

e.g. You are being impolite.

Mary is resembling her mother increasingly as she grows older.

The milk is tasting worse.

5. Since-分句一般不用于否定句:

We haven‘t seen each other since 1989.

* It‘s ten years since I didn‘t see him.

* He‘s had several jobs since he wasn‘t a student.

6. 现在进行体表示将来时间指的是人的行为和努力,别的情况不能用现在进行体: * It‘s raining tomorrow.

* The trees are losing their leaves soon.

二、重要概念

1.Tense: Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that

indicates the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs.

时态指示时间如过去、现在动词的各种曲折变化形式的任何一种

2.Aspect: aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or

experienced with respect to time.(反映动词的动作在时间上被识别和经历

的方式。)

三、典型考题

I. 选择题

1.Five and five ________________ ten.

a. make

b. made

c. will make

d. is make

2.The weather ________ very cold as soon as the night fell in that

mountainous area.

a. was to be

b. was going to be

c. was

d. was getting

Key: 1. a 2. b

II. 简答题

1. Explain the relationship between tense and time. (时态与时间有何区别?)

Time and tense are not the same thing;time is concept and tense is a

grammatical device.Different tenses can express the same period of

time,such as the present.(时间与时态不是一回事;时间是一种概念而时态

是一种语法手法。同一个时段(如现在)可以由多个不同的时态表示。)

2. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to? (如果时与时间

有关,体又与什么有关?)

When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs,aspect“reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.”时与一个事件或状态的具体时间有关,

而体则“指与时间有关的动作发生的方式”。

III. 其他题型

Correct the following sentences:

1. Have you had a good time last week?

2. The children ran out to play after they finish their homework.

3. It rains tomorrow.

4. He can't go on holiday because he broke his leg.

5. When Father came back, we have already gone to bed.

Key:

1. Did you have a good time last week?

2. The children ran out to play after they (had) finished their homework.

3. It will/is going to rain tomorrow.

4. He can't go on holiday because he has broken his leg.

5. When Father came back, we had already gone to bed.

Chapter 6

Verb and Verb Phrase (2):

Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood

(第六章动词和动词词组(2):被动态和虚拟式)

一、难点、重点

1.Get-passive and be-passive

Get-passive is far less popular than be-passive. The reasons are:

first, get-passive is generally avoided in forma syle, and even in

informal English it is far less frequent than be-passive. Second,

semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event,

rather than a state; to denote the consequence rather that the rocess,

of an event; and to lay emphasis on what happens(usu. Unfavorably)

to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually

causes the event.

get-型被动态的使用不如be-型被动态广泛,在正式语体中,通常避免使用

get-型被动态,即使在非正式语体中,get-型被动态也不如be-型被动态使

用率高。从语义上看,get-型被动态常用于表示突然发生、未曾料到的事

件(或事故),而非一种状态;它强调动作所产生的结果,而非动作本身;

它强调动作对主语的影响(通常是不利的),而非动作的执行者。

e.g. The children got punished.

*Can the kite get seen now?

*The play got written by Cao Yu.

2.The difference between regular passive and the pseudo-passive:

A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning.

Its ed-participle is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject

complement. As an adjective, it can occur in a comparative

construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than

by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.

真假被动态的一些主要区别:假被动态是被动的形式,主动的意义,其中的

-ed分词已经形容词化,在“主语一动词一补语”(SVC)结构中作主语补语(即

表语)。作为形容词,—ed分词可有比较等级形式。除了-by词组,-ed分

词可与许多别的介词搭配使用;除了be和get,—ed还可与别的连系动词

连用:become,feel,look,seem,remain。

e.g. She became more annoyed at his negligence at work now.

3.动词+介词

这一结构通常叫做介词动词(prepositional verb)

然而“动词+介词”结构在形式上易与“动词+介词词组”相混淆:

They finally arrived at the station.

… the conclusion.

The police carefully went into the tunnel.

… the case.

不可转换成:*The station was finally arrived at.

但可以说The conclusion was finally arrived at.

不可转换成:*The tunnel was carefully gone into by the police.

但可以说:The case was carefully gone into (by the police).

二、重要概念

1.Voice: A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb.

