英国文学史及选读教案

闽江学院

教案

课程名称:主要英语国家文学史及文学作品选读1 课程代码: 31020022

授课专业班级：英语本科, 英语师范, 英语专升本

授课教师：

系别：外语系

1、使学生了解英国文学这门课的性质、学习方法、学习要求等；

2、使学生知道什么是文学以及各种文学形式。

教学重点与难点：什么是文学以及各种文学形式的概念。

教学方法与手段：讲授与讨论相结合。

教授内容：

General Introduction on Literature

Mainly, there are three kinds of literature: fiction, poetry, and drama.

I. Fiction

1)Definition: fiction created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may

base on a true story or situation.

2)Elements

1.Plot: a sequence of interrelated actions and events.

Five stages of plot: exposition, complication, crisis, falling action and resolution.

2.Characters: the people in fiction

Types of characters: protagonist vs. antagonist

Flat vs. round characters

Dynamic vs. static characters

3.Setting: place and objects in fiction

Types: natural, manufactured

4.Point of view: the angle or perspective from which the author observes and tells the

story.

5.Theme: what the author is to say in his story.

6.Style: the author’s particular way of telling his story.

7.Tone: the author’s attitude toward his subject or audience.

8.Symbolism: a key to extended meaning

9.Alleg ory: the author’s attempt to reinforce his theme by making his characters

represent some specific abstract ideas or qualities.

II.Poetry

1)Definition: classified as narrative or lyric.

2)Elements

1.Imagery

An image is a concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea.

2.Symbolism

A symbol is any object or action that means more than itself, any object or objection

that represents something beyond itself.

3.Sound: Rhyme, alliteration and assonance

III.Drama

1)Definition: a dialogue performed by actors on a stage before an audience.

2)Elements

1.Dialogue

2.Staging

3.Genres: comedy, tragedy and tragic-comedy.

1、使学生了解什么是英国文学。

2、使学生从整体沙上了解英国文学各个时期的历史背景、文学形式、主要作品、作家

等，以便在整体上对英国文学有一个清晰的认识。

教学重点：英国文学各个历史时期文学的历史背景、文学形式、主要作家作品。

教学方法与手段：讲授与讨论相结合。

教授内容：

A Brief Introduction to English Literature

1. Old English Literature（449A.D. ~ 1066）

1）History background：

The making of the England: Jutes, Angles and Saxons invaded Albion and combined into one United Kingdom-the England.

Their dialects gradually grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.

The transition from tribal society to feudalism

2) Main literature: poetry

3) Main writers: Caedmon, Cynewulf, Venerable Bede and Alfred the Great.

4) Main work: The Song of Beowulf <<贝奥武甫>>

2. Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century)

1）History background：

Feudal system was established

Roman Catholic Church controlled over the country.

2) Main literature: poetry, Romance, Popular ballad

3) Main writers and their works:

Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》

William Langland威廉·朗格兰Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》

Thomas Malory马洛里The Death of Arthur

Robin Hood Ballads《罗宾汉民谣集》

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》

3. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century)

1）History background：

●The establishment of Tudor Dynasty (都铎王朝)(1485~1603)

●Religious Reformation

●The establishment of Protestantism

●Commercial expansion abroad

●The War with Spain

●Movement of Renaissance

●The thought of humanism arose

2) Main literature: poetry (sonnet and blank verse), drama, essay

3) Main writers and their works:

?Thomas More托马斯·莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》

?Edmund Spencer 埃德蒙·斯宾塞The shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日历》The Faerie Queene 《仙后》

?William Shakespeare

?Francis Bacon Essays《随笔集》

?Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》

?Ben Jonson 本·琼生Volpone《福尔蓬奈》

4. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (17th century)

1）History background：

●English Revolution (1649)

●The establishment of a Commonwealth

●The monarchy was restored (1660)

●Glorious Revolution(1688)

2) Main literature: poetry, comedy, prose

3) Main writers and their works:

?John Milton 弥尔顿Paradise Lost《失乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》

?John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》

?John Dryden 德莱顿Alexander’s Feast《亚历山大的宴会》The Indian Queen《印

第安王后》

?John Donne多恩The Elegies and Satires《挽歌与讽刺》

18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment

History background：

● A period of comparatively peaceful development

●Industrial Revolution

●Enlightenment（启蒙运动）

●The struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.

