澳大利亚文化浓缩
Culture of Australia
简要版本的澳大利亚文化
Australia is a developed country making marks in the world economy. Australia Culture echoes the nation\'s exceptional unification of different cultures. With the blend of liberal and comprehensive society, both Europeans and the aboriginal living here is at peace. The aboriginal culture however has striking difference with that of urban lifestyle.
The inhabitants of Australia, before the coming of James Cook, who discovered the country, were the \"Aborigines\" - the people of a particular ethnic group. Starting with them and the subsequent influx of the immigrants all over world, Australia culture has grown to be one of the most diverse cultures of the world. Australia came to be inhabited by the English people soon after England claimed it as their own land. Since then, the Australia culture has been largely \"Anglo Celtic\".
With changing times, the culture of Australia became Americanized in terms of food, dress, lifestyle, and celebrations.
Australia has earned a desirable international status for its variety and lenience. It has become the habitat for residents of more than 200 countries. Foundation of modern Australian society is based on the upliftment of all the sections of people. Following the democratic princ iples totally, Australia Society and Culture gives liberty to all citizens to practice their own culture and religion. The official language on the main continent is English and is of immense convenience to the tourists.
Australia culture is based on the following principles:
Productive diversity- All the people should uplift the cultural, social and economic values. Cultural respect- All the people of Australia can practice their own religion and culture.
All the people of Australia are equal irrespective of race, culture, sex, birth and language. However, the natives of this country speak different languages. There was an irreversible change in Australia after it became a British colony in 1788. The early Europeans to inhabit Australia were the Britis h prisoners. Non-Europeans like the Chinese were also among the early settlers. People form different countries also came in search of gold. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was implemented to stop immigration of people into Australia.
Australia has a vivacious artistic and cultural prospect in music, theatre and dance. Circus, strong Oz, Australian Chamber Orchestra, Bangarra Dance Theatre and Aboriginal and Islander Dance Theatre have earned fame all over the world for their wonderful performance.They have established their supremacy in the field of cricket, hockey and football. But above all what predominates the Australian culture is their \"love for life\" and their courage and zest to enjoy life to the fullest.
To preserve the enriched heritage of the Australian culture, the government has taken special initiatives through the setting up of museums, exhibitions, books, and monuments. Every year, on
different cultural programs, the government spends $4.10 billion across the Australian cities of Perth, Melbourne, and Sydney. Christmas and New Y ear are also special occasion in the country reflecting the religious legacy of the place.
Languages in Australia
English is the primary language used in Australia. Yet their colourful vocabulary, accent, phonetics system and slang ('Strine') can take a lot of getting used to. In 1788, there were about 250 separate Aboriginal languages spoken in Australia, plus dialects. Today, only two thirds of these languages survive and only 20 of them (eight per cent of the original 250) are still strong enough to have chance of surviving well into the next century. In addition to these there are also the languages of immigrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia.
Australian Society & Culture
Aussie Modesty
. Australians are very down to earth and always mindful of not giving the impression that they think they are better than anyone else.
. They value authenticity, sincerity, and loathe pretentiousness.
. Australians prefer people who are modest, humble, self- deprecating and with a sense of humour.
. They do not draw attention to their academic or other achievements and tend to distrust people who do.
. They often downplay their own success, which may make them appear not to be
achievement-oriented.
Mates
. Australians place a high value on relationships.
. With a relatively small population, it is important to get along with everyone, since you never know when your paths may cross again.
. This leads to a win-win negotiating style, since having everyone come away with positive feelings helps facilitate future business dealings.
A Multi-Cultural Society
. The initial population of Australia was made up of Aborigines and people of British and Irish descent.
. After World War II there was heavy migration from Europe, especially from Greece, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Lebanon, and Turkey.
. This was in response to the Australian policy of proactively trying to attract immigrants to boost the population and work force.
. In the last thirty years, Australia has liberalised its immigration policy and opened its borders to South East Asia.
. This has caused a real shift in self-perception as Aussies begin to re-define themselves as a multi-cultural and multi-faith society rather then the old homogenous, white, Anglo- Saxon, Protestant nation.
Australian Etiquette & Customs
Meeting Etiquette
. Australians are not very formal so greetings are casual and relaxed.
. A handshake and smile suffices.
. While an Australian may say, 'G'day' or 'G'day, mate', this may sound patronizing from a foreigner. Visitors should simply say, 'Hello' or 'Hello, how are you?'
. Aussies prefer to use first names, even at the initial meeting
Gift Giving Etiquette
. Small gifts are commonly exchanged with family members, close friends, and neighbours on birthdays and Christmas.
. Trades people such as sanitation workers may be given a small amount of cash, or more likely, a bottle of wine or a six-pack of beer!
. If invited to someone's home for dinner, it is polite to bring a box of chocolates or flowers to the hostess. A good quality bottle of wine is always appreciated.
. Gifts are opened when received.
Dining Etiquette
. Many invitations to an Aussies home will be for a 'barbie' (BBQ).
. Guests to a barbeque typically bring wine or beer for their personal consumption. In some cases, very informal barbecues may suggest that you bring your own meat!
. Arrive on time if invited to dinner; no more than 15 minutes late if invited to a barbeque or a large party.
. Contact the hostess ahead of time to see if she would like you to bring a dish.
. Offer to help the hostess with the preparation or clearing up after a meal is served.
Watch your table manners!
. Table manners are Continental -- hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating.
. Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel on your plate with the handles facing to the right.
. Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when eating.
Business Etiquette and Customs in Australia
Relationships & Communication
. Australians are very matter of fact when it comes to business so do not need long- standing personal relationships before they do business with people.
. Australians are very direct in the way they communicate.
. There is often an element of humour, often self-deprecating, in their speech.
. Aussies often use colourful language that would be unthinkable in other countries.
Business Meeting Etiquette
. Appointments are necessary and relatively easy to schedule.
. They should be made with as much lead time as possible.
. Punctuality is important in business situations. It is better to arrive a few minutes early than to keep someone waiting.
. Meetings are generally relaxed; however, they are serious events.
. If an Australian takes exception to something that you say, they will tell you so.
. If you make a presentation, avoid hype, making exaggerated claims, or bells and whistles.
. Present your business case with facts and figures. Emotions and feelings are not important in the Australian business climate.
Negotiating and Decision Making
. Australians get down to business quickly with a minimum amount of small talk.
. They are quite direct and expect the same in return. They appreciate brevity and are not impressed by too much detail.
. Negotiations proceed quickly. Bargaining is not customary. They will expect your initial proposal to have only a small margin for negotiation.
. They do not like high-pressure techniques.
. Decision-making is concentrated at the top of the company, although decisions are made after consultation with subordinates, which can make decision making slow and protracted.
What to wear?
. Business dress is conservative in Melbourne and Sydney.
. Men should wear a dark coloured, conservative business suit.
. Women should wear a smart dress or a business suit.
. In Brisbane or other tropical areas, depending on the job function and company culture, men may wear shirts, ties and Bermuda shorts.
Business Cards
. Business cards are exchanged at the initial introduction without formal ritual.
. If you are not given a business card, it is not an insult; the person simply may not have one
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The culture of Australia is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of the Australian continent and by the diverse input of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of Australia.[1] The predominance of the English language, the existence of a democratic Westminster system of government, Christianity as the dominant religion and the popularity of sports such as cricket and rugby evidence a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage, but Australia today hosts a great diversity of cultural practices and pursuits.
Aboriginal people are believed to have arrived as early as 60,000 years ago, and evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia dates back at least 30,000 years. Several states and territories had their origins as penal colonies, with the First Fleet of British convicts arriving at Sydney Cove in 1788. Stories of outlaws like the bushranger Ned Kelly have endured in Australian music, cinema and literature. The Australian gold rushes from the 1850s brought wealth as well as new social tensions to Australia, including the miners' Eureka Stockade rebellion. The colonies established elected parliaments and rights for workers and women in advance of most other Western nations.[2] Federation in 1901 evidenced a growing sense of national identity - with the Heidelberg School painters and writers like Banjo Paterson, Henry Lawson and Dorothea McKellar. The World Wars profoundly altered Australia's sense of identity - with World War I introducing ANZAC, and World War II seeing a reorientation from Britain to the United States as a major ally. After the second war, 6.5 million migrants from 200 nations brought immense new diversity, and Australians grew increasingly aware of proximity to Asia.
