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数控外文翻译---数控技术发展趋势

数控外文翻译---数控技术发展趋势
数控外文翻译---数控技术发展趋势

NC technology development trends

1 NC system developments at home and abroad

With the rapid development of computer technology, the traditional beginning of a fundamental change manufacturing, the industrial developed countries spent huge sums of money on the modern manufacturing technology research and development, to create a new model. In modern manufacturing systems, CNC technology is the key to technology, which combines microelectronics, computers, information processing, automatic detection, automatic control, such as the integration of advanced, a

high-precision, high-efficiency, flexible automation, and other characteristics, the manufacturing industry Flexible automation, integrated, intelligent play the pivotal role. At present, NC technology is undergoing a fundamental change, from a special closed-loop control mode to general-purpose real-time dynamic open all closed-loop control mode. In the integrated on the basis of the CNC systems ultra-thin, ultra-light; on the basis of the intelligent, integrated computers, multimedia, fuzzy control, neural network and other technical disciplines, NC system to achieve high-speed,

high-precision, Efficient control, automatic processing can be amended to regulate compensation and the parameters for an online intelligent fault diagnosis and treatment of the network based on the CAD / CAM and CNC systems integration as one machine network, makes the central government centralized control of the group control processing.

For a long time, China's CNC system for traditional closed architecture, but only as a non-intelligent CNC machine controller. Process variables based on experience in the form of pre-fixed parameters, processing procedures before the actual processing by hand or through CAD / CAM and automatic programming system prepared. CAD / CAM and CNC have no feedback control link, the entire manufacturing process CNC is a closed ring-opening implementing agencies. In a complex and changing environment under the conditions of processing tool in the process of composition, workpiece material, spindle speed, feed rate, tool path, cutting depth, step, allowance and other processing parameters, not at the scene circumstances under external interference and real-time dynamic random factors, not by random amendment

feedback control link CAD / CAM settings volume, in turn, affect the work of CNC machining efficiency and product quality. Clearly, the traditional fixed CNC system that controlled mode and closed architecture, limiting the CNC to the development of more intelligent control variables, can no longer meet the increasingly complex manufacturing process, therefore, the CNC technology in the potential for change inevitable.

2 NC technology development trends

2.1 Performance development direction

(1) high-speed high-precision efficient speed, accuracy and efficiency of machinery manufacturing technology is the key performance indicators. As a result of the high-speed CPU chips, RISC chip, as well as multi-CPU control system with high-resolution detector of the absolute exchange digital servo system, taken at the same time improve the machine dynamic and static characteristics of effective measures, the high-speed high-precision machine has been efficient greatly enhanced.

(2) Flexible includes two aspects: CNC system itself flexibility, NC system is modular in design, functional coverage, can be cut and strong, and easy to meet the needs of different users; group control system flexibility, with a control system pursuant to the requirements of different production processes, materials flow and information flow automatically dynamically adjusted to maximize their group control system performance.

(3) Process of composite and multi-axis to reduce the process time for the main purpose of supporting the composite processing, and are moving towards multi-axis, multi-function control of the direction of series development. NC Machine Tool Technology composite refers to the workpiece in a single machine on a fixture, through an automatic tool change, rotating spindle head or turntable, and other measures to accomplish multiple processes, multi-surface machining compound. Axis CNC technology, Siemens 880-axis control system for up to 24 axes.

(4) Real-time Intelligent early for the real-time system is usually relatively simple ideal environment, and its role is to scheduling tasks, to ensure that the task be completed within a specified time limit. And artificial intelligence is used to model

the realization of mankind's various intelligent behaviors. To the development of science and technology today, real-time systems and artificial intelligence combined with each other towards artificial intelligence is a real-time response, a more realistic field of development, and also in the real-time system with intelligent behavior, the more complex application development, resulting in the Intelligent real-time control of this new area. NC technology in the field, real-time intelligent control of the research and application of development along several main branches: adaptive control, fuzzy control, neural network control, experts control, learning control,

feed-forward control. For example, in CNC programming system with expert systems, fault diagnosis expert system parameters automatically set and tool management and automatic compensation, such as adaptive conditioning systems, in high-speed processing of the integrated motion control ahead of the introduction of budget projections and functional, dynamic Feedforward functions in pressure, temperature, position, velocity, control, fuzzy control, the control of the NC system performance greatly improved, so as to achieve optimal control purposes.