2) Main literature: poetry, drama, fiction

3) Literature trends:

●a) neoclassicism

●b) realistic novel.

●c) Sentimentalism

●d) Pre-romanticism

4) Main writers and their works:

●Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》Moll Flanders《摩

尔·弗兰德斯》

●Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》

●Henry Fielding 菲尔丁Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》

●Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》

William Blake 威廉·布莱克Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》

Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯 A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》

Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹The School for Scandal《造谣学校》The Rivals《情敌》

Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》

教学目的：

1．了解古英语文学的概况；

2．掌握古英语诗歌的特点。

教学重点：

1．古英语诗歌的分类及特征；

2．熟悉《贝武奥甫》及写作特点；

3．英语修辞手法头韵、抑言陈述。

教学难点：分析史诗《贝武奥甫》中头韵、抑言陈述手法的运用。

教学方法：教师讲授、学生报告与讨论相结合

教授内容：

The Anglo-Saxon Period (449—1066)

Historical background

?Before410 A.D., Britain had been a Roman province. After the fall of the Roman Empire (410 A.D.), the aboriginal Celtic population was conquered by the Teutonic Tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who named the central part of Albion Anglia, or England.

?About 449 Jutes left Denmark, landed in the Isle of Thanet. And Angled and Saxons followed.

?Angles, an important Teutonic tribe furnished their new home England. The dialects gradually grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.

Literature characteristics

The literature of this period is divided into pagan literature and Christian literature.

?The former represent poetry and in form of oral sagas.

?The later represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks.

?The poetry was copied by the monks and has the religious coloring.

?Most of works can not find its scribe.

?Caedmon, the father of English song, is the first known religious poet of England. He wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the bible

?Cynewulf produced the didactic poem The Christ

?Alfred the Great (848-901) wrote The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the Old English prose.

Representative achievement of Anglo-Saxon period—The Song of Beowulf ?The Song of Beowulf is England’s national epic. It was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was discovered in 1705. It reflects events which took place approximately at the beginning of the 6th century.

?The epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be divided into two parts.

?The main plot:

Writing Features of the Poem:

?1) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem. The whole poem presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society and Christian culture.

?2) The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stresses.

?3) The use of the alliteration is another notable feature. Three stresses of the whole line

are made even more emphatic by the use of alliteration.

?4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem. For example, the sea is called "the whale-road" or "the swan road"; the soldiers are called "shield-men"; the chieftains are called the "treasure keepers"; human-body is referred to as "the bone- house”; God is called "wonder-wielder”; monster is referred to as "soul-destroyer". Literary terms:

?Alliteration: a repeated initial consonant to successive words.

e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.

2.Sing a song of southern singer

?Epic: It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical forces combat; and stylistic conventions such as an invocation to the Muse, and set speeches couched in elevated language. They summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. Eg: Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》。

教学目的:

1．了解中世纪英语文学的发展状况；

2．掌握这一时期各种文学形式及代表人物的特点。

教学重点：

1．中世纪英国文学的总体特征；传奇、民谣的特点；

2．《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》的主题、母题分析；

3．罗宾汉民谣分析；

4．威廉?朗格兰及《农夫皮尔斯》介绍；

5．乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》分析，乔叟的文学贡献；

6．英语诗歌知识介绍。

教学难点：

1．主题与母题的区分；

2．《坎特伯雷故事集》中《序曲》的结构特征及其蕴含的宗教思想；

3．英语诗歌的韵律、格律特点；

4．学生对诗歌中古英语词汇的理解。

教学方法：教师讲授、学生报告和课堂讨论相结合

教授内容：

?Medieval period(1066-ca.1485)

Historical Background (what is the most important event in this period?)

1. The Norman Conquest

In 1066, at the battle of Hastings, William, the energetic Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons and became the King of England.

2. The Consequence of the Conquest

●Politically, a feudal system and a centralized government was established in England .

●Religiously, the Rome-backed Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the

country.

●Great changes took place in languages: the Norman lords spoke French; common English

spoke old English; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and was used by the clergymen and scholars. ( As a result, many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into English language.)