(态)是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式,英语动词有两种态:主动态和被动态。例如:People almost all over the world speak English.(主动态);

English is spoken almost all over the world.(被动态)。(see 6.1)

2.Mood: A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperative mood to express a command.

语气用来强调说话人对表达的行为或条件的真实性或可能性所持有态度的一系列动词形态或变化形式。在英语中陈述语气(式)用于描绘真实的陈述,虚拟语气(式)则用于强调怀疑或不可能,而祈使语气(式)则用来表达一个命令.

解释语法区别预测和non

1.解释语法区别预测和non-predictive情态助动词的使用示例。语法区别预测和non-predictive使用情态助动词是明确以下两个句子:1)他昨天不能去过。2)他昨天根本不存在。两句话揭示两个截然不同的情态助动词的使用。第一句话,预测不能与不可能和主要动词被标记为过去的时间基准,是指演讲者”年代现在否认过去事件的可能性。第二,情态助动词本身non-predictive使用,指的是标记为过去时态,过去缺乏能力。 2.关系代词的功能是什么?关系代词充当“链接”关系从句与先行词之间。它执行两个功能:显示康科德的先行词和表示其功能在相对的老人 3.如果时态与时间,相关的方面是什么?当紧张的指向一个事件的时间位置或状态,方面“反映了动词的方式行动被认为或经验丰富的关于时间”。 4.4。除了查询语句的真理,其他潜在的功能没有问题可以执行什么?他们可能被视为演讲者的邀请或建议,试探性的方式,因为他们往往制造,而不是消极的假设。他们就像规则。例如:不会让你进来吗?你不会坐下来吗?也可以像感叹词:还不可爱吗?是“你傻吗? 5.5。先行词的类型列表。先行词分为名义前期和non-nominal先行词。名义先行词分为不同的子类:他们可能是普通名词和专有名词,代词或指示代词。Non-nominal先行词可以分为三种类型:从句,表语形容词,动词词组。 6.6。提供的例子来说明result-adjuncts和purpose-adjuncts,被这样介绍。他工作努力,他成功地通过考试。(结果)他更加努力工作,以便能通过考试。(目的) 7.7。提供的例子来说明这三个程度的比较。我的哥哥和我一样高。(积极程度)我弟弟比我爸爸高。(比较级)我弟弟在家庭中是最高的。(最高级)

(完整版)英语语法专业术语

英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses

动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form

现代汉语语法特点

现代汉语语法特点 本节课的内容(参考P232,P7) ?分析现代汉语语法的主要特点 ?重点:用具体的语言事实理解现代汉语语法的特点。 ?思考题(1-3) ? 1.对比下面的材料,理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?(1)a child;two children ?一个小孩;两个小孩 ?(2)She is always ready to help us. 他随时都在准备帮助我们。 ?We are always ready to help her. 我们随时都在准备帮助他。 ?理解:语法方面的差异是什么? ? 2.对比下面的材料,理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?(1)He criticized my taking risks. 他批评了我的冒险活动。 ?(2)His criticism doesn't worry me. ?他的批评不会使我不安。 (3)I don't like to read his literary criticism. 我不喜欢读他的文学批评。 ?理解:语法方面的差异是什么? ?小结:“汉英语语法方面的差异” ?(1)汉语有个体量词,而英语没有。 ?(2)英语这一类的印欧语言有丰富的形态变化,而汉语没有。英语用不同的形态来表示相应的语法意义,比如英语的名词有数的变化(a book:two books),代词有主格宾格的变化(I:me;he:him;she:her),动词有时、体、态的变化(study,studies,studying,studied),等等。 ?思考题 ? 3.观察下面这段文字,体会句子的差异是由什么造成的。 ?辣妹子从小辣不怕辣妹子长大不怕辣辣妹子嫁人怕不辣 辣妹子从来辣不怕辣妹子生性不怕辣辣妹子出门怕不辣 体会意义:不怕辣辣不怕怕不辣 ?类似的例子不怕难难不怕怕不难 做人难难做人人难做 想吃饭想饭吃饭想吃 ?小结:“汉语语法方面的特点” ?语序可以表达不同的意义,可以造成不同的结构。语序在汉语中的地位十分重要。 ?分析方法现代汉语汉语语法特点只有在对比中发现,比如和印欧语对比。主要有5个方面的特点。 ?现代汉语语法的特点 ?(一)汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 ?(二)语序和虚词是汉语主要的语法手段 ?(三)汉语中词类与句法成分之间不是简单的对应关系 ?(四)汉语中词、短语和句子的结构方式基本一致 ?(五)汉语里有丰富的量词和语气词