Egalitarianism, informality and an irreverent sense of humour have been common themes of cultural commentary - exemplified by the works of C J Dennis, Barry Humphries and Paul Hogan.[3] Fascination with the outback has persisted in the arts in Australia and agriculture has been an important economic sector, but the demographics of Australia show it to be one of the most urbanised populations in the world, with more than 75 per cent of people living an urban lifestyle, largely in the capital cities along the coast. These comprise the melting pots of what has become known since the 1970s as multicultural Australia.
The capital cities host such internationally renowned cultural institutions as the Sydney Opera House and National Gallery of Victoria, and Australia has contributed many artists to international pop and classical culture, from hard rock's AC/DC to opera's Joan Sutherland. Australians also support or participate enthusiastically in a wide variety of sports, including Australian Rules Football and a vibrant surf culture.
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[edit] From Indigenous Australia to multicultural Australia
Main article: History of Australia
A Luritja man demonstrating method of attack with boomerang under cover of shield (1920).
The oldest surviving cultural traditions in Australia – and some of the oldest surviving cultural traditions on earth – are those of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Their ancestors have inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and 60,000 years, living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle until the arrival of Europeans began to alter their patterns of living. Today, the Indigenous population is estimated at around 2.3 per cent of the total population - approximately 483,000 people. The traditional belief system of Australia's aborigines is known as The Dreamtime. Conflict and reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians has been a source of much art and literature in Australia, and ancient Aboriginal artistic styles and iconic inventions such as the boomerang, the didgeridoo and Indigenous Australian music have become symbols of modern Australia.
Governor Arthur Phillip hoists the British flag over the new colony at Sydney in 1788.
South Australian suffragette Catherine Helen Spence (1825-1910). The Australian colonies established democratic parliaments from the 1850s and began to grant women the vote in the 1890s.
The arrival of Europeans from 1788 onward profoundly disrupted Aboriginal life. According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey, during the colonial period: "In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralisation."[2]
The rest of Australia is descended from the more recent migrants who have arrived from around 200 countries since the First Fleet of British convicts arrived to establish the first European settlement at Sydney in 1788. The British Empire expanded across the whole continent and established six colonies. South Australia established itself as a "free colony" with no convicts and a vision for a territory with political and religious freedoms, together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments.[4]William Wentworth established Australia's first political party in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales. From the 1850s, the colonies set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments as Constitutional Monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state.[5]
Women's suffrage in Australia was achieved from the 1890s.[6] Women became eligible to vote in South Australia in 1895. This was the first legislation in the world permitting women to stand for political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate.[7][8] Though constantly evolving, the key foundations for elected parliamentary government have maintained an historical continuity in Australia from the 1850s into the 21st century.
The Commonwealth of Australia was founded by a series of referendums conducted in the British colonies of Australasia (although Fiji and New Zealand subsequently dropped out of the process)[9] under the Australian Constitution in 1901, which established a federal democracy and enshrined human rights such as sections 41 (right to vote), 80 (right to trial by jury), 116 (freedom of religion) as foundational principles of Australian law and included economic rights such as restricting the government to acquiring property only "on just terms".[10] The Australian Labor Party was established in the 1890s and the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944, both rising to be the dominant political parties and rivals of Australian politics, though various other parties have been and remain influential. Voting is compulsory in Australia and government is essentially formed by a group commanding a majority of seats in the Australian House of Representatives selecting a leader who becomes Prime Minister. Australia remains a constitutional monarchy in which the largely ceremonial and procedural duties of the monarch are performed by a Governor General selected by the Australian government.
The colonies experienced a taste of multi-ethnic immigration during the Australian gold rushes, but following Federation in 1901, the Parliament instigated the White Australia Policy that gave preference to British migrants and ensured that Australia remained a predominantly Anglo-Celtic society until well into the 20th Century. The post-World War II immigration program saw the policy dismantled by successive governments, permitting large numbers of Southern European, and later Asian and Middle Eastern migrants to arrive. The Menzies Government (1949-1966) and Holt Government dismantled the legal barriers to multi-ethnic immigration and by the 1970s, the Whitlam and Fraser Governments were promoting multiculturalism.[11]
Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population, 2006. Click image to enlarge. Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics[12]
Some States and Territories of Australia retained discriminatory laws relating to voting rights for Indigenous Australians into the 1960s, at which point full legal equality was established. A 1967
referendum to include all Aborigines in the national electoral roll census was overwhelmingly approved by voters. In the mid 1960s, Charles Perkins of the University of Sydney, helped organise freedom rides to expose discrimination in rural communities. In 1966, the Gurindji strike was led by Vincent Lingiari in a quest for equal pay and recognition of land rights at a cattle station.[13] In 1971, Liberal Senator Neville Bonner became the first Aboriginal in the Federal Parliament. Sir Douglas Nicholls, who had been a leading Aboriginal rights activist since the 1930s, was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1976.[14] In 1984, a group of Pintupi people who were living a traditional hunter-gatherer desert-dwelling life were tracked down in the Gibson Desert and brought in to a settlement. They are believed to have been the last uncontacted tribe.[15] In the early 21st century, much of indigenous Australia continued to suffer lower standards of health and education than non-indigenous Australia.
Australia's contemporary immigration program has two components: a program for skilled and family migrants and a humanitarian program for refugees and asylum seekers.[16] By 2010, the post-war immigration program had received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The population tripled in the six decades to around 21 million in 2010, comprising people originating from 200 countries.[17] More than 43 per cent of Australians were either born overseas or have one parent who was born overseas. The population is highly urbanised, with more than 75% of Australians live in urban centres, largely along the coast.[3]
Contemporary Australia is a pluralistic society, rooted in liberal democratic traditions - in which tolerance, informality and egalitarianism are seen as key societal values. Heavily influenced by Anglo-Celtic origins the culture of Australia has also been shaped by multi-ethnic migration which has influenced all aspects of Australian life, including business, the arts, cooking, sense of humour and sporting tastes.[3]
[edit] National symbols
The Australian flag.
When the Australian colonies federated on 1 January 1901, an official competition for a design for an Australian flag was held. The final design which was adopted contains the Union Flag in the left corner symbolising Australia's historical links to the United Kingdom, the stars of the Southern Cross on the right half of the flag indicating Australia's geographical location and the seven pointed Federation Star in the bottom left representing the six states and the territories of Australia. Other official flags include[18] the Australian Aboriginal flag, the Torres Strait Islander flag and the flags of the individual states and territories.
Green and gold were confirmed as Australia's national colours by the governor general in 1984, though the colours had been adopted by many national sporting teams long before this. The golden wattle was officially proclaimed as the national floral emblem in 1988. The Australian Coat of Arms was granted by King George V in 1912 and consists of a shield containing the badges of the six states, within an ermine border. The crest above the shield and helmet is a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath, representing the 6 states and the territories. The shield is supported by a red kangaroo and an emu. A revised version of the 19th century song ‘Advance Australia Fair’ became Australia’s official national anthem in 1984.[19]
[edit] Royal symbols
Main article: Australian Royal Symbols
The Queen's Personal Australian Flag.
Reflecting the country's status as a constitutional monarchy, a number of royal symbols exist in Australia. These include symbols of the monarch of Australia, as well as the monarch's Vice-regal representatives.
Despite the fact that the Queen of Australia is not resident in Australia itself, the Crown remains a visible part of the everyday lives of Australians. The birthday of the monarch is celebrated as a public holiday across all states and territories, although the dates vary. The Australian currency, including all coins and the five dollar note, bear an image of the reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. Around 12% of public lands in Australia are referred to as Crown land, including reserves set aside for environmental conservation as well as vacant land. There are many geographic places that have been named in honour of a reigning monarch, including the states of Queensland and Victoria, named after Queen Victoria, with numerous streets, squares, parks and buildings carrying the names of past or present members of the Royal Family. Through royal patronage there are many organisations in Australia that have been granted a Royal prefix. These organisations, including branches of the Australian Defence Force, often incorporate royal symbols into their imagery.