2.2 functional development direction

(1) The user interface is graphical user interface with the CNC system of dialogue between the user interface. Since different users interface requirements are different, thus the development of the workload of great user interface, user interface software developed into the most difficult part of. At present INTERNET, virtual reality, visualization in scientific computing and multimedia technologies, such as the user interface has put a higher demand. Graphical user interface greatly facilitates the use of non-professional users, it can be carried out through the window and menu operation, ease of programming and blueprint for rapid programming,

three-dimensional dynamic three-dimensional color graphics, graphics, simulation, graphics, dynamic tracking and simulation, and the different directions view and partial display ratio scaling function can be achieved.

(2) visualization in scientific computing visualization in scientific computing can be used for efficient data processing and interpretation of data, so that the exchange of information is no longer limited to using the written word and language, and can

direct the use of graphics, image, animation, video and other information. Visualization technology and virtual environment technology, to further broaden the application areas, such as a drawing design, virtual prototyping technology, which shorten product design cycles, improving product quality, reduce production cost is of great significance. NC technology in the areas of visualization technology can be used for CAD / CAM, such as automatic programming design parameters automatically set, tool compensation and tool management of dynamic data processing and display, as well as the processing of visual simulation, and other presentations.

(3) interpolation, and a variety of methods of compensation interpolation methods such as multiple linear interpolation, circular interpolation, cylindrical interpolation, space elliptical surface interpolation, thread interpolation, polar coordinates interpolation, 2 D +2 helical interpolation , NANO interpolation, interpolation NURBS (non-uniform rational B-spline interpolation), spline interpolation (A, B, C kind), such as polynomial interpolation. A variety of functions such as compensation gap compensation vertical compensation quadrant error compensation, and measurement systems pitch error compensation, and speed-related feedforward compensation and temperature compensation, with nearly smooth and exit, as well as the opposite point of the cutter radius compensation.

(4) high-performance PLC contents contents performance CNC system PLC control module can be directly used ladder diagram or high-level language programming, with intuitive online debugging and online help function. Programming tools include the standard used lathe and milling machine PLC user program an example, users may PLC user program standards on the basis of editorial changes, thus easily build their own applications.

(5) application of multimedia technology of multimedia technology-computers, audio-visual and communication technology, and it has the computer integrated voice, text, images and video information. In NC technology, multimedia technology can be applied to information processing integrated, intelligent, real-time monitoring system in the field and production equipment fault diagnosis, monitoring of process parameters such as production has a significant value.

2.3 Development of the Architecture

(1) integration of a highly integrated CPU, programmable RISC chips and

large-scale integrated circuits FPGA, EPLD, CPLD and ASIC ASIC chips that can improve the CNC system integration and hardware and software operating speed. Application FPD flat panel display technology can improve display performance. Flat-panel displays with high science and technology content, light weight, small size, low power consumption and portability advantages can be realized Supersized, a counterweight to the emerging and CRT display technology, display technology in the 21st century the mainstream. Application of advanced packaging and interconnect technologies, semiconductors and surface mount technology integration. By increasing the density of integrated circuits, reducing the length and number of interconnection products to reduce prices, improve performance, reduce component size, improve the reliability of the system.

(2) easy to implement modular hardware modular NC systems integration and standardization. According to various functional requirements, the basic modules, such as CPU, memory, position servo, PLC, the input and output interfaces, and communications modules, making the standard Series products, through functional building-block approach to cutting the number of steps and modules, a NC system at different grades.