超强总结日语语法与中文语法区别

超强总结——日语语法与中文语法区别 学习日语时,相信很多小伙伴和小编一样,容易出现中文式表达的现象,想要说出一句话时,第一反应就是中文怎么说,然后把它直译成日语,遇到这种情况,ほんとに嫌です!因此今天,小编向大家简单介绍一下日语语法与中文语法的区别,希望能对大家日后的日语学习有所帮助! ?日语属于黏着语系,也就是它的词性以及时态等的变化是 在原词后加上其他的成分构成的,中文却不是这样,所以区别还是蛮大的。?汉语和日语的一些简单的语法区别:1.语序:日语句子的表达顺序是“主语-宾语-动词(SOV)”。例:“私は王さんを爱しています。”汉语则是“主语-动词-宾语(SVO)”。例:“我爱小王。”2.时态:日语时态分为“过去式”和“非过去时”,并且日语的动词·形容词根据时态区分明确。比如说要 是“今天”的话,会说“今日は勉强します。”“今日は寒いです。”,要是“昨天”的话,会说“昨日勉强しました。”“昨日は寒かっ たです。”,语句使用过去时。而在汉语中,如果是形容词的话,不管是不是过去时,都不加表示“结束”的助词“了”。如果加上的话,就会变成别的用法,即表示状态的变化。比如,“今天很冷”在日语中是“今日は寒いです。”之意,而“今天冷了”则为“今日は寒くなりました”之意。3.介词:汉语中有相当于英语前置词这样的词类,叫做介词。在句子中的作用类

似于日语中的助词,不过和日语不同,它是放在名词前面。比如“私は食堂で友达とご饭を食べます。”,汉语表述为:“我在食堂和朋友吃饭。”4.补语:汉语中有种词类叫做补语,作用是跟在动词以及形容词后面对其进行补充说明。补语中有不少形似的结构,想要将其逐字逐句翻译成日语的话很多时候会变得牵强,所以学习起来会有困难。比如,日语中“食べられない”这样一句话就能通用的,在汉语中要进行区分描述。 5.无主语句子:汉语中存在没有主语的句子。“教室に学生がいます。”用中文可以这样说:“(在)教室里有学生。”这句话即使逐字逐句对应看,也容易理解其意思。但是,“没有人告诉我今天有考试。”要是根据上面的译法翻译出来,便成了意思不清的句子:“人がいません。今日试験があると言いました。”。包含“有”这个字的句子有着特殊的语法构造。事实上该句可以译为“今日试験があることをだれも教えてくれ なかった。”。今天小编简单向大家介绍了一下日语语法与中文语法的区别,希望能够帮到大家学习,尽量避免“中文式表达”的出现,喜欢的小伙伴记得点赞或者关注一下哟~ありがとうございました! ?

常用英语语法-日常

一、引出开头 1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …(就我所知…) 2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注) 3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题) 4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……) 6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……) 8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...) 二、表达不同观点 1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解) 3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异) 4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同) 三、表示结尾 1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……) 2:From what has been mentioned above, w e can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……) 3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……) 4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……) 5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点) 6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题) 四、提出建议 1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视) 3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……) 4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……) 5:Spare no effort to+V(不遗余力的) 五、预示后果