●Normans brought to England their own literature.

Ⅱ. Medieval English Literature

? 1.A brief survey:

?The period, from 1066 up to the mid-14th century, is almost a barren period in literary creation. In the second half of the 14th century, English literature starts to flourish. In comparison with Old English literature, Middle English literature is uttered by more voices, deals with a wider range of subjects and is in a greater diversity of styles, tones and genres.

?Romance is the most prevailing kind of literature. Popular ballad occupies an important position.

?The Middle English literature reflects the principles of the medieval Christian doctrine and emphasizes the humanity of Christ and the imagery of human passion.

? 2. Medieval Romance

1)The features of Romance

?a)The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.

?b)Hero: usually the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some goal -- to protect the church and the king, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command.

?c)The structure is loose and episodic; the language and style are simple and straightforward. ?d)It was written for the noble class, so it had nothing to do with the common people.

?e)It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.

?f)It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life, even describes supernatural things.

2) Romance Cycles

Romances falls into three cycles :

1)―matters of Britain‖( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),

2) ―matters of France‖ (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)

3)―matters of Rome‖. (Alexander the Great and so forth)

3) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

●It is a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend.

● A. Story:

● B. Analysis:1) alliterative verse 2) an account of a typical chivalric adventure (motifs) 3)

concerned with the rights and wrongs of conduct 4) Its theme is a series of tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. 5) structure: contains a prologue, an epilogue and its main body.6) the unknown author tries to make his romance the vehicle of a wise morality in which the humorously grotesque merges with the morally serious.

3 Popular Ballads

?1) Introduction:

?Popular ballads are originally dance songs in verse form, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.

?They are mainly literature of peasants, created collectively by people and constantly revised in the process of being handed down from mouth to mouth.

?There were several kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous.

?2) Ballads of Robin Hood

?The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called Robin Hood. Robin Hood is partly a real and partly a legendary figure who lived during the reign of Richard I. He was the leader of a band of outlaws, and they lived in the deep forest. They often attacked the rich, waged war against the bishops and archbishops, and helped the poor people. Therefore, Robin Hood and his followers were constantly hunted by the sheriffs. Robin Hood ballads shows the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry.

Ⅲ. Middle English Prose

?Thomas Malory is the only important prose writer in the fifteenth century. He wrote an

important work called " Morte d'Arthur" (Death of Arthur) .

?Malory's tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally

mysterious death.

Ⅳ. William Langland

? 1. Introduction

?William Langland was born in the western midland of the country, living from about 1330 to about 1400. In 1362, he began his famous poem Piers the Plowman , which had been repeatedly revised, and of which three texts have been left to us. It was written in the old alliterative verse: each line contained three alliterated words, two of which were placed in the first half, and the third in the second half.

? 2. Piers the Plowman

The poem describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed.

?It is written in the form of a dream vision.

?The poem is also an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth.

?The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by the corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular.

?The poem is written in alliteration.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Ⅰ. Life

?Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London around 1340.

?At the age of 17, he served as a page to Elizabeth .

?At the age of 19, he served with the English army in France and married to Philippa was at the age of 26.

?Between the year of 1372 and 1378 , he was sent on embassies to Italy.

?In 1373, he was made Controller of Customs in the Port of London.

?In 1385 he became Justice of the Peace and Knight of the Shire (Member of Parliament) for the County of Kent.

?In the period of 1389 to 1391, he served as Clerk of the King’s Works .

?In 1391, he was appointed Forester of a royal forest in Somerset

?He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the ―Poets’ Corner‖. II. Literary Career

1. The French Period

●During this period Chaucer was mainly under the influence of the French literature. His

earliest work was The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》, a free translation of a 13th-century French poem The Roman de la Rose. In this period, Chaucer was trying his hand on meter, language and subject.

2 The Italian Period

●Chaucer‘s journey to Italy in 1372 exerted a profound influence on his literary

development by immersing him in the works of the great Italian writers such as Dante(但丁）, Petrarch （彼特拉克）and Boccaccio（卜迦丘）. The poet’s own creativeness shows itself through borrowed themes.

