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英汉翻译中词类转换法应用论文

英汉翻译中词类转换法的应用

【摘要】在英汉翻译过程中，由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，有时必须改变原语（英语）的某些词语的词类或句子成分才能有效地传达出其所要表达的准确意思。本文作者对英汉翻译过程中的词类转换作了较为详尽的剖析，以期对英语学习者翻译水平的提高有所帮助。

【关键词】英汉翻译词类转换

词类转换（conversion）是常用的英汉翻译技巧。在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫词类转换（或词类转移）。英译汉中的词类转换在英译汉中尤其重要，因为如果处理不当，译文会出现两种倾向，一类是译文语义基本符合英语原文，但汉语表达有欠正确；另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译文语义却与英语原文不符。如果机械地按原语的词性去“对号入座”字字翻译，就会造成译文文理不通、寓意不明、语意含混。

一、英语名词转换成汉语动词、形容词、副词

1. 英语名词转换成汉语动词

在现代英语中，名词使用的范围比较广，不仅常用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，还可以用作定语或状语。按照英语句法，每个句子中只能有一个谓语动词（包括并列谓语动词的情况），因此动作名词的使用和动名词的使用是很经常的。英语限定动词只能用作谓语，但是在汉语中就没有一个句子中只能使用一个动词的限制，

汉英翻译中的词类转换

英语知识在汉英翻译中可进行各种词类的转换,例如：汉语动词转换成英语名词、形容词、介词；汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词；汉语名词转换成英语动词等等。其中，汉语动词转换成英语抽象名词尤为普遍。高校常用的翻译教材，如张培基、吕瑞昌、冯庆华等编撰的翻译教材均将这种转换列在第一位。请看以下各例：例1．中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。如不注意词性转换，译文可能是： The Chinese government undertakes not to use (that it will not use) nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries. 这种译文显得有些口语化，不够庄重。不如改用抽象名词non-use: The Chinese government undertakes non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries. 例2．禁止任何叛国、分裂国家、煽动叛乱及窃取国家机密的行为。译文一：To prohibit any act of treason, acts to split the country, incite rebellion and steal secrets. 译文二：To prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition and theft of state secrets. 以上译文一使用split , incite, steal 等动词虽然语义正确，但似乎不够庄重。译文二使用抽象名词，因而显得文字严谨，适合正式法律条文的风格。例3．技术引进合同应当订明下列事项：引进技术的保密义务，改进技术的归属和分享。译文一：Provisions on the obligation to keep confidential the

初中英语词性转换

初中英语词性转换 1.v-n 1.clean— 2. cook— 3. dance-- 4. drive— 5. jump-- 6. lead— 7. own-- 8. play— 9.read-- 10.run— 11.sell-- 12.sing— 13.speak-- 14.swim— 15.teach-- 16.travel—17.wait-- 18.wash— 19.win-- 20.work— 21.write-- 22.act— 23.direct-- 24.invent—25.visit-- 26.act— https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d53486449.html,municate-- 28.introduce—29.produce—30.pronounce—31.suggest-- 32.agree—33.develop-- 34.discuss—35.decide-- 37.begin—38.breathe-- 39.build—40.cross-- 41.feel—

42.mean-- 43.meet— 45.park-- 46.shop— 47.skate-- 48.train— 49.turn-- 50.turn— 51.advise-- 52.enter—53.serve-- 54.know—55.live-- 56.die—57.succeed-- 58.discover—59.please-- 60. sit—61.thank-- 62.marry—63.weigh— 2.v-adj 1.close-- 2. excite— 3. interest-- 4. follow— 5. miss-- 6.please— 7.surprise-- 8.relax— https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d53486449.html,e-- 10.sleep-- 11.worry—12.wake-- 13.die—14.worry-- 15.wake—16.break-- 17.enjoy—18.lose—