现代汉语语法的主要特点

现代汉语语法的主要特点 (一)、语序和虚词为汉语最主要的语法形式汉语的词形没有很丰富的形态变化,无论是作主语还是谓语、宾语,都无词形变化。而英语却是有丰富词形变化的语言,名词有单复数形式,动词有时态变化,等等。更多时候汉语是以语序和虚词来表达英语中靠词形变化而表达的语法意义。例:这件事他知道了。(英语:has known)我告诉他了。(英语:I) 他告诉我了。(英语:me) 在汉语里,同样的词语组合时,因为语序的不同可表达不同的语法关系,比如“发展缓慢”是主谓关系,“缓慢发展”是偏正关系;“态度端正”是主谓关系,“端正态度”是动宾关系。此外,用不用虚词或者用什么样的虚词,都可以使表达的意思不同,如“经济繁荣”是主谓关系,“经济的繁荣”则是偏正关系;再比如“老师的朋友”是偏正关系,“老师和朋友”则是联合关系。(二)、汉语词、短语和句子的结构原则具有一致性例:年轻意气风发天气不太好。理财选择逃避请讲普通话。以上两组例子,从词的构成到短语构成再到句子构成,都具有一致性,第一组结构关系皆为主谓关系,第二组皆为动宾关系。这种词、短语和句子的结构一致性原则是汉语里的一个特点,因为汉语的双音节词大多是以词根复合法为主构成的复合式合成词。这一特点为我们学习掌握汉语词语和句子的结构类型带来一定方便,但也为词和短语的区分带来一定困难,有时候一些相同相近的结构可能属于不同的语法单位。如“新房-新车、黑板-黑墙、马路-近路”,这三组词语中的前一个单位“新房、黑板、马路”是词,后一个单位“新车、黑墙、近路”是短语。(三)、汉语实词和句法成分之间无严格的对应性以英语为代表的印欧语言里,不同词类的词对应不同的句子成分,这种对应关系比较整齐,如名词作主语、宾语,动词做谓语,形容词作定语,副词做状语等等。汉语则不是,在汉语中一种词可以充当多种句子成分,反过来说,一种句子成分可以由多种词类的词充当。例:①这是好事情。②质量特别好。③她的身体恢复得很好。例①中“好”是作定语;例②中“好”是作谓语;例③中“好”是作补语。在三个例句中“好”始终是形容词。而英语的大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词,用在壮语中,ly是副词词缀。(四)、汉语具有丰富的量词和语气词1、量词是表示人、事物或动作的数量单位的词。如“一个人、两只猫、一把茶壶”表示人或事物的数量单位,叫名量词,包括表计量的度量衡单位。表示动作的数量单位叫动量词,包括时量单位。量词的来源很复杂,不同类型的量词产生与发展的历史是不相同的。总体上说,汉语的量词极为丰富,不同的名词要配以特定的量词才能与数词组合。如:条——鱼、蛇、围巾、绳子根——针、钢管、棍子、油条、绳子、线2、语气词。相比其他语言,汉语的语气词也很丰富,而且汉语语气词的出现频率比较高,可以表达各种语气和口气,并能表现出其细微的差异。如陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹不同的句类都相对固定的语气词。有的语气词可以表达多种语气,而一种语气也可以由多个语气词表达。口语中语气词和语调配合使用,可使句子语气更为显赫;书面语中,语气词和标点符号配合使用,也会收到很好的效果。因此语气词在汉语语法和表达中占有重要的地位。普通话里最基本的语气词:的、了、呢、吧、吗、啊。其他有的是因为语气词连用而产生连读合音的结果,例如“啦”是“了啊”的合音,“呀、哇、哪”等是“啊”的音变形式;有些是不太常用的。例:他们会来的。孩子们打算去哪儿呢?这不是我的书吗?

英语语法与作文

历年中考英语常考英语语法250例(一) 2012-02-17 14:17:43 [来源]:互联网[作者]:佚名 大中小 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比较级 and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初;……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原)能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高