●Works of this period:

●The House of Fame《声誉殿堂》

●Troilus and Criseyde《特洛勒斯和克里希德》

●The Parliament of Fouls《百鸟会议》

●The Legend of Good Women《贞洁妇女传奇》

3 The Mature Period

●Apart from minor and miscellaneous works, Chaucer's chief literary interest in the last 14

years of his life was The Canterbury Tales, his masterpiece. Chaucer had reached full maturity in his literary creation, free from any dominant foreign influence.

Ⅲ. The Canterbury Tales

1. The Framework

●The framework here refers to a narrative, which is composed for the purpose of

introducing and connecting a series of tales.

●Chaucer's work consists of three parts: The General Prologue, 24 tales, two of which left

unfinished and separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.

●Chaucer originally planned to have a group of 30 pilgrims with each to tell two stories on

the way to Canterbury and another two on the way back. So the total stories of the collection would be 120, some 20 stories more than Boccaccio's. But Chaucer had actually completed only 22 stories, with two more existing in fragments.

2. The General Prologue

?The General Prologue is usually regarded as the greatest portrait gallery in English literature. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also tries to reveal the author's intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavor, to set the tone for the story-telling, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of several of tales and to introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion of the pilgrimage. Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th-century English society.

3. The Tales

? A. There are all together 24 tales with the Knight‘s tale at the beginning, the Parson’s tale at the end, and the Clerk‘s tale and others stretching in between. These tales represent nearly every variety of medieval stories at its best, which can be divided into different groups such as Romance, Fabliau （讽刺性寓言诗）, Saints’Legends（到的冲高的人的传奇）, Homilies（说教）, Moralities, Devotions and Marriage.

?B: story telling:

4. A Brief Analysis of the first stanza

? 1.The first eleven lines are a chant of welcome to the Spring with its harmonious marriage between heaven and earth which mellows vegetations, pricks birds and stirs the heart of man with a renewing power of nature. Thus, the pilgrimage is treated as an event in the calendar of nature, an aspect of the general springtime surge of human energy which wakens man's love of Venus (natural love).

? 2.The pilgrimage is also treated as an event in the calendar of divinity, an aspect of religious piety which draws pilgrims to holy places.

? 3.The structure of this opening passage can be regarded as one from the whole Western tradition of the celebration of spring to a local event of English society, from natural forces in their general operation to a specific Christian manifestation.

4.The transition from nature to divinity is emphasized by contrast between the physical

vitality which conditions the pilgrimage and the spiritual sickness which occasions the

pilgrimage, as well as by parallelism between the renewal power of nature and the

restorative power of supernature (divinity)..

5. It is a model of narrative compression, with an 18-line periodic sentence that

composes of a subordinate clause (line 1-11) of 79 words and a main clause (line 12- 18) of 49 words, expressing the essential idea of the whole work.

IV．Contributions

? 1. Forerunner of Humanism

?Chaucer affirms men’s and women’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism (avoiding physical pleasures and comforts). He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life and he exposes and satirizes the social vices, including the corruption of the Church.

? 2. The founder of English Realism

?Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presents to the readers a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and describes a series of vivid characters from all walks of life in The Canterbury Tales.

? 3. Father of English poetry (called by John Dryden)

?Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old Engli sh alliterative verse. He’s the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called the heroic couplet. Thus, he lays the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.

? 4. Master of the English language

?Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. Chaucer uses London dialect in his writings and he contributes to making it the foundation for modern English speech.

Knowledge of poetry

I. Rhythm(韵律)

1.syllable: a word or part of a word which contains one vowel sound(元音).

2. Stress: a word or part of a word which should be pronounced with more force.

3. Rhythm:

In English, words of two syllables always contain one that is stressed syllable and one that is unstressed; longer words contain one stressed syllable and two or more unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are marked with a curve ―︶‖ and stressed, with a dash “—”.

e.g. above suffer around standing

terrible disaster political procession

In a line of poetry, when the stressed and unstressed syllables of all the words are arranged in a definite order, the line will rise and fall in a musical way. And this musical flow, or the rise and fall of language in poetry, is called ―rhythm‖.

e.g. My heart is like a singing bird.

II. foot(音步)

● 1. definition: foot is the unit of rhythm and contains two or three syllables, one of which

is stressed.