论英汉翻译中的视角转换

论英汉翻译中的视角转换 1.引言语言是文化的载体，体现人类的思维活动。不同的文化对语言风格和表达方式产生了极大的影响，使得语言中的视角存在一定的差异，因此在翻译时，译者要挣脱原语文化的传统思维模式，使原语所传达的信息，所体现的风格一并能被读者完全体会。这就要求译者在了解语言文化背景及视角差异的基础上，在翻译过程中进行视角转换。 2.文献回顾在研究翻译的视角转换这个领域已有不少学者涉及，研究成果也颇丰富。如刘保华在“英汉翻译技巧：视角转换”中介绍了主要的视角转换法；邵卫平在他的“英汉视角对比及翻译中的视角转换”也对如何进行视角转换进行了相关阐述；张小珊在“中英文翻译视角转换浅议”中提出了自己的观点。当然还有很多专家学者对这一论题进行了探讨，在这暂不一一列举。本文准备从英汉翻译视角转换的重要性和视角转换的方法入手，就这个论题谈谈我的观点。 3.英汉翻译中的视角转换翻译在很大程度上不仅是语言的交流，更是文化之间的交流。由于英、汉语在产生的背景、经历的历史上有很大的不同，许多文化的观察视角也就有了很大区别。请看如下一例： What we lose in hake we shall have in herring. (失之东隅，收之桑榆。) 在此例中原句用了hake（鳕鱼）和herring（鲱鱼）两种鱼来表示，因为历史上西方人以航海捕鱼闻名，各种鱼类对他们而言是非常必需的，从中就可以看出西方人的生活习惯。但如果直译成“我们从鳕鱼中失去的将会从鲱鱼中得到”，中国读者就不明其意了。如果换成中国人熟悉的“东隅”“桑榆”两个词，就能达到意义上的对等，中国读者便能很清楚地了解这句话所传达的意思。 3.1翻译中视角转换的必要性译者在翻译过程中自始至终都在考虑如何将原语传递到译语中，而在信息传递的过程中，转换是必不可少的。刘宓庆先生说：“转换是翻译中用得最广泛的变通手段。在一般情况下，转换是获得灵活对应的不可少的应变对策，而失去形式则常常是转换带来的必然结果。”但不同文化间的差异会导致人们按照自身文化思维习惯去解读另一种文化，因而在翻译中因为被传统思维方式所束缚，对原语逐词翻译而无法找到合适的译文。比如，许多人将英语习语“a heart as hard as flint”理解为“心如坚石”来表示意志坚定，而实际上此习语是“铁石心肠”的意思，形容冷酷无情，两者含义相差甚远。有不少人会把“望子成龙”译成“to expect one’s son to be a dragon”，这是不可取的，因为龙在西方文化中象征着凶残、暴力。正确的译文是“to expect one’s son to be somebody”。由上可见若囿于原语的视角就难以找到合适的切入点，难以找到地道的表达方式。相反，若将视角适当转换，问题便迎刃而解。由此可见视角转换的必要性。 3.2英汉翻译中视角转换的方法 3.2.1词序的调整英语表达式中一些修饰成分和词语有其一定的顺序，且不同于汉语表达式中的顺序。因此在翻译时要注意成分顺序的调整，以符合译入语的语序习惯。如： (1).an outstanding contemporary American writer (一位美国现代优秀作家) (2).Mary’s pretty new black leather bag (玛丽漂亮的黑色新皮包)