[edit] Language
C. J. Dennis, poetic humourist of Australian English.
Further information: Languages of Australia, Australian slang, Indigenous Australian languages, and Regional variation in Australian English
Although Australia has no official language, it is largely monolingual with English being the "de facto" national language. Australian English generally follows the Queen's English spelling and grammar norms, but has its own distinctive accent and vocabulary – including the distinctive
"g'day", a common and renowned greeting used in Australia. According to the 2001 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Chinese (2.1%), Italian (1.9%), and Greek (1.4%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 deaf people.
It is believed that there were between 200 and 300 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact, but only about 70 of these languages have survived and all but 20 of these are now endangered. An indigenous language is the main language for about 50,000 people (0.25% of the population).[20]
[edit] Humour
Main article: Australian comedy
Barry Humphries.
Arthur Tauchert, in the 1919 film The Sentimental Bloke.
Rolf Harris sketches a "Rolfaroo" self-portrait
Magda Szubanski.
Eric Bana.
Comedy is an important part of the Australian identity. The "Australian sense of humour" is often characterised as dry, irreverent and ironic, exemplified by the works of performing artists like Barry Humphries and Paul Hogan.[21] The quirks of Australian multiculturalism have also provided fodder for comedy.
The convicts of the early colonial period helped establish anti-authoritarianism as a hallmark of Australian comedy. Influential in the establishment of stoic, dry wit as a characteristic of Australian humour were the bush balladeers of the 19th century, including Henry Lawson, author of The Loaded Dog.[22] His contemporary, Banjo Paterson, contributed a number of classic comic poems. CJ Dennis wrote humour in the Australian vernacular - notably in "The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke". The Dad and Dave series about a farming family was an enduring hit of the early 20th century. The World War I ANZAC troops were said to often display irreverence in their relations with superior officers and dark humour in the face of battle.[23]
Australian comedy has a strong tradition of self-mockery, from the outlandish Barry McKenzie expat-in-Europe movies of the 1970s, to the quirky outback characters of the Crocodile Dundee films of the 1980s, the suburban parody of Working Dog Productions' 1997 film The Castle and the dysfunctional suburban mother-daughter sitcom Kath & Kim. In the 1970s, satirical talk-show host Norman Gunston (played by Garry McDonald), with his malapropisms, sweep-over hair and poorly shaven face, rose to great popularity by pioneering the satirical "ambush" interview technique (later employed by Britain's Sacha Baron Cohen as Ali G) and giving unique interpretations of pop songs. Roy and HG provide an affectionate but irreverent parody of Australia's obsession with sport. The Dream with Roy and HG has been a regular feature of Olympic television coverage since the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
Since the 1950s, the satirical character creations of Barry Humphries have included housewife "gigastar" Edna Everage and "Australian cultural attaché" Les Patterson, whose interests include boozing, chasing women and flatulence.[24] For his delivery of dadaist and absurdist humour to millions, biographer Anne Pender described Humphries in 2010 as "the most significant comedian to emerge since Charlie Chaplin".[25]
The vaudeville talents of Graham Kennedy, Don Lane and Bert Newton earned popular success during the early years of Australian television. The variety show Hey Hey It's Saturday screened for three decades. Among the best loved Australian sitcoms was Mother and Son, about a divorcee who had moved back into the suburban home of his mother - but sketch comedy has been the stalwart of Australian television. The Comedy Company, in the 1980s, featured the comic talents of Mary-Anne Fahey, Ian McFadyen, Mark Mitchell, Glenn Robbins, Kym Gyngell and others. Growing out of Melbourne University and The D-Generation came The Late Show (1991–1993), starring the influential talents Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner, Jane Kennedy, Tony Martin, Mick Molloy and Rob Sitch (who later formed Working Dog Productions); and during the 1980s and 1990s Fast Forward (Steve Vizard, Magda Szubanski, Marg Downey, Michael Veitch, Peter Moon and others) and its successor Full Frontal, which launched the career of Eric Bana and featured Shaun Micallef.
The perceptive wit of Clive James and Andrew Denton has been popular in the talk-show interview style. Representatives of the "bawdy" strain of Australian comedy include Rodney Rude, Austen Tayshus and Chad Morgan. Quintessential Australian country music hits included the novelty songs A Pub with No Beer (1957) by Slim Dusty and Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport (1960s) by Rolf Harris which help define a comic tradition of Australian music.
Cynical satire has had enduring popularity, with television series such as Frontline, targeting the inner workings of "news and current affairs" TV journalism, The Hollowmen (2008), set in the office of the Prime Minister's political advisory (spin) department, and The Chaser series, which cynically examines domestic and international politics.[21] Actor/writer Chris Lilley has produced a series of award winning "mockumentary" style television series about Australian characters since 2005.
Post-war immigration has seen migrant humour flourish: from They're a Weird Mob (1966) about an Italian immigrant adapting to Sydney life, to the works of Vietnamese refugee Anh Do, Egyptian stand-up comic Akmal Saleh and Nick Giannopoulos' Wog Boy 2: Kings of Mykonos (2010) about second generation Australian Greeks returning to their ancestral home.
The annual Melbourne International Comedy Festival is one of the largest comedy festivals in the world, and a popular fixture on the city's cultural calendar.[26]
Australian tastes can be eclectic when it comes to imported comedy from other English speaking countries, with American series like M*A*S*H, Seinfeld, and The Simpsons acquiring devoted followings in Australia - but so too such quintessentially British comedies as Fawlty Towers, The Goodies, Blackadder and The Office.[27]
[edit] Arts in Australia
The arts in Australia—film, music, painting, theatre, dance and crafts—have achieved international recognition. While much of Australia's cultural output has traditionally tended to fit with general trends and styles in Western arts, the arts as practiced by indigenous Australians represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in the styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities.[28][29][30]
At the close of the 19th century, the art of the Heidelberg School began to capture the unique colours of the Australian bush, famed writers Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson presented conflicting views of the harshness and romance of life in Australia, and performing artists like Dame Nellie Melba succeeded internationally in the traditional European arts. During the 20th century, writers and performers like C J Dennis, Barry Humphries and Paul Hogan both mocked and celebrated Australian cultural stereotypes, while shifting demographics saw a diversification of artistic output, with writers like feminist Germaine Greer challenging traditional cultural norms.
Australia's capital cities each support traditional "high culture" institutions in the form of major art galleries, ballet troupes, theatres, symphony orchestras, opera houses and dance companies. Leading Australian performers in these fields have included the opera Dames Nellie Melba and Joan Sutherland, dancers Edouard Borovansky and Sir Robert Helpmann, and
choreographer/dancers such as Graeme Murphy and Meryl Tankard. Opera Australia is based in Sydney at the world renowned Sydney Opera House.[31] The Australian Ballet, Melbourne and Sydney symphony orchestras are also well regarded cultural institutions.
Organisations such as the Sydney Theatre Company and National Institute of Dramatic Art have fostered students of theatre, film, and television several of whom have continued to international success, with actors like Cate Blanchett and Geoffrey Rush having been associated with both institutions.
Independent culture thrives in all capital cities and exists in most large regional towns. The independent arts of music, film, art and street art are the most extensive. Melbourne's independent music scene, is one of the largest in the world, whilst another can be found in the multitude of international street artists visiting Melbourne and, to a lesser extent, other major cities, to work for a period of time.
[edit] Literature
Henry Lawson (right) with J.F. Archibald, the co-founder of The Bulletin
David Unaipon (1872-1967), the first Aboriginal author.
The Magic Pudding by Norman Lindsay is a classic Australian children's story.
Main article: Australian Literature
Australian writers who have obtained international renown include the Nobel winning author Patrick White, as well as authors Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally, Colleen McCullough, Nevil Shute and Morris West. Notable contemporary expatriate authors include the feminist Germaine Greer, art historian Robert Hughes and humorists Barry Humphries and Clive James.[32]
Among the important authors of classic Australian works are the poets Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, C J Dennis and Dorothea McKellar. Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular with such works as The Sentimental Bloke, while McKellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem My Country which rejected prevailing fondness for England's "green and shaded lanes" and declared: "I love a sunburnt country". At one point, Lawson and Paterson contributed a series of verses to The Bulletin magazine in which they engaged in a literary debate about the nature of life in Australia. Lawson said Paterson was a romantic and Paterson said Lawson was full of doom and gloom.[33] Lawson is widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest writers of short stories, while Paterson's poems The Man From Snowy River and Clancy of the Overflow remain amongst the most popular Australian bush poems. Significant political poets of the 20th century included Dame Mary Gilmore and Judith Wright. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe.