● 2. 4 kinds of foot:

● A. iambus(︶—): consists of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.

e.g. Appear, besides , attack , supply.

● B. Trochee(—︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.

e.g. holy, upper, failing

● C. anapaest(︶︶—):consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed

syllable.

e.g. reappear, indistinct, incomplete, on the hill

● D. dactyl(—︶︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.

e.g. messenger, merrily , property , accident

III. meter(格律)

● 1. The meter of a line of poetry is determined by the kind of foot used and by the number

of feet in a line. The longest poetical line contains 8 feet.

●Monometer单音步诗行, dimeter二音步诗行, trimeter三音步诗行, tetrameter四音步诗

行, pentameter五音步诗行, hexameter六音步诗行, heptameter七音步诗行, octameter 八音步诗行（八步格）.

● A line of five iambic feet is an iambic pentameter line.

● A line of six dactylic feet is a dactylic hexameter line.

●

e.g. but every eye was fixed on her alone.

On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore

IV.Rime

●Rime is a repetition of the same sound at the end of two or more lines.

● E.g. day, may; wore, adore.

V.stanza

1. A stanza is a group of two or more consecutive lines bound together by end rime.

2. Usually, we use letters to represent the rime scheme（押韵方式).

● A. couplet: aa bb cc…..

● B. terza rima（三行换韵）：aba bcb cdc ded…..

● C. Quatrain(四行诗体): there are 4 rime schemes

1)abcd

Then come home, my children, the sun in gone down

And the dews of night arise.

Come, come, leave off play, and let us away

Till the morning appear in the skies.

2) aaba

A book of Verses underneath the Bough

A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--- and Thou

Beside me singing in the wilderness----

Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

3) abab

4)abba

● D.quintette: ababb

● E .sextette: ababcc

● F.septette: ababbcc

●G.octave: abababcc

●H. nonette: ababbcbcc

Heroic Couplet(英雄双韵体）

● 1. They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting

of five iambic feet rime together in pairs.

● 2. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..

poem→stanza→line→foot→syllable

教学目的：

1．了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；

2．了解文艺复兴英国文学的发展概况；

3．掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。

教学重点：

1.文艺复兴及人文思想对英国文学的影响；

2.文艺复兴时期英国文学的总体特征，诗歌、戏剧及散文的发展状况；

3.莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》及十四行诗分析。

教学难点：

1．十四行诗及无韵诗的特征；

2．《哈姆雷特》中反映出来的人文精神。

教学方法：教师讲授、戏剧表演、学生报告及课堂讨论相结合。

讲授内容：

The Renaissance English Literature（ca.1485-1603）

学习目标：

1了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；

2.文艺复兴时期英国文学的总体特征，诗歌、戏剧及散文的发展状况；

3掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。

4.培根散文特点。

5.莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》及十四行诗分析；

I. Historical background

In 1485，the Wars of the Roses(1455-1485) came to an end，and following the invention of printing and Tudor dynasty which was established by Henry VII in 1485. Henry VIII，whose needs for the annulment of his first marriage in order to father a son and heir, ended the rule of the Catholic Church in England, closed (and largely destroyed) the monasteries --- which had for centuries been the depositors of learning, history, and culture --- and established himself as both the head of Church and the head of state.

Protestantism became the official national religion.

The Enclosure movement compelled peasants to become the hired laborers for the merchants.

The commercial expansion and the rise of bourgeoisie.

The war with Spain: in 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated. England had sovereignty over the seas. London developed in size and importance as the nation’s capital，and from the foundation of the first public theatre in London，the stage became the forum of debate，spectacle，and entertainment. Hand in hand with the growth in theatrical expression went the growth of Modern English as a national language.

Ⅱ. Introduction to Renaissance

Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word ―Renaissance‖ means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which

the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.

Two features of renaissance:

1.It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to

admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form.

2.It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.

Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason. They also expressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination.

III. English Literature in the Renaissance Period

English literature in the Renaissance Period is usually regarded as the highlight in this history of English literature. In Elizabethan Period, English literature developed with a great speed and made a magnificent achievement, especially the drama. Thus appeared a group of excellent dramatists. They are John Lyly, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.