现代汉语与英语语法的区别

现代汉语与英语语法的区别 现在大家都在学习外语,一般都是学习英语。汉语语法和英语语法的区别相当大,学习汉语语法的时候,千万不要用英语语法来套汉语语法。 凡是事物都有一致的地方。汉语语法和英语语法都是事物,当然也有一致性。比如说,汉语有名词、动词、形容词,人家英语也有。你会说"学生们热爱伟大的祖国",人家就会说"pupils love great motherland",一句话里面三种词都出现了。汉语里头有主语、谓语、宾语这些玩意儿,英语里头也有。上面那句话,"学生们"是主语,英语的主语是pupils;汉语的谓语是"热爱",英语的谓语也是love;汉语的宾语是"祖国",英语的宾语也是motheland;汉语的定语是"伟大",英语的定语也是great。你看,都一样,用英语语法来分析汉语难道不可以吗? 碰到两种语言一致的地方,当然凑合。为什么不说是"可以"而说"凑合"呢?因为严格说来,是不可以的。人家的主语、谓语等等,同汉语的主语、谓语等等都不完全一样。就拿前边提到过的he works来说吧,人家的主语he同谓语works在人称、数方面必须一致,汉语有这些名堂吗?没有。汉语的主语同英语的主语不是一码事,汉语的谓语跟英语的谓语也很不相同,所以严格说来,碰到了一致的地方,是不可以用一种语言的语法知识去分析另一种语言的语法结构的。说"凑合",是因为大体一致,把那些不同的地方扔掉不管,用这种语言的语法去说明那种语言的语法,也只能说是凑合着用吧。 而碰到两种语言不一致的地方,那就决不能用这种语言的语法去套那种语言的语法,连凑合都不可能。大家平时在课堂里学习,英语语法讲得多,汉语语法讲得少,同学们对英语语法知识更为熟悉,对汉语语法知识反倒生疏。一用语法知识去分析问题,就很容易用英语语法知识去分析汉语的句子。比如英语里有a pioneer 's red scarf(一个少先队员的红领巾),人家的a是冠词,汉语里有冠词吗?没有,谁要是把汉语的"一个"说成是冠词,岂不让人笑掉大牙?英语里没有量词,谁要是把a cup of water(一杯水)的cup,把a piece of news (一条消息)的piece说成是量词,老外们也决不会认帐,那个a就说明它们是名词。这说明,用这种语言的语法知识去分析另一种语言的语法,是要碰钉子的。所以学习汉语语法,一定要注意同英语语法的区别。 第一,在词类方面不一样。 汉语的名词里头有方位词,如"里、内、外、上、下、前、后、左、右、中"等,其中的几个在英语里溶入了介词,如in、on、behind,有的成了形容词,如inner、outer、outside、middle。因此,见到了汉语的方位词,就不能说它们是介词或形容词。 汉语的许多动词后面能够加"着、了、过",于是有的同学便认为"着"是现在时,"了、过"表示过去时,这就是照套的结果。汉语的"着、了、过"可不是表示"时态"的,因为用了"着、了、过",既可以表示现在、过去的事情,也可以表示将来的事情。"他昨天吃着饭还看书呢",如果说这"着"是"过去时","他明天看着电影还会想到我的",如果说这个"着"又是"将来时",那汉语里还有什么时态呢?"他明天吃了饭到我家来""他后天吃过饭到我家来",这"了、过"是"过去时"吗?显然不是。 人家的形容词也跟咱们的不一样。political study(政治学习)、American films(美国电影)、brown overcoat(棕色大衣),"政治、美国、棕色"在人家那里是形容词,咱们可不能把汉语的"政治、美国、棕色"当作形容词看待,它们在汉语里都是名词。一些同学老是把"中国人民"的"中国",把"经济形势"的"经济"当作形容词,就是这么造成的。 汉语里的许多形容词可以做状语,如"勤奋学习""认真工作""严厉批评"的"勤奋、认真、严厉"都是做状语的形容词。英语的形容词绝对同状语无缘。例如hard study(勤奋学习)、work seriouly(认真工作)、criticise severely(严厉批评),人家的"hard、seriouly、