Novelists of classic Australian works include Marcus Clarke (For the Term of His Natural Life), Rolf Boldrewood (Robbery Under Arms), Miles Franklin (My Brilliant Career), Mary Durack (Kings in Grass Castles and Keep Him My Country) and Jeannie Gunn (We of the Never Never). Franklin, Durack and Gunn are notable for their accounts of Outback living from a female perspective. Ruth Park, author of The Harp in the South, contributed a number of iconic fictional works about urban living.
In terms of children's literature, Norman Lindsay (The Magic Pudding) and May Gibbs (Snugglepot and Cuddlepie) are among the Australian classics.
The extraordinary circumstances of the convict foundations of Australian theatre are recounted in Thomas Keneally's novel The Playmaker. Eminent writers of Australian plays have included Steele Rudd (On Our Selection), David Williamson, Alan Seymour and Nick Enright.
Although historically only a small proportion of Australia's population have lived outside the major cities, many of Australia's most distinctive stories and legends originate in the outback, in the drovers and squatters and people of the barren, dusty plains.[34]
David Unaipon is known as the first indigenous author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse.[35] A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in Sally Morgan's My Place. Contemporary academics and activists including Marcia Langton and Noel Pearson are prominent essayists and authors on Aboriginal issues.
Charles Bean (The Story of Anzac: From the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign 4 May 1915, 1921) Geoffrey Blainey (The Tyranny of Distance, 1966),
Robert Hughes (The Fatal Shore, 1987), Manning Clark(A History of Australia, 1962–87), and Marcia Langton (First Australians, 2008) are authors of important Australian histories.
[edit] Theatre
Dame Edna Everage, a comic creation of Barry Humphries, debuted in Melbourne in the 1950s and has featured at the West End and Broadway.
Hugh Jackman in The Boy From Oz.
澳大利亚文化汇总
Australian Culture 如何适应澳大利亚文化 尊重私人空间 澳大利亚的文化中，强调自我在社会中的价值，注重私人空间。一些在国内看似无心的行为，在澳大利亚人眼里很可能成为一种无礼与冒犯。 “如果是在超市里，别人在看货架上的东西时，即使他站得离货架有1米左右，如果你要从那儿过，是不能从那个人和货架之间走过去的，一定要从那个人背后绕过去，直接从中间走是非常不礼貌的举动。”来悉尼留学还不到3个
月的敬路月已从中吸取教训，“如果从背后绕不过去，一定要说打搅了，再从中间穿过。这是普遍的礼貌问题，不只是我个人要这么做。” 敬路月告诉笔者，之前的一次经历让她至今印象深刻。“有一次我去买肉，看到一个店员在那儿愣着，我就去跟她说我要买什么，但当时我没发现，实际上她是在等另外一位顾客付钱，而那位顾客和这个店员站的距离，对我来说，是看不出他们俩是在谈话的。然后，那个店员就很不客气地跟我讲：难道你没看到我正在为别人服务吗？我心里觉得委屈，他们中间隔了一个放肉的展柜，那个顾客和展柜之间还能挨紧站3个人。”敬路月一边解释，一边用手比画出顾客与店员之间的距离。 转换思维模式 在为人处世方面，受中国传统文化的影响，辞让之说对中国人影响深远，含蓄成为中国人独特的思维方式与处世哲学。谦逊含蓄与直截了当是中国文化和澳大利亚文化的差别之一。 “有一次，一位澳大利亚同学来我家玩，临走前，我客套地说了句‘明天有空带着你女友过来玩’，没想到第二天他真的和女友一起买了很多吃的东西过来，大有开派对的意思，弄得我很尴尬。”在澳大利亚悉尼留学的黄鹤告诉笔者。 此外，在学习方面，中国留学生与当地学生的思维方式也存在差异。 “中国学生比较善于综合性思考，善于从宏观层面把握问题；而澳大利亚学生更善于分析性思考，也就是他们所说的批判性思考，注重从细节去寻找解决问题的突破口。另外，中国留学生一般都是顺着老师的讲解听下去，而澳大利亚学
中澳文化之我见
14酒店管理李小强 中澳文化差异之我见 在你到达澳大利亚之前，你也许已经从书上、澳洲回来的旅游者那里或是你的亲戚朋友的经验得知澳洲或澳洲人是什么样的。你会发现这些观点是部分正确，部分错误的－就象你会认为一些澳洲人对你的国家的一些看法有时会被很奇怪的歪曲了一样。 澳洲各个地方的风土人情差别很大，人们的道德观念也有很大差异，所以有时很难接受一些陈旧的观念。你会发现你在不断的比较澳洲和你自己的国家，各自不同的行为方式。开始你会感到很难适应或感到不满，渐渐的你会理解澳洲人的行为方式并且去鉴别什么是好的，什么是坏的。充分利用你的时间去了解这里的环境和这里的人。最基本的是要和澳洲人相处融洽。下面一些观点也许会帮助你去了解澳洲人什么样和怎样去和他们成功的相处。澳洲人很自豪的称自己为‘平等主义者’。事实确实是这样，谈话非常随便。比如：学生对老师通常是直呼其名字，态度也不象我们理所当然认为的尊敬。但另一方面，他们对待其他人也是同样的友好和不正式：秘书，实验室的技师，图书管理员和清洁工；公共汽车和出租车司机；售货员和银行职员－这些人都给学生提供服务但绝不是‘佣人’。他们中的许多人都是很有资历和经验的，如果你认为他们低人一等，他们会非常不满。所以，做为一个对澳洲社会很陌生的人，最聪明的办法就是对每个人都表现足够的友好并给予尊敬。 澳洲人说话非常直率，有时甚至是你会觉得他们过于外向以致显得莽撞。你也许会被一句很普通的骂人话或说话的方式触怒；比如，一个完全陌生的人称呼你为‘哥们儿’；经常用演讲的说话方式来体现他们的容易接近。
有时他们的幽默和玩笑听起来非常怪异。他们的话语有时让人觉得失望，但是请认真听，不要很快就反感。去观察他们互相怎样交谈，怎样反应，去感觉他们的幽默。你不用特意去学他们，但是你需要去理解他们交谈中暗含的意思。总之,要时时刻刻怀有一种宽容的心对待不同的事物和文化.有一些情况会使澳洲人对外国人产生反感，如：不按秩序排队等。许多情况下人们需要排队等候某项服务－－在邮局或公共汽车站－－澳洲人一般不会排成一个很明显的队，但是很明确自己站在什么位置。一个不明情况的外国人很可能没有注意到，而认为柜台开门或者汽车进站的时候，谁都可以往前挤。这样很可能导致别人对你的不满甚至会粗暴的批评你。所以，一直等候直到轮到你，在你后面的人一样会守秩序。你如果不能确定是不是有一个队(人很少或看上去很希松的时候),你应该询问一下"IS THIS A QUEUE?" 然后再站到自己该站的地方. 如果你在人际关系上遇到麻烦，你最好能从别人那里寻求一些意见和帮助－向朋友，学校的咨询员，你的课程协调员寻求帮助。澳洲人特别尊重他人的隐私，如果你没有要求，别人不会干涉你的生活或主动给你建议。一个典型的例子就是学校发成绩单. 每个人的成绩单都是用信封密封好的.只有你自己和有关老师知道. 除了颁发奖学金之类,也一般不予排名. 即 使排名, 也不公布具体分数. 一个坏处是当你遇到困难时,不开口说,别人很难知道. 这时你应该直接和能够帮你的人表达清楚. 否则会使事情越来越严重. 事实上许多问题在别人的帮助下，往往是能很快得到解决的。澳洲人希望你能独立。你不提出他们不会给你帮助；但是你一旦提出，他们会尽力帮助你。关键的是你自己迈出第一步。不干涉他人隐私的习惯在日常谈话中也能体现出来。比如。如果你不是很了解一个人，一般你最好只谈一些很随便的话题，如果你第一次见到一个人，就问他的收入，年龄，