Next to the drama is the Lyrical Poetry. In that period, writing poetry became a fashion. England then became " a nest of singing birds". The famous poets of that period were Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.

There were not so many prose writers. In the beginning period, the great humanist, Thomas More, wrote his famous prose work "Utopia", which may be thought of as the first literary masterpiece of the English Renaissance. In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists in English literature.

3.1 Poetry in the Renaissance Period

1). Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)

He is the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.

2). Philip Sidney (1554-86)

Astrophel and Stella

3). Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599)

Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' poet".

Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.

In 1579, he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.

Writing Features of “ The Faerie Queene”

a. The long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very

musical.

b. Spenser invented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc

c.

3.2 Proses in the Renaissance Period

1). Thomas More (1477-1535)

Thomas More's Utopia

Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor. The name "Utopia" comes from two Greek words meaning "no place". The whole work is divided into two books. Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England. The author severely criticizes English society and exposes social evils. BookⅡoffers us a good picture of an ideal society called Utopia in some unknown ocean. In this society property is held in common and there is no poverty.

2). John Lyly (1553-1606)

A) Euphues

Lyly was one of "the university wits". He wrote poetry, court comedies and prose romances. As a prose writer, he was famous for his prose romance Euphues.

The work Euphues contains two parts. The first is entitled "Euphues or the Anatomy of Wit"; the second part is called "Euphues and His England", a satire on England.

B) Writing Style of Euphues

Euphues was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism". This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical. The second element is that Lyly decorated his prose with odd similes and comparisons, which were usually drawn from natural history, history and geography.

3). Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

A) Introduction

Francis Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. Bacon's mind was universal in its comprehensiveness; there was nothing in the world of which he could not write. Alexander Pope called him, ―the wisest, brightest, and the meanest of mankind‖. During the course of his lifetime he distinguished himself as a scholar in several fields and as a scientist, writer, and philosopher. His practical experience of the world also made him a great lawyer and a considerable statesman.

B) Bacon's Works

Bacon's works may be divided into three groups: the philosophical works; the literary works and the professional works.

Advancement of Learning《治学之道》and New Instrument《新工具》were his philosophical works. Bacon's literary works are his essays. The final edition of the Essays 《论说文集》published in 1625 contained 58 pieces. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. Among these essays, the famous pieces are Of Studies, Of Travel and Of Wisdom. C) Writing Style of Bacon's Essays

Bacon's essays are noted for heir clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon's chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are

short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.

3.3 English Drama in the Renaissance Period

1). Shakespeare's Predecessors

A) Lyly, Peele, Kyd, and Marlowe

After 1588, the flourishing period of English drama arrived. The summit was Shakespeare's works. Before Shakespeare, a group of university graduates known as "University Wits" wrote excellent plays. They were John Lyly, Robert Greene, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, and Thomas Kyd.

B) Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593) was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "University Wits".

Marlowe's best plays include Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is symbolic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.

C) Marlowe's Literary Achievement

Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise. It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness, thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance. Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse. His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist – Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.

2). Shakespeare’s contemporary and successor

Ben Jonson(1572-1637) was a forerunner of classicism in English literature and the Poet Laureate of James I. he is chiefly remembered for his comedies V olpone, or the Fox,The Alchemist.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

I Life

From three sources, we know Shakespeare's life: the church and legal records, the folk traditions, and the comments of his contemporaries.

Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire( 沃里克郡艾汶河畔的斯特拉福镇).

He got education in a local grammar school for a few years. There he picked up the ―small Latin and less Greek".

When Shakespeare was about fourteen years old, he left school and became a country schoolmaster to help support his family.

In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who was eight years older than her husband.

A few years later, Shakespeare went to London, where he first did some odd jobs. It was said that he kept horses for the audience outside the play houses. Then by 1592,

he became an actor and a writer.

In 1593-1594, Shakespeare published his two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece.

In 1612 he retired from the stage and returned to his hometown, where he bought a considerable estate and lived until his death on April 23, 1616, which was his 52nd birthday.

II Literary career

During the twenty-two years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and two long poems. Shakespeare’s literary career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.