英语语法术语

常见的语法术语摘要 1.名词noun 动词verb 形容词adjective 数词numeral 代词 pronoun 2.介词preposition 副词adverb 连词conjunction 冠词article 感叹词 interjection 3.结构:structure 简单句simple sentences 并列句compound sentences 4.复合句complex sentences 倒装句inverted sentences 省略句elliptical sentences 5.陈述句declarative sentences 疑问句interrogative sentences 6.祈使句imperative sentences 感叹句exclamatory sentences 7.否定句negative sentences 被动句passive sentences 8.虚拟语气句subjunctive sentences 同义句synonymous sentences 9.歧义句ambiguous sentences 委婉句euphemisms 强调句emphasis 10.疑难句difficult sentences 叙述句narrative sentences 说明句expository sentences 11.议论句argumentative sentences 人物描写句descriptive sentences of people 12.动作描写句:descriptive sentences of actions 13.环境描写句descriptive sentences of environment 14.名人语句quotations 格言句maxims 谚语句proverbs 15.状语adverbial 补语complement 宾语object 宾语补助语objective complement 16.表语predicative 主语subject 谓语predicate 谓语动词finite verb 17.非谓语动词non-finite verb 情态动词modal verb 18.并列coordination 选择alternative 转折transition 对比contrast 19.原因cause 结果effect 20.动词时态verb tenses 21.一般现在时simple present (tense) 22.一般过去时simple past (tense) 一般将来时simple future (tense) 23.过去将来时future (tense) in the past 现在完成时present perfect (tense) 24.过去完成时past perfect (tense) 将来完成时future perfect (tense) 25.现在进行时present continuous (tense) 过去进行时past continuous (tense) 26.将来进行时future continuous (tense) 27.现在完成进行时present perfect continuous (tense) 28.主句main clause 从句subordinate clause 29.限定性定语从句restrictive attributive clause 30.非限定性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 31.宾语从句object clause 壮语从句adverbial clause 主语从句subject clause 32.表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause 33.双重复合句double complex sentences 34.多重复合句multiple complex sentences 35.插入语parenthesis 36.IT引导的句子IT sentences

语法讲义.docx

《语法讲义》读后感 本学期在老师的推荐下,我读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》。在读这本书的时候,总是会忍不住想做笔记梳理知识点,作为一个中文系的学生来讲,这可能是由于在大一时期长期处于被《现代汉语》支配的恐惧所造成的。朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界最有权威的一部语法学著作,读这本书时,大部分是熟悉的内容,尽管熟悉,但是以前这些语法知识,我头脑中是混乱不成体系的,因为我一直对语法方面不太敏感。读这本著作时,每读一部分,就会梳理清楚一些。读完之后,虽然忘记的也很多,但是我还是觉得收获不小。本篇读后感我想从这些内容的归纳,收获以及启示、还有存疑的地方这三点来完成。 一、语法讲义的主要内容 《语法讲义》这本著作分为了十八章来讲,分别就语法单位、词的构造、词类、句型等内容做了多方面,具体的阐释。下面主要是对一些主要章节具体内容的归纳阐释。 第一章为语法单位,从语素、词、词组、句子等最基本的语法内容讲起。在这一章里我了解到了语素作为语法系统里的基本符号,有单音节语素、多音节语素;自由语素、粘着语素;定位语素、不定位语素、成词语素、不成词语素等不同方向上的分类。词是比语素高一级的单位,它可以分为单纯词和合成词。在区分是不是词的时候,朱德熙先生归纳了目前存在的三种方法,我们可以根据能不能单独成句、语言成分活动能力的强弱、扩展法等三种方法来判定是不是词,朱德熙先生指出,这三种方法其实是有着各自不同的缺陷的,比如在划分“铁路”、“白菜”、“理发”等词语时,都不能根据其中单一的标准来划分,否则就会出现歧义。所以我们在划分一个词的时候,需要综合运用多种分类方法,具体问题具体分析。在本章中,朱德熙先生还讲到了词组,并具体阐释了词组的几大类型:偏正结构、述宾结构、述补结构、主谓结构、连谓结构。并通过举例“我们班有许多外国留学生”来介绍了层次分析的具体应用以及二分法。在本章中,朱德熙先生还指出任何句法结构都可以从两个不同的方面来观察,一个看句子的内部结构,一个看语法功能。本章的第四节是句子。本节中介绍了句子的分类,从结构上分为单句和复句两大类,单句又可分为主谓句和非主谓句。从句子的功能上看,又可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、称呼句、感叹句五类,朱德熙先生指出,形式与功能之间的关系是错综的,因此这五类句子有交叉的情形。 第二章的主要内容为词的构造,主要讲了几种词的构造的主要类型。如重叠式、附加式、前缀、后缀、复合式等类型的词的构成方式,并细化了其中的一些分类,比如重叠式副词中的基式,附加式中区分一些附加式词语与复合词的辨析,后缀中的副词后缀、状态形容词后缀、“的”与“得”的区别等。并对一些复杂的合成词,以及特殊的复合词中的紧缩式与减缩式进行了区分。并对并立式复合词进行了具体阐释。 第三章从大的层面上讲述了词类的知识。本章首先介绍了划分词类的几大依据:词的意义、语法功能、形态变化三大方面划分,但朱德熙先生指出,实际上根据词的意义来划分词类的方法是行不通的,虽然词的语法功能和意义之间有着密切联系,但是我们在划分词类的时候,只能根据词的语法功能来划分。在印欧语系中,比较适合运用词的形态变化来划分词类,而汉语由于缺乏形态变化,只能通过词的语法功能来进行分类。除此之外,本章还讲到了词的共性与个性,词的兼类等内容。朱德熙先生还指出,汉语的词分为实词与虚词两大类,并具体阐