澳大利亚土著图腾
澳大利亚土著图腾 世界各地都有着自己的文化及图腾，澳大利亚也不例外，下面为大家整理了澳大利亚土著图腾相关的知识，希望对大家有用。 澳大利亚土著图腾 澳大利亚沙漠中部有一块巨大的赤色砂岩,充满了神秘的气息。澳大利亚土著人认为这块巨岩是他们的所属物,是他们祖先从神灵那里得到的赐予,具有重要的宗教意义,巨岩上每一道风化的疤痕和纹路不仅对他们具有特别意义,也让每年到此的万千世界各地的游客遐想不已。这块巨岩就是“乌鲁鲁”,也曾被称为“艾尔斯岩”。 “乌鲁鲁”是澳大利亚土著人的土语,也是赤色砂岩现在的正式名称,它的全称应该足以巨岩为核心的“乌鲁鲁卡塔丘塔国家公园”。1987年被列入世界“文化与自然双重遗产”名录。英文也将其称之为艾尔斯岩,因为在1873年,英国探险家戈斯发现了这块巨岩,于是以当时南澳大利亚洲的总督艾尔斯爵士的名字命名。乌鲁鲁跟悉尼歌剧院一样,是澳大利亚的象征。但乌鲁鲁跟那座人造的现代建筑有很大的不同,因为它所代表的是这个国家远古的历史,它是澳大利亚这块古老大陆上的唯一原住民族;;澳大利亚土著民族的图腾(乌鲁鲁传统主人阿南古人的传统价值体系得到了肯定，阿南古人是世界上最古老的族群之一，是与大自然共生长的澳洲土著)。 乌鲁鲁十分巨大,在一百公里以外的地方便可以望见这块巨岩。
人们对它的第一个印象是乌鲁鲁是从平原上拔地而起的,继而便会对其巨大的体积惊讶不已。这块巨石高348米,底部周长9公里。乌鲁鲁常被称为世界上最大的岩石,其实它并非岩石, 而是一座地下“山峰”的峰顶。这座大山被埋在地下大约6公里的深处。在约5亿5千万年以前,澳大利亚中部还是一个巨大的海床,而这块岩石就是海床的一部分。后来海洋逐渐退却,地壳慢慢移动并隆起,高大的山峰就被土地所覆盖,只露出来一个山顶。它就是乌鲁鲁。 最早发现乌鲁鲁的欧洲人其实并不是戈斯,虽然是他给乌鲁鲁“命名”的。在戈斯发现乌鲁鲁的前一年,英国探险家吉尔斯曾多次深入澳大利亚内陆。有一次吉尔斯来到乌鲁鲁以北40公里的阿马富厄斯湖畔,发现了这块巨岩,并做了记录。而吉尔斯次年重返旧地时,戈斯已登临过乌鲁鲁的岩顶了。后来澳大利亚冒险家兼作家大卫;琳达在澳大利亚内陆周游时也曾到过乌鲁鲁,她最早用文学的笔法描述了乌鲁鲁。她在《踪迹》一书中说:“这块巨岩有一股笔墨难以形容的力量,使我的心跳骤然急促起来,我从没见过如此奇异但又极尽原始之美的东西。”如果对澳大利亚土著民族关于这块岩石的神话和传说有所了解的话,上述印象便更具有意义了。据澳大利亚土著人传说,乌鲁鲁是他们祖先在“梦幻时代”开辟路径时所留下的路标。“梦幻时代”是指天地形成时期。 乌鲁鲁的每一道裂痕对澳大利亚土著民族来说都具有极为重要的意义。土著认为：整个澳大利亚北部的厂袤土地都是祖先留给他们并让他们世代守护的。而乌鲁鲁则是这块土地上最重要的一部分,是
澳大利亚文化产业
论澳大利亚创意产业 ——以悉尼交响乐团为例 调查概况： 本文以澳大利亚的表演产业为着眼点，通过对于悉尼交响乐团的案例分析，总结了澳大利亚政府扶持创意产业的发展的优势特色，它可以主要归类为以下几点：国家重视政策法规对文化产业发展的促进作用；加强专业人才培养力度和受众群体；注重产业发展的本土化并打造优势品牌；以及鼓励文化产品出口贸易。本文旨在通过对其特点的分析给我国广大文化产业工作者提供一些借鉴。 调查时间：2013年5月至2013年6月 调查地点：同济大学 调查对象：悉尼交响乐团 调查人：单嘉依 104173
一、悉尼交响乐团概况 （一）表演艺术产业概况 澳大利亚约有近500个表演艺术团体，在艺术界享有盛誉的团体有澳大利亚芭蕾舞团、澳大利亚歌剧院、悉尼交响乐团、墨尔本交响乐团、澳大利亚室内乐团、黑天鹅剧院等。 这些表演团体长年活跃在国际国内舞台上，每个团每年都要演出半年以上。例如，澳大利亚芭蕾舞团平均每年上演5个剧目，共演出140多场，每二至三年到世界各地巡演一次。澳大利亚歌剧院每年上演19部作品，悉尼交响乐团每年举办音乐会180余场。 澳大利亚表演团体的特点是剧（节）目创新多且快，与国外合作的节目多，演出频率高。据澳大利亚统计局公布的数字,1999年7月至2000年6月澳大利亚音乐和舞台演出行业的总收入达到5亿零54万澳元，其分项收入列表如下： （二）悉尼交响乐团简介 悉尼交响乐团是澳大利亚的旗舰管弦乐团之一，是澳大利亚人口密集城市的主要音乐机构，完成了许多重要的国内外演出任务，可以称得上是整个澳大利亚的旗舰交响乐团。而作为整个悉尼城市文化的代表，乐团是奥林匹克艺术节的文化使节，并且在2000年悉尼奥运会上大放异彩。 作为悉尼歌剧院的长驻乐团，悉尼交响乐团保持着平均每三天就有两场音乐会的高频率，创下每年吸引观众总人次超过40万的傲人纪录，当知无愧成为世
澳大利亚土著文化
绘画艺术 数百年前，在澳洲这块古老而孤立的大陆上，有一类与世界上其他人种没有任何血缘关系的人——澳洲土著人。那时，他们没有自己的历史，没有自己的语言，终年与桉树相伴，与袋鼠、鸭嘴兽为伍，过着与外界几乎完全隔绝的生活。在山间丘陵，他们栖居于洞穴中，以防不测；在森林灌木丛，他们用树枝架棚，苫以兽皮、树皮，并用它遮身御寒；在干燥的沙漠原野，他们则筑沙墙，挡风露宿。澳洲土著人就是在这种与大自然抗争的漫长的生存过程中，形成了自己独特的历史文化。在澳大利亚逗留不长的时间，我们发现透过澳大利亚的博物馆、美术馆，透过澳大利亚土著人的绘画艺术，对其士著人珍贵的历史文化可见一斑。 据澳大利亚国家博物馆专修土著人绘画艺术的专家介绍，由于澳洲土著人在历史上没有文化记载，其文化也多半表现在口头流传下来的神化故事、歌吟、绘画、雕刻和习俗之中，而绘画是记录土著民族历史及传播土著民族文化的一个尤为重要的媒介，被人们视为了解该民族的历史形成与文化发展的重要资料。在南澳的纽拉博尔（NULLABOR）发现的洞穴壁刻——土著人的石壁画，距今已有两万年的历史。这些绘画除用象征手法表现他们对大自然的认识之外，还以具象手法记录他们的风俗习惯、神化故事及渔猎生活。因此，澳洲的土著绘画又被人们称为“可视文化”。“梦创时期”（DREAMING TIME），被土著民族认为是整个世界的伊始，天空大地、人类万物皆生于此。当时，世界混沌一片，只有一条巨蟒——土著人相信这是神的化身。这条巨蟒熟睡后，梦见了土地，土地就出现了；梦见了人，人就出现了。所以，世界是由神创造的，神控制着万物的变化。这种对自然界的认识，自然而然地反映到土著人的绘画艺术之中，并成为土著绘画艺术始终描述的主题。 澳洲首都堪培拉的一位学者告诉我们，当地土著语言中无“画家”一词，绘画一般被土著人视为生活必修课。当土著人儿童长到一定年龄之后，便开始跟着长辈在各种东西上描画。随着年龄的增长，描画的范围逐步扩大，内容也越来越复杂，因此绘画技能亦不断提高。不过，由于受到物质条件的制约，土著人绘画形式基本上分为三种：石壁画、树皮画和沙石画。 石壁画是以凹纹刻在洞穴或山岩的石壁上的，因而得名。其表现内容多为“梦创时期”的神化传说及人和动植物等，绘画形式比较简单，包括几何图形和物象，一般都寓有一定的涵义，是一种视觉语言，记录或象征某种事物或事件，如河溪山峦的地理位置、祖先的足迹及捕猎路线等。石壁画又分为刀刻涂抹和直接描绘两种，所用颜料多取于画址附近的褐色、白色矿石，并将其磨成粉末调制而成，画面一般与实物大小相等。目前，在澳大利亚大部分地区都可以见到这种简朴的石壁画，其中保存比较完好的多集中在西澳的金伯利斯（Kinberleys），及昆士兰州的约克角半岛（Cape YorkPeninula）。这些画尽管历尽沧桑，有些已有上万年的历史，但依然清晰可辨。 我们在金伯利斯看到了一些石壁画，其中最为壮观的一幅画的是恐龙图。这只庞然大物，正悠闲自得地在林中的池塘边汲水，不远处还有几个人好像不敢靠近似的在一旁注视着。恐龙头顶褐色的颜料十分清楚。
当前西方主要发达国家的文化政策对我们的启示
他山之石，可以攻玉 ——当前西方主要发达国家的文化政策对我们的启示 霍桂桓 【专题名称】文化研究 【专题号】G0 【复印期号】2004年02期 【原文出处】《民族艺术研究》(昆明)2003年05期第30～33页 【作者简介】霍桂桓，男，中国社会科学院文化研究中心研究员北京100732 【内容提要】20世纪70年代以来，西方各主要发达国家进入第二次现代化进程，文化要素逐步进入经济活动领域，全球文化市场正在形成。西方发达国家已充分认 识到文化产业研究与开发在国际竞争中的重要意义，制定了灵活多样的文化 政策。在加入WTO、文化市场开放的情况下，我国应借鉴其经验，全面推进 社会经济文化的转型，在继续完成第一次现代化的同时，研究二次现代化的 新情况，奠定文化政策基础，实现文化观念的转型与文化管理体制的转轨。【关键词】第二次现代化/全球文化市场/文化政策/文化转型/体制转轨 中图分类号：G11 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-840X(2003)05-0030-04 当前，在以胡锦涛同志为核心的新一届中央领导集体的领导和大力支持下，国内的文化研究、文化产业研究与开发，以及文化管理体制改革的研究和探索，不仅已经在有关学术研究部门开展起来，也得到了从中央到地方各级领导的高度重视和积极的参与及合作。在这种形势下，翻译和引介西方主要国家的文化政策，并结合其具体国情现状对这些文化政策进行比较全面和准确的理解、探讨及研究，对我们目前正在进行的文化、文化产业研究和文化管理体制改革探索，显然都具有非常重要的理论意义和现实借鉴价值，因而也成为中国社会科学院文化研究中心目前正在大力实施的重要科研项目之一。 一、西方主要国家的社会文化现状和文化政策特征 根据我们通过互联网和其他渠道掌握的资料(注：需要说明的是，其中的某些材料和数据已经刊登在中国社会科学院文化研究中心编印的《文化政策调研》上，但读者可能由于保密方面的原因无法看到这份刊物；需要这些材料的读者，请直接与该文化研究中心办公室联系索取。)来看，当前西方主要发达国家虽然都在关注文化研究和文化产业的研究与开发，但由于它们的历史文化传统不同，当前的经济、政治和社会发展水平各异，其社会文化管理体制和相应的文化政策侧重点也有所不同。综合看来，我们可以把当前西方主要发达国家的社会文化现状和文化政策特征分为以下四种基本类型： 第一种类型：美国 它是目前世界上最发达、已经全面市场化、市场化程度最高的资本主义国家。基于这样的社会文化发展水平，国家对文化发展的管理和协调机制以“无为而无不为”为特征，具体管理方式以各州政府为核心协调单位并且灵活多样；而其文化政策重点则是，一方面，就发展信息化高科技手段而言，通过颁布各种政策法规促成软件硬件的剥离、使硬件生产归于传统产业，进一步促进、保护和开发国内外文化资源(特别是开发国外文化资源)，在使“文化资源