史上最全中考英语词性转换归纳

词缀变化归纳动词变名词 1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise---advertisement//advertising agree—(in )agreement apartment 公寓 amuse-amusement 娱乐 argue---argument争吵 commit奉献—commitment compliment 称赞，恭维 develop---development disagree—disagreement department 局，部 experiment 实验，试验 equip 装备---equipment 装备，器材govern 统治—government 政府manage---management 经营管理announce—announcement 宣布require-requirement encourage-encouragement excite-excitement move—movement agree-agreement improve-improvement 2．V+ tion 结尾 attract吸引—attraction 有吸引力的事或人conclude—conclusion 结论compete—competition 竞争，比赛discuss—discussion 讨论 educate-----education decide----decision describe—description描写，描绘express 表达----expression 词语；表达方式 graduate 毕业—graduation operate 操作，动手术—operation organize----organization instruct—instruction 指导，介绍invent—inventor / invention invite—invitation inspire---inspiration 灵感，鼓舞- pollute----pollution 污染 predict---prediction 预言 pronounce ---pronunciation resolve 决心-----resolution 决心 permit 允许-----permission suggest-建议，暗示--suggestion solve解决-----solution 解决方法 realize-realization relax-relaxation create-creation produce-production exhibit-exhibition translate-translation imagine-imagination consider-consideration appreciate-appreciation donate-donation attract-attraction collect-collection collector add-addition act-action explain-explanation 3.sion结尾 decide-decision discuss-discussion permit-permission include-inclusion 4.ty结尾 able-ability difficult-difficulty real-reality beautiful-beauty possible-possibility safe-safety popular-popularity honest-honesty tour-touristy(游客众多的) act-activity similar-similarity 5.ce结尾 choose-choice different-difference important-importance patient-patience silent-silence serve-service convenient-convenience prefer-preference confident-confidence 6.th结尾 deep-depth healthy-health young-youth true-truth dead-death southern-south northern-north 7．V+ ance 结尾 appear—appearance 外貌，出现 perform----performance 演出 8．V+ ing 结尾 bathe 洗澡---bathing end 结束----ending 结尾，结局 train 训练---training mean ---- meaning 意义 say-----saying 谚语 read-reading feel-feeling write-writing begin-beginning build-building meet-meeting greet-greeting 9．V+ 其他 behave 行为，举止----behavior know 知道---knowledge 知识 fly—flight 飞行 heat 加热---heat 热量 hit 撞击------hit 轰动一时的人或物，碰撞 mix 混合-----mixture 混合物 press 按，压—pressure 压力 sit-----seat 座位 succeed-- success tour 在-----旅游，在-----作巡回演出直接+地点 tour China ---tour 旅游/ tourist 游客 free-freedom king-kingdom careful-care hungry-hunger dangerous-danger lucky-luck high-height angry-anger noisy-noise please-pleasure arrive-arrival speak-speech friend-friendship child-childhood neighbor-neighborhood village-villager science-scientist national-nationality fail-failure 10.er结尾 foreign-foreigner lead-leader report-reporter thrill-thriller win-winner village-villager learn-learner paint-painter design-designer own-owner listen-listener compete-competitor photograph-photographer smoke-smoker visit-visitor write-writer drive-driver teach-teacher collect-collector kill-killer

英汉翻译技巧大全

英汉翻译技巧大全定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities

词类转换(英语翻译技巧).

词类转换英汉两种语言属于不同的语系,英语属于印欧语系,汉语属于汉藏语系。不同语系的语言,无论在词汇方面或在语法方面都有很大的差别。在科技英语翻译实践中,在很多情况下需要进行词类转换。所谓词类转换,是指把原文语言中的某一词类转移成汉语的另一词类而言。掌握翻译中的词类转换译法,就可使我们敢于脱离原文词类的限制,跳出原文词类的框框,用汉语的适当词类予以表达。一,转换成汉语动词。英语和汉语比较起来,汉语中动词用得比较多,这是一个特点,在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词,在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。在英语中不少词类在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。 1,名词转换成动词英语中大量具有动作意义的名词和动词派生出来的名词往往可以译成动词。 With a click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. 只要一点鼠标,来自世界另一端的信息便会以每秒绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。 China’s first atomic blast in october 1964 was a great shock to the world. 1964年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,全球为之震惊。 Can artificial fibers be used as substitutes for natural fibers? 人造纤维能代替天然纤维吗? We must place stress on the prevention of disease.