1.The first period (1590-1594)

It is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. His work in this period relies not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation and bears the mark of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment. In historical plays, the dramatist tried to handle political themes and give historical lessons. Besides, Shakespeare’s early plays show an extraordinary facility in expression and a felicity in the choice of phrases and epithets. And blank verse developed by him into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely.

1)historical play:

1590，Henry VI, part 2《亨利六世，中》

1590，Henry VI, part 3《亨利六世，下》

1591，Henry VI, part 1《亨利六世，上》

1592，Richard III 《查理三世》

2）comedy:

1592，The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》

1593，Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》

1594，Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》

1594，Love's Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》

3)tragedy:

1593，Titus Andronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》

1594，Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

4)narrative poems:

1593，Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》

1594，The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》

2.The second period (1595-1600)

It is a period of ―great comedies‖ and mature historical plays. The dramatist made an advance in every way and the general spirit is optimism. In the historical plays of this period, different phrases of English life are shown before us. There is a great lift in characterization(人物创造)and sources the dramatist employed in this period are many and diversified. As a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time,

in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.

1) Six Comedies:

1595，A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》

1596，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》

1598，The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》

1598，Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》

1599，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》

1600，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》

2) Five historical plays:

1595，Richard II《查理二世》

1596King John《约翰王》

1597，Henry IV, part 1《亨利四世，上》

1597，Henry IV, part 2 《亨利四世，下》

1598，Henry V《亨利五世》

3) A Roman tragedy:

1599，Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》

Some Sonnets

3.The third period (1601-1607)

It is a period of ―great tragedies‖ and ―dark comedies‖. In the plays of this period, the tragic note is aggravated. The sunshine and laughter of the second period has turned into clouds and storms. Even the comedies written in this period are known as ―dark‖because they give somber pictures of the world. The cause of such a change should be sought from Shakespeare’s change of moods as influenced by the social upheavals at the turn of the century. There were plots and rising against Elizabeth. In 1604, the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s patron, was arrested by James I.

1) Five tragedies:

1601，Hamlet《哈姆莱特》

1604，Othello《奥赛罗》

1605，King Lear《李尔王》

1605，Macbeth《麦克白》

1607，Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》

2) Three comedies:

1602，Troilus and Cressida《特洛勒斯与克里西达》

1603，All's Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》

1604，Measure for Measure《一报还一报》

3) Two Roman tragedies:

1606，Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》

1607，Coriolanus《克利奥兰纳斯》

4.The fourth period (1608-1612)

It is the period of romantic drama. With this period we turn from the storm, the gloom, and the whirlwind of the third period to ―a great peacefulness of light‖, and a harmony of earth and heaven.

1) Four romantic comedies:

1608，Pericles, Prince of Tyre《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》

1609，Cymbeline《辛伯林》

1610，Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》

1611，The Tempest《暴风雨》

2) A historical play:

1612，Henry VIII《亨利八世》

III His great Comedies

A Midsummer Night's Dream，The Merchant of Venice，As You Like It，Twelfth Night are Shakespeare’s great comedies.

In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.

Shakespeare put women characters at a prominent place in his comedies. He showed great respect for the dignity, honesty, wit, courage, determination and resourcefulness of women. The young heroines in Shakespeare's comedies are independent in character and very frank. They are no longer controlled by their parents or husbands. They are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, laughing and faithful. They are happy and make others happy. They carry their destinies in their own hands. Shakespeare's comedies are imbued with bourgeois ideas and show progressive significance.

IV His great Tragedies

Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth are Shakespeare's great tragedies. They are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the tune, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.

V Historical Plays

Shakespeare's historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign.

Shakespeare's historical plays reflect the historical events of two centuries from RichardⅡto Henry VIII. They show the horrors of civil war, the necessity for national unity, the responsibilities of efficient ruler, and the importance of legitimate succession to the throne.

In Shakespeare’s historical plays there is only one ideal king Henry V, though his real prototype differs little from the other kings. Among Shakespeare's 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays. Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV. The two plays deal with the events of the 15th century and give the picture of a troubled reign.

VI Shakespeare's Poetical Works

Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece are two long narrative poems written by Shakespeare:

Venus and Adonis is a poem in 6-line stanzas. It tells us that Venus woos the

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

英国文学史及选读第一册复习题.doc

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