!!!白人殖民对澳大利亚土著社会的破坏
第28卷第4期Vol .28,No .4 西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版) Journal of Xihua University (Phil os ophy &Social Sciences ) 2009年8月Aug .2009 收稿日期:2009-05-20 作者简介:杨洪贵(1970—),男,教授、博士,主要从事世界现当代史和澳大利亚史研究。 ?澳大利亚研究? 白人殖民对澳大利亚土著社会的破坏 杨洪贵 (西华师范大学历史文化学院 四川南充 637002) 摘 要:1788年英国殖民者在澳大利亚建立罪犯流放地,从此打破土著在澳大利亚的宁静。为了夺取土地与 资源,白人殖民者对土著进行剥夺、屠杀。殖民者带往澳大利亚的疾病与瘟疫(主要是天花和性病)也不断侵袭土著部落。这些导致澳大利亚土著人口锐减、生活方式和社会文化的破坏。白人殖民对澳大利亚土著种族的生存构成严重威胁。 关键词:殖民;澳大利亚土著;破坏 中图分类号:K61114 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672-8505(2009)04-0079-05 W h ite Colon ists πD estructi on to the Abor i g i n a l Austra li a Soc i ety Y ANG Hong 2gui (School of H istory and Culture,X ihua N or m al U niversity,N anchong,S ichuan,637002,China ) Abstract:Australia was col onized by B ritain in 1788.Fr om then on,white Col onists not only t ook away the land and res ources fr om Aboriginal Australians,but massacred thousands of the m.Besides,the ep ide m ic of s mall pox and sexual infecti ons continuously ruined the Aboriginal Australians tribes .So,vi olent conflicts and the s p read of infecti ous diseases resulted in a shar p reducti on of Abo 2riginal Australians populati on and the great destructi on of their tribal life .The above evidence showed white col onists posed a grave threat t o Aboriginal Australians πexistence . Key words:col onizati on;Aboriginal Australians;destructi on 西方列强对大洋州的殖民侵略比其他大陆来得晚些,这里的殖民掠夺和压迫的历史也比较短,但对澳大利亚的土著居民来说,所造成的悲剧却不亚于 南北美洲。[1]38 1788年英国开始在澳大利亚开展殖民活动。从此,暴力冲突和疾病的侵袭导致土著人口急剧减少,土著生活方式遭到巨大破坏,澳大利亚土著的种族生存面临严重威胁。 一、殖民者对澳大利亚土著的猎杀 1788年1月28日,英国殖民者来到澳大利亚 东南部,开始殖民活动。在其存在的最初半个世纪里,作为海外监狱,澳大利亚是体面的英国人最不愿意去的地方。除犯人外,当时只能招募下层社会的以及那些为生计所迫的英国人到澳大利亚充当官员、监狱看守和自由移民。这种人口结构下,无论是罪犯还是自由人都在物质上匮乏、智力和精神上不足,没有能力去认识和理解复杂而又具有浓郁宗教 色彩的土著文化。[2]25 19世纪30年代以后,殖民地政治经济体制发生重大转变。政治上,公民殖民地纷纷建立,流放制度逐渐废止。经济上经历了两次大发展,第一次是1830-1860年期间牧羊业的发展;第二次是从1851年到19世纪末的淘金热。随着澳洲由流放地演变成为殖民地,农业和牧业的发展,强占土著土地成为发展的必须,白人与土著的冲突越发不可避免。由于土著人没有私有观念,他们认为采集白人农田的食物,捕杀白人喂养的牲口是他们生活的权利。而白人却认为这些是他们的私有财产,信奉私有财产神圣不可侵犯。白人认为土著就是偷盗白人劳动成果的强盗,他们以武力方式对 土著进行惩罚和限制。[3]340 土著日益被白人认为是扩张和向内地殖民的障碍,欲除之而后快。 正因为如此,随着英国殖民的开始,澳大利亚土著和白人殖民者之间的冲突就开始了。1790年12
谈澳大利亚的商务文化
[摘要]本英国留学生论文文章主要是介绍澳大利亚的商务文化。商务文化作为国际经济和国际贸易的内涵要素和重要支撑,越来越多地受到人们的高度重视。同样是英语国家,澳大利亚的商务文化背景与美国、英国、加拿大和新西兰等英语国家有很大的不同。 首先值得一提的是,我在撰写该《商务文化习惯与亚文化认知》之澳大利亚篇的过程中得到了旅居澳大利亚南部城市的Lily Sudtks女士的大力帮助,特别是关于澳大利亚的一些地方独有的文化表现,风情和习俗,都给本文的撰写提供了很好的参考,在此表示感谢。在此之前我发表了三篇内容为商务文化新解的文章,介绍了美国、英国以及加拿大的商务文化。而本篇是介绍澳大利亚的商务文化。由于澳大利亚独特的发展历史和独特的自然资源,独特的国家多元文化,特别是在土著文化的保护方面,是世界上许多国家难以比拟的。 一、澳大利亚商务文化大环境简介(一)多样文化背景构成的澳大利亚1.澳大利亚的独特历史早在4万多年前,土著居民便生息繁衍于澳大利亚这块古老的土地上。据有关史料记载, 1606年,西班牙航海家托勒斯(LuisVaez de Torres)的船只驶过位于澳大利亚和新几内亚岛(伊里安岛)之间的海峡;同年,荷兰人威廉姆?简士的杜伊夫根号(Duyfken)涉足过澳大利亚并且是首次有记载的外来人在澳大利亚的真正登陆。1770年,英国航海家库克船长(Captain James Cook)发现澳大利亚东海岸,将其命名为“新南威尔士”,并宣布这片土地是英国的属土。1788年1月26日,英国首批移民抵澳,开始在澳建立殖民地,后来这一天被定为澳大利亚国庆日。1900年7月,英国议会通过“澳大利亚联邦宪法”和“不列颠自治领条例”。1901年1月1日,澳各殖民区改为州,成立澳大利亚联邦。1931年,澳成为英联邦内的独立国家。1986年,英议会通过“与澳大利亚关系法”,澳获得完全立法权和司法终审权。最早,澳大利亚只是英国政府作为一个流放囚犯的地方。1788年1月18日,由菲利普船长率领的一支有6艘船的船队共1530人抵达澳大利亚的园林湾(BotanyBay),当中包括736名囚犯。八天之后的1788年1月26日,他们正式在澳大利亚杰克逊港(PortJackson)建立起第一个英国殖民区,这个地方后来人口不断增长而成为澳大利亚现在的第一大城市悉尼。这个名字的来由,是为了纪念当时的英国内政大臣悉尼(sydney)。现在,每年的1月26日是澳大利亚的国庆日。1790年,第一批来自英国的自由民移居澳大利亚,以悉尼为中心,逐步向内陆发展,至1803年,殖民区已拓展到今日的塔斯曼尼亚。初期的殖民地仅赖以农业生存,其后便利用天然条件发展畜牧业。至1819年,澳大利亚的畜牧业已有了较大发展。当时的麦卡瑟船长与妻子共同培育了澳大利亚最早的螺角羊。他们牧场的羊群总数达6000头。殖民地生产的羊毛不仅自给,而且向英国出口,为澳大利亚换回日用生活必需品。至1850年,澳大利亚的牧羊业已很发达,羊只存栏总数达1800万头,当时英国进口羊毛总量的一半以上来自澳大利亚。悉尼和墨尔本已取代德国汉堡,成为世界上最著名的羊毛集散中心。2.澳大利亚的自然地理和人口情况澳大利亚位于南太平洋和印度洋之间,由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚岛等岛屿和海外领土组成。它东濒太平洋的珊瑚海和塔斯曼海,西、北、南三面临印度洋及其边缘海,海岸线长约3?67万公里。面积769?2万平方公里,占大洋洲的绝大部分,虽四面环水,沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的35%。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原3个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2230米,最长河流墨尔本河长1745公里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点,湖面低于海平面12米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁———大堡礁。北部属热带,大部分属温带。年平均气温北部27℃,南部14℃,内陆地区干旱少雨,年降水量不足200毫米,东部山区500—1200毫米。人口2023万,其中70%是英国及爱尔兰后裔, 18%为欧洲其他国家后裔,亚裔占6%,土著居民约占2?3%。居民中大多数信奉基督教。澳大利亚的通用语言为英语。行政区划:澳大利亚全国分为6个州和两个地区。各州有自己的议会、政府、州督和州总理。6个州是:新南威尔士、维多利亚、昆士兰、南澳大利亚、西澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚;两个地区是:北部地方、首都直辖区。3.澳大利亚的多元文化澳大利亚是一个非常典型的移民国家,被社会学家喻为“民族的拼盘”,因此多元文化是澳大利亚文化的必然特性。