初中英语词性转换归纳

初中英语词性转换归纳 1 动词变名词 1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve --- achievement 成就advertise --- advertisement 广告agree --- agreement 同意 apartment 公寓 amusement 娱乐 argue --- argument 争吵 commit --- commitment 奉献compliment 称赞，恭维 develop --- development 发展disgree --- disagreement 不赞同department 局，部 experiment 实验，试验 equip 装备--- equipment 装备，器材govern 统治--- government 政府manage---management 经营管理2．V+ tion 结尾 admit --- admission 承认 attract --- attraction 吸引conclude --- conclusion 结论compete --- competition 竞争，比赛discuss --- discussion 讨论 educate --- education 教育 decide --- decision 决定 describe --- deion描写，描绘express ----expression 词语；表达graduate --- graduation 毕业 operate --- operation 操作，动手术organize ---organization imagine --- imagination 想象力introduce ---introduction 介绍 instruct --- instruction 指导，介绍invent--- inventor / invention 发明illustrate --- illustration 阐明，举例说明invite --- invitation 邀请 inspire---inspiration 灵感，鼓舞人心的pollute --- pollution 污染 predict ---prediction 预言 pronounce ---pronunciation resolve --- resolution 决心 impress --- impression 印象 permit --- permission 允许

词类转换翻译法参考资料

词类转换翻译法在英译汉的过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达式不同，就不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。一、名词的转译 1.英语名词转译成动词由动词派生的名词，具有动词意思的名词，以结尾表示身份或职业的名词等，这些名词都可以转译成动词。【例1】The remembrance of these will add zest to his life. ×对于这些事情的回想将会增添他生活的乐趣。【译文】回想起这些事情，会给他的生活增添乐趣。【例2】He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people. ×他认为这次大会是人民的公正忠实的代表。【译文】他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民。【例3】Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws. ×其他政府活动则是各个州的责任，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。【译文】其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。【例4】The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 【译文】看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到特别神往。【例5】To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing. 【译文】据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。【例6】He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him. ×他是个好听众，所以他们喜欢同他谈话。【译文】他善于听取别人意见，所以他们喜欢同他谈心。 1)由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。 ·The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。 ·Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal. 到一九七二年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。 ·Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经被用来探索宇宙。 2) 含有动作意味的名词(在记叙、描写文体中出现较多)往往可以转译成动词。 ·Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断消耗着美国的资源。 ·A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument

中考英语词性转换

中考英语词性转换词汇是英语学习的基础，中考英语对单词的考查不仅仅局限于单词的拼写，更强调的是单词不同词性的灵活转换与运用，也就是同学们在平时做练习或考试中经常遇到的一种题型——词性转换。动词变名词 1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve —— achievement 成就 advertise —— advertisement 广告 agree —— agreement 同意 amuse——amusement 娱乐 commit —— commitment 奉献 develop —— development 发展 disagree —— disagreement 不赞同 equip 装备—— equipment 装备，器材 govern 统治—— government 政府 manage——management 经营，管理 argue —— argument 争吵 2．V+ ion 结尾 attract —— attraction 吸引 discuss —— discussion 讨论 express ——-expression 词语；表达

instruct —— instruction 指导，介绍invent—— invention 发明 predict ——prediction 预言 impress —— impression 印象 suggest ——suggestion 建议，暗示 educate —— education 教育 graduate —— graduation 毕业 operate —— operation 操作，动手术illustrate —— illustration 阐明，举例说明pollute —— pollution 污染 introduce ——introduction 介绍 organize ——organization组织 imagine —— imagination 想象力inspire——inspiration 灵感，鼓舞人心的invite —— invitation 邀请 compete —— competition 竞争，比赛pronounce ——pronunciation发音 admit —— admission 承认 permit —— permission 允许 conclude —— conclusion 结论 decide —— decision 决定

常见的英语翻译中的词类转换

英语翻译词类转换：转译成名词（1）（一）形容词与副词的互相转译 1．英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。如： 1）Occasionally a drizzle came down，and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero．偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。 2）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese－American dialogue．这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。 2．英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。如： 1）He routinely radioed another agent on the ground．他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。 2）The President had prepared meticulously for his journey．总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。 3．由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。如： 1）This is sheer nonsense．（这完全是胡说。） 2）Buckley was in a clear minority．（巴克利显然属于少数。） 3）By dialing the right number，you may be able to select a play，golf lesson or lecture in physics，from a pretaped library in a remote city，for showing on your home screen．只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。（二）名词与副词的互相转译 1．名词转译成副词 1）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist，his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor．只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。 2）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor．新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。 2．副词转译成名词