从语法上比较粤语和普通话的区别

从语法上比较粤语和普通话的区别 Ⅰ 语法上话与普通话亦有差别,往往把状语修饰成分置于动词之后。 1、副词后置。例如:你先看——你睇先:我先走——我行先;我比你多——我多过你,等等。还有双宾语的词序往往相反,例如:给你笔——畀笔你。 2、二动词‘来’、‘去’,粤语是把来、去名词之前,如:星仔听日去。而普通话会说成,星仔明天到去。 3、语序比较,比如,粤语会说,你高过a,但是普通话会说,你比a高。 词序上的分别: 词序就是指词的先后次序。这里的词序并不是指在词汇中,语素出现的先后次序,而是指在句式中,词类出现的先后次序。在普通话与话之间经常出现在词序上的差异,我们可以把这些分别归纳成以下几大类: 1. 副词的位置不同: 普通话与话在这个词序上的分别十分明显;在普通话里,副词一定会放在动词前面作为状语,没有例外;然而,在话里面,有很多副词是能放在动词后面,例如: 话普通话 动 + 副副(状) + 动 对唔住,我行先对不起,我先走 俾多o的啦,咁少o既?多给点吧,怎么这么少哇? 讲少o的啦,讲多错多。少说点吧,说得多错得多。 等埋佢o地,行慢o的啦。等等他们,慢点走吧。 你出去先,我要锁门你先出去,我要锁门 2. 形容词的位置不同 在普通话中,形容词往往是用在名词反作为谓语,然而在话中有某些形容词,如:多、少、大、齐等等,经常效在阿词的前面,作为定语,例如: 话普通话

形(定) + 名名 + 形(谓) 多人唔紧要。人多不要紧。 好生意啦。生意好啦。 黄先生几好人。黄先生人挺好。 大风得滞!风太大了! 今日真系齐人。今天人真齐。 3. 双宾语的位置不同 宾语是动词的一种连带成份,有时一个动词可以带起两个宾语,如:「他借我两本杂志。」中的「我」跟「杂志」,这就是双宾语了。普通话与话在双宾语的先后次序上刚好相反;在普通话里,指人的宾语在前,指物的宾语在后,构成一名(人宾语)一名(物宾语),而在话则刚好相反,指物的宾语在前,指人的宾语在后,构成一名(物宾语)一名(人宾语)。简单来说双宾语在普通话是以「先人后物」形式存在,而在话则是以「先物后人」形式存在。 话普通话 主 + 动 + 物宾语 + 人宾语主 + 动 + 人宾语 + 物宾语 俾一本书我。给我一本书。 佢俾钱我。他给我钱。 佢借两本杂志我。他借给我两本杂志。 你打个俾小华啦。你给小华打个吧。 你写封信俾佢啦。你给他写封信吧。 4. 动补结构的否定式上,否定词位置的不同 在普通话中的动补结构的否定式,否定词「不」往往是在动词之后,而在话中,否定词「唔」往往是在动词之前,例如: 话普通话 否定词 + 动词动词 + 否定词 o的字我唔睇得清楚。那些字我看不清楚。 嘈得滞,我唔训得着。太吵了,我睡不着。 我o地唔比得过佢o地我们比不过他们。