澳大利亚的文化
澳大利亚的文化 外语系08级翻译4班 0840512249 史顺娟 摘要：澳大利亚的文化生活乃是丰富多彩的众多传统、澳洲各种民族、风俗以及当代世界影响的产物。澳大利亚社会的特色一方面反映在土著人的绘画、文学和音乐中，另一方面又在从西方传统吸收来的艺术、文学、现代舞蹈、电影、歌剧和戏剧中得到了体现。亚太地区也是影响澳洲文化的一个重要因素。尽管众所周知，澳大利亚人热爱运动，但同时，他们也喜欢静静地感受艺术。从电影、文学作品和音乐到戏剧、舞蹈和视觉艺术，澳大利亚的每个城市都提供有大量的文化产品。当然，如果没有多元文化因素，澳大利亚的文化就不会是今天这样。 关键词：艺术，多元文化，土著文化，饮食文化 音乐 澳大利亚人酷爱欣赏音乐会、观看戏剧演出，重要美术展览观众如潮。如果按人口平均计算，澳大利亚人购买杂志和书籍的数量在世界上属于最多者之列。人们对澳大利亚工艺美术作品很感兴趣，同时，美术馆也举办高水平的国际展览。当代著名艺术家们的作品就其内容、风格和特色而言，乃是澳大利亚与国际兼而有之。 澳大利亚共有八个大型专业交响乐团。就通俗音乐而论，澳大利亚在世界英语国家中所提供的乐曲在数量上占第四位。作为澳国家歌剧公司的澳大利亚歌剧团经常进行访问演出，广大电视观众和电台听众也能得以欣赏其表演。作为一个多民族的国家，土著文化的价值越来越被人们所认识。与此相适应，土著文化的地位也日益提高。获得显著成功的有土著音乐剧布朗奴德、尤图·因蒂摇滚乐队和世界闻名的土著画家。 电影 澳大利亚的电影在世界上具有较大的影响，澳洲的导演和演员博得了国际上的青睐。影片《交际舞》在1992年的戛纳电影节引起轰动。1993年，在澳大利亚电影委员会的协助下拍摄的《钢琴》，在戛纳国际电影节上得金棕榈奖，并获得了美国电影艺术学院奖九项提名。同年，《调皮的布比》先后五次获奖，包括柏林电影节的评审小组奖。澳大利亚电影每年在所有重要的电影节上都会获奖；多次获奖影片有《缪里尔的婚礼》、《沙漠女皇普丽西拉》和《小猪贝布》。 文学 在现代英语著作方面，澳大利亚的文学作品在国际上享有盛誉。而澳大利亚土著人、托雷斯海峡岛民以及来自海外的移民作家为这方面增添了新的领域。澳大利亚的作家们曾多次获奖，其中包括帕特里克·怀特获得的诺贝尔奖、布克奖、波德莱尔奖和1995年莱思·穆里所获得的彼特拉克奖。这是彼特拉克奖首次由欧洲之外的作家获取。 博物馆 联邦政府组织和安排了各种计划以便使全社会包括边远地区能更多地欣赏并参与文艺活动。全国性的项目如"澳大利亚大剧场"和"澳洲的憧憬"鼓励艺术家
澳大利亚社会与文化
White Australia During the years of 1850 to 1879 , there were several gold rushes in Australia . A large number of foreigners were attracted and took efforts to Australia to dig gold . Among this gold digger army , there were many Chinese people . Chinese people are hardworking and can endure hardships . So many Chinese people earned a lot of money and developed well in Australia ,which dissatisfied the white people there . They thought that Chinese people took away their fortune . So the white people in Australia began to go on strike and asked the government to dispel foreigners who were not white . In this case , the government gave its support to its own people without hesitation . Not before long , the Immigration Restriction Act was put into force . Later , the Naturalization Act and Pension Act were also carried out . The effect was good : many Chinese people and other colored people chose to leave Australia . Australia became a country that was so-called white Australia . I think that there is no fault for a government to protect its own people’s right . At the beginning , what the Australia government did can be understandable . Because the government has to put priority on its own people . Now that Chinese people threatened the white people’s advantage , it is proper to do something to help the white people . In fact , Australia government has invented many different kinds of ways to prevent foreigners from continuously moving into Australia . I remember one way is to control the number of people a boat can bring with to Australia . The ultimate number varies according to the boat’s tonnage . For example , 1,000 tonnages boat can bring 3 foreigners to Australia . I think such kind of methods are effective and enough . But the Australia government has gone too far . The government put strict policies into force . Those policies not only stopped foreigners from continuously coming , but also dispelled the foreigners who had already arrived at Australia . To create a white Australia is a issue about discriminating against colored people . White Australia means that colored people are not welcomed even are hated . I t’s unfair because colored people didn’t do anything wrong in Australia . They just worked hard and got what they were deserved . They even made great contributions to Australia . Because they have made Australia’s economy move forward . Without the huge number of foreigners , Australia couldn’t advance so rapidly . However , they were not welcomed by Australia . On the contrary , white people from
澳大利亚的文学文化