(3) machine interconnection network for remote control of unmanned operation. Machine through networking, can be in any one machine on the other machine programming, configuration, operation, operating, different machine can be displayed on the screen each machine on the screen.

(4) general-open the closed-loop control mode to adopt a common computer component Bus, modular, open, embedded architecture, ease of cutting, expansion and upgrading, can be composed of different grades, different types, different degree of integration CNC system. Closed-loop control mode is the traditional CNC system only for single closed-open-loop control mode proposed. The manufacturing process is a multi-variable control and the role of integrated processing complex process,

including processing, such as size, shape, vibration, noise, temperature and thermal deformation, and other factors, therefore, to achieve the process of multi-objective optimization, Multivariable must adopt the closed-loop control, real-time processing in the dynamic adjustment process variables. Processing the adoption of open universal real-time closed-loop control mode the whole dynamic, easy real-time intelligent computer technology, network technology, multimedia technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closed-loop manufacturing process control system to achieve integrated, intelligent, network-based.

3 PCNC new generation of intelligent CNC system

Research and Development adapted to the current complexity of the manufacturing process, with the structure of the closed-loop control system, a new generation of intelligent PCNC CNC system has become possible. PCNC NC intelligent system will be a new generation of intelligent computer technology, network technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closure of the manufacturing process Central control system.

数控技术发展趋势

1 国内外数控系统发展概况

随着计算机技术的高速发展,传统的制造业开始了根本性变革,各工业发达国家投入巨资,对现代制造技术进行研究开发,提出了全新的制造模式。在现代制造系统中,数控技术是关键技术,它集微电子、计算机、信息处理、自动检测、自动控制等高新技术于一体,具有高精度、高效率、柔性自动化等特点,对制造业实现柔性自动化、集成化、智能化起着举足轻重的作用。目前,数控技术正在发生根本性变革,由专用型封闭式开环控制模式向通用型开放式实时动态全闭环控制模式发展。在集成化基础上,数控系统实现了超薄型、超小型化;在智能化基础上,综合了计算机、多媒体、模糊控制、神经网络等多学科技术,数控系统实现了高速、高精、高效控制,加工过程中可以自动修正、调节与补偿各项参数,实现了在线诊断和智能化故障处理;在网络化基础上,CAD/CAM与数控系统集成为一体,机床联网,实现了中央集中控制的群控加工。

长期以来,我国的数控系统为传统的封闭式体系结构,CNC只能作为非智能的机床运动控制器。加工过程变量根据经验以固定参数形式事先设定,加工程序在实际加工前用手工方式或通过CAD/CAM及自动编程系统进行编制。CAD/CAM和CNC之间没有反馈控制环节,整个制造过程中CNC只是一个封闭式的开环执行机构。在复杂环境以及多变条件下,加工过程中的刀具组合、工件材料、主轴转速、进给速率、刀具轨迹、切削深度、步长、加工余量等加工参数,无法在现场环境下根据外部干扰和随机因素实时动态调整,更无法通过反馈控制环节随机修正CAD/CAM中的设定量,因而影响CNC的工作效率和产品加工质量。由此可见,传统CNC系统的这种固定程序控制模式和封闭式体系结构,限制了CNC向多变量智能化控制发展,已不适应日益复杂的制造过程,因此,对数控技术实行变革势在必行。

2 数控技术发展趋势

2.1 性能发展方向

(1)高速高精高效化速度、精度和效率是机械制造技术的关键性能指标。由于采用了高速CPU芯片、RISC芯片、多CPU控制系统以及带高分辨率绝对式检测元件的交流数字伺服系统,同时采取了改善机床

动态、静态特性等有效措施,机床的高速高精高效化已大大提高。

(2)柔性化包含两方面:数控系统本身的柔性,数控系统采用模块化设计,功能覆盖面大,可裁剪性强,便于满足不同用户的需求;群控系统的柔性,同一群控系统能依据不同生产流程的要求,使物料流和信息流自动进行动态调整,从而最大限度地发挥群控系统的效能。