英汉翻译技巧视角转换(Shift

E-C 英汉翻译技巧：视角转换（Shift of Perspective） The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park. 旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近。（语态的转换）（王恩冕、李正中：《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社） Her parents are both in their seventies. 她父母都已年过古稀。（表达方式的转换）（陈刚) If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only. 孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中，而不单单是读几本教科书而已。（条件状语转换成结果状语）（丁树德：《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》，天津大学出版社) You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figure s. You cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant. 你可以大批制造……数量惊人的事实与数字，但不可能大批生产知识，因为知识是个人头脑用个人经验，经过去伪存真后创造出来的。（定语从句转换成原因状语从句）（王恩冕、李正中：《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社） “C oming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。（介词转换成动词）（许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社) Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington. 华盛顿州大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿。（名词转换成动词）（《新实用英译汉教程》） I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice. 我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。（词序调整） (许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社) Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实不大懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。（词序调整）（许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社)

英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧

英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。

中考英语词性转换300题(附答案)

中考英语词性转化300 题—提高篇讲义 I. Complete the senten ces with the give n words in their proper form用所给单词的适当形式完成句子) 1. Would you mind making a little less ____ ? They are having a meeting at the moment. (noisy) 2. The Smiths live on the __________ floor of the highrise. (nine) 3. All the great ________ are respecte(d 尊敬) by the world. (invent) 4. My pet is a _____ cat. She is very lovely. (male) 5. I 'll do my homework more __________ next time. (care) 6. When you study a foreign language, it portan'ttsoi m ake a good ______ . (begin) 7. Everyone knows such kind of books is __________ to children. They shouldn 't be sol bookstore. (harm) 8. In the past punishment(惩罚)was decided by the university. The student had no ____________ but to accept it. (choose) 9. Our teacher told us the __________ s tory I had ever heard at yesterday 's class meeting. (sa 10. The _________ Lesson is very difficult but very important. You must learn it by heart.(twelve) 11. They looked very ____ in the idea. (interest) 12. After they got on the bus, they found two ______ . (sit) 13. Help __________ to the fish, everyone. (you) 14. What we have had is just part of the truth. We should try to get _________ i n fo rm at i o n about it. (far) 15. A ___________ sight stopped them from going forward. (frighten) 16. He seemed very _________ . He got a D in the English test. (happy) 17. Before you start this work, you should try to realize its ________ . (important) 18. March 8 is ________ Day. (woman) 19. This book belongs to you. Where is ____ ? (me) 20. The visitors are _______ students. (main) 21. Do you know about the ___ of the book? (write) 22. Can you show me your ___ of coins? (collect) 23. To my _______ , I got full marks for maths last week. (surprised) 24. In this new housing estate there stand a lot of high and magnificent ________ . (build) 25. In winter, most of the rivers and lakes are ________ . It becomes a world of ice. (freeze) 26. Then he slowly walked ____ the house. (pass) 27. Do you know who is the _________ of the English contest? (win) 28. Peter is very ____ . I 'm sure he will come to take care of your baby when he 's asked 29. The Yangtze River is the ________ l o n g e st river in the world. (three) 30. _________ to meet all of you here. (please) 31. Now more and more gardens are being built in our _________ . (neighbour) 32. It 's very important for us to learn English ________ . (good) 33. Both our teacher and my mother are satisfied with my __________ . (honest) 34. Oliver Twist ate the cake __________ . (hungry) 35. Of all the boys, Li Ming studies _____ . (hard) 36. We are all pleased to hear that the _________ went on very well. ( operate) 37. The children in this kindergarten have been trained to take care of ___________ though they are only six years old. (they) 38. Could you tell me who will give us a ___________ o n children ' s education? (speak)