Australian Literature Abstract Australia is not only a colonial nation but also an immigrant state, with multi-culture and multiculturalism. From the moment of the first English immigrants landed on Australia continent to now, the history of Australia only has about 200 years, but the Aborigines of Australia have landed on the continent about 47 000 years . The Australian literature is a newcomer among the world literature because it only has a history of about 200 years, but the Australian culture may have a longer history since the culture of the Aborigines can date back to the dreamtime, the time of creation of all things. The literature of Australia finally formed its characteristics in 1890s, since in the 1960s, the Australian literature started to get known by the world. And later in 1973, the writer Patrick White won the Nobel Prize for literature, from then on, the Australian literature had been highly praised. Like the history of Australia, the Australian literature also experienced three important periods. In order to take all the things into consideration, we divided it into four periods: the Colonialism period, the Nationalism period, the WWI &WWII period and Contemporary Australia Literature. Body 1 殖民主义时期（1788—1888）Colonial Period Literature 1788年1月，澳大利亚首任总督菲利普Arthur Phillip，率200多民海军官兵，押送757名男女流放犯，在澳大利亚新南威尔士登陆，从此开始了长达一百多年的澳大利殖民主义历史。殖民主义时期文学的性质属于移民文学，即由移民（包括流放犯及自由移民）创作，并反映他们早期在澳大利亚的生活的文学。 在殖民主义时期最初的半个世纪里，只有为数不多的几部小说问世。而且这些小说多属平庸肤浅之作艺术上幼稚粗糙。这一时期的作品，往往情景描写多于叙事，状物多于写人。 在殖民化时期的后五十年中，殖民主义时代文学的繁荣期终于到来，澳洲文坛上出现了金斯利Henry Kingsley（1830~1876）、克拉克Marcus Clarke（1846~1881）、博尔特沃德Rolf Boldrewood (1826~1915)三位小说家和哈珀Charles Harper (1813~1868)、肯德尔Henry Kendall (1839~1882)、戈登Adam Lindsey Gordon (1833~1870)三位诗人，他们以各自独特的方式再现了澳大利亚早期的殖民生活。 2民族主义时期文学（1889~1945）National Period Literature A 19世纪80年代，一场声势浩大的民族主义(Nationalism)运动结束了英国对澳大利亚一百多年的殖民统治，诞生了一种崭新的文学——澳大利亚民族主义文学。它有着鲜明的澳洲特色和强大的生命力，在澳大利亚文学史上占有极其重要的地位。90年代独立、民主、平等的民族主义政治要求，在文学上也得到了相应的反映，人们希望摆脱传统英国文学的束缚，抛弃刻板的模仿，跳出因袭的框架，创立反映自己民族特点，具有本民族个性的文学民族文学的形成主要表现在两个方面：民谣体诗歌的兴起和小说（尤其是短篇小说）创作的繁荣。民谣诗的主要代人物是佩特森Andrew Barton Paterson(1864~1941)和劳森Henry Lawson (1867~1922)。两者都生动地刻画了丛林牧人的生活及其变迁，但佩特森的诗歌活泼欢快，颇带浪漫主义色彩，而劳森的作品严肃冷峻，属于现实主义范畴。 B 两次世界大战时期（1914~1945）During the Two World Wars? 从第一次世界大战爆发到第二次世界大战结束的三十年间，澳大利亚文学发展到了趋向
澳大利亚土著音乐和民间音乐
第一部分澳大利亚土著音乐 1、土著音乐分为三种： 一是非神圣的娱乐音乐。可由各种人士在各地表演。 二是神圣色彩的，用于神圣和秘密的庆典活动，只能在特定的地点用于特种目的。其主题通常与某些事件及神氏祖先有关。有些歌只用某些男人才知道。妇女也有自己秘密的庆典。 三是半神圣的，这种音乐占大部分。它们通常由男士唱歌，妇女跳舞，也只能在特定的庆典地点上表演。在其它场合，男士决不会唱这些歌的。 音乐是土著民族日常生活中非常重要的一部分，土著孩子被要求将唱歌跳舞作为每日的功课。孩子们在不同的时期学不同的歌曲。 Didgeridoos 是土著民族最主要的乐器，由中空的木管做成，由成年男土著表演。
土著音乐是由有节律的歌曲配合有限的乐器组成。其乐器除Didgeridoos 大都是简单原始的打击器组成，如拍手，拍身体，打击木棍等。 2、澳大利亚著名黑人土著歌手(1)杰弗里·古鲁姆（Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu）是 闻名世界的澳大利亚土著黑人歌手，用澳大利亚北部方言Yolngu演唱，歌声总能把观众感动落泪。曾为英国女王表演，也曾与世界顶级的艺术家如埃尔顿?约翰合作。他天生双目失明，从小聆听老人们讲述的Yolngu 历史和民间故事，受到家庭的音乐熏陶，擅长演唱圣歌，民歌以及乡村音乐，深深地为自己的民族所感染。古鲁姆用流传的土著旋律改编成适合吉他和钢琴演奏的曲调，并自己用Yolngu方言演唱的。这个来自埃尔克岛的盲人歌唱家的歌声常令观众感动落泪。古鲁姆认为，能用自己的音乐打动听众是一件让人感到幸福的事，他说“这能够让更多的人了解Yolngu文化，了解真正的澳大利亚，一个黑人和白人种族共同相处的国家。” Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu is the world-famous black singer, indigenous Australians, with Australia's northern dialect Yolngu singing songs the audience that always moved to tears. Queen of England who have performed also with the world's top artists such as Elton John ? cooperation. He was born blind from childhood listening to old people about the Yolngu history and folk tales, music influenced by family, good at singing hymns, folk and country music, deeply infected by their own nation. Gollum with the spread of indigenous melody adapted for guitar and piano tunes, and his concert with the Yolngu dialect. The blind singer from Elk Island, the songs often have the audience to tears. Gollum that the audience can move their music is a thing people feel happy, he said, "This will let more people know about Yolngu culture, to understand the real Australia, a black and white racial coexistence of countries . (2)先天失明的杰弗里现年37岁，作为澳大利亚原住民，他会说三种土著语言，但几乎不讲英语，所以只有他的家乡人能理解他的歌词。凭借萦绕不去的歌声和流传悠远的旋律，杰弗里很早就在家乡远近闻名。Congenitally blind, 37-year-old Jeffrey, as the Australian Aborigines, he would say three indigenous languages, but almost do not speak English, so only one