英语语法1术语汇总

BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟式object complement 宾语补语 noun phrase of amount or quantity 表示数量概念的名词词组 infinitive 不定式full sentence完全句headword中心词dynamic verb 动态动词cleft sentence 分裂句main clause主句nominative absolute construction 独立主格结构direct object 直接宾语present perfective progressive现在完成进行体subject complement主语补语predicate verb 谓语动词determiner限定词ordinal numeral序数词verbless clause 无动词分句finite verb phrase限定动词词组 possessive pronoun 物主代词gender性main verb 主动词 antecedent先行项subjunctive mood 虚拟式 irregular verb 不规则动词root 词根demonstrative pronoun指示代词semi-auxiliary 半助动词compound complex sentence 并列复杂句passive voice 被动态coordinate construction 并列结构comparative clause 比较分句indefinite pronoun 不定代词 intransitive verb不及物动词vocabulary词汇bound morpheme粘附词素uncountable noun不可数名词morpheme词素central determiner中位限定词indicative mood 陈述式affix 词缀proper noun专有名词 abstract noun 抽象名词phrasal verb 词组动词 notional concord 意义一致原则auxiliary助动词active voice主动态 open class 开放词类linking verb 连系动词 historical present 历史性现在时conjunction 连词 unit noun 单位名词reflexive pronoun 反身代词 second person 第二人称unemphatic use非强调性用法 definite article 定冠词basic clause type分句基本类型 fractional numeral分数词closed class封闭词类 generic reference 类指derivative noun 派生名词 old English古英语complex sentence复杂句 relative clause 关系分句adverb phrase 副词词组 function word 功能词compound word复合词 countable noun 可数名词genitive noun 名词属格 article 冠词notional subject实义主语interjection 感叹词regular plural 规则复数transitive verb 及物动词 past perfective progressive 过去完成进行体mood 语气 implied conditional 含蓄条件句suffix后缀feminine gender阴性collective noun集体名词post-determiner后位限定词 indirect object 间接宾语principle of proximity就近原则 primary auxiliary 基本助动词sentence 句子 concord一致voice 语态common gender通性 question 疑问句base form原形SVOC主—动—宾—补结构imperative mood 祈使式predeterminer前位限定词 inflectional affix 屈折词缀number数voice态 personal pronoun 人称代词double genitive 双重属格 tense 时mood式ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词

语法

1,Leave/fly/come/go /move这些表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表将来时。注意与be going to+v-原区分 2,mind doing sth介意做某事 3,spend (time)doing sth花时间做某事。 4,Have great fun doing sth高兴做某事 5,enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事 6,地点副词前面不用介词(there/here/home) 7,say sorry to sb for sth为某事向某人道歉 8,keep sb doing sth让某人一直不停地做某事 9,be sure of sth/sb相信某事、人、be sure to do sth一定会做某事Be sure to do sth务必要做某事。 10小心,当心be careful /watch out /look care/look out 11, had better ( not ) to do sth 12 , help sb (to) do sth/help sb with sth 13, one…..the other一个·····另一个 14其它的other+名词=疑问代词、副词+else 15It takes sb (time) to do sth 16,take sth to sb把某物带给某人 1, look up the word in the dicationary 2, pass sb sth=pass sth to sb 3,thank you sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事 4,good at doing sth擅长与做某事 5,would like to do sth 6, what about doing sth 7,much不能直接修饰形容词或副词的原级,可以修饰比较级;more+多音节adj/adv原级8,must否答needn’t/don’t have to 9,take off脱下take out把······拿出来put on穿上put off推迟 10,may情-v+v-原May be也许是Maybe也许adv修饰v或adj 11, I’d better=I had better I’d like=I would like 12,否定句中some改成any 13, call sb=phone sb=give sb a call=give sb a phone 14,不接触的over the desk在·····上方(垂直) Above the desk在·····上方(斜) 接触的on在······上面 15,through(从中间)穿过 Across(从表面)穿过介词(与动词搭配成为动词) 1,动词cross/pass穿过=go across 2,动名词v-ing 3,到达arrive in/at=get to=reach 4,During在····期间among在·····中间between``````and```在·····之间 5,By+交通工具=on one’s+交通工具 6,Cry哭,哭声sound声音(泛指任何声音)noise吵闹的voice(指人的)说话声

相关文档