(3)工艺复合性和多轴化以减少工序、辅助时间为主要目的的复合加工,正朝着多轴、多系列控制功能方向发展。数控机床的工艺复合化是指工件在一台机床上一次装夹后,通过自动换刀、旋转主轴头或转台等各种措施,完成多工序、多表面的复合加工。数控技术轴,西门子880系统控制轴数可达24轴。

(4)实时智能化早期的实时系统通常针对相对简单的理想环境,其作用是如何调度任务,以确保任务在规定期限内完成。而人工智能则试图用计算模型实现人类的各种智能行为。科学技术发展到今天,实时系统和人工智能相互结合,人工智能正向着具有实时响应的、更现实的领域发展,而实时系统也朝着具有智能行为的、更加复杂的应用发展,由此产生了实时智能控制这一新的领域。在数控技术领域,实时智能控制的研究和应用正沿着几个主要分支发展:自适应控制、模糊控制、神经网络控制、专家控制、学习控制、前馈控制等。例如在数控系统中配备编程专家系统、故障诊断专家系统、参数自动设定和刀具自动管理及补偿等自适应调节系统,在高速加工时的综合运动控制中引入提前预测和预算功能、动态前馈功能,在压力、温度、位置、速度控制等方面采用模糊控制,使数控系统的控制性能大大提高,从而达到最佳控制的目的。

2.2 功能发展方向

(1)用户界面图形化用户界面是数控系统与使用者之间的对话

接口。由于不同用户对界面的要求不同,因而开发用户界面的工作量极大,用户界面成为计算机软件研制中最困难的部分之一。当前INTERNET、虚拟现实、科学计算可视化及多媒体等技术也对用户界面提出了更高要求。图形用户界面极大地方便了非专业用户的使用,人们可以通过窗口和菜单进行操作,便于蓝图编程和快速编程、三维彩色立体动态图形显示、图形模拟、图形动态跟踪和仿真、不同方向的视图和局部显示比例缩放功能的实现。

(2)科学计算可视化科学计算可视化可用于高效处理数据和解

释数据,使信息交流不再局限于用文字和语言表达,而可以直接使用

图形、图像、动画等可视信息。可视化技术与虚拟环境技术相结合,进一步拓宽了应用领域,如无图纸设计、虚拟样机技术等,这对缩短产品设计周期、提高产品质量、降低产品成本具有重要意义。在数控技术领域,可视化技术可用于CAD/CAM,如自动编程设计、参数自动设定、刀具补偿和刀具管理数据的动态处理和显示以及加工过程的可视化仿真演示等。

(3)插补和补偿方式多样化多种插补方式如直线插补、圆弧插补、圆柱插补、空间椭圆曲面插补、螺纹插补、极坐标插补、2D+2螺旋插补、NANO插补、NURBS插补(非均匀有理B样条插补)、样条插补(A、B、C样条)、多项式插补等。多种补偿功能如间隙补偿、垂直度补偿、象限误差补偿、螺距和测量系统误差补偿、与速度相关的前馈补偿、温度补偿、带平滑接近和退出以及相反点计算的刀具半径补偿等。

(4)内装高性能PLC 数控系统内装高性能PLC控制模块,可直接用梯形图或高级语言编程,具有直观的在线调试和在线帮助功能。编程工具中包含用于车床铣床的标准PLC用户程序实例,用户可在标准PLC 用户程序基础上进行编辑修改,从而方便地建立自己的应用程序。

(5)多媒体技术应用多媒体技术集计算机、声像和通信技术于一体,使计算机具有综合处理声音、文字、图像和视频信息的能力。在数控技术领域,应用多媒体技术可以做到信息处理综合化、智能化,在实时监控系统和生产现场设备的故障诊断、生产过程参数监测等方面有着重大的应用价值。

2.3 体系结构的发展

(1)集成化采用高度集成化CPU、RISC芯片和大规模可编程集成电路FPGA、EPLD、CPLD以及专用集成电路ASIC芯片,可提高数控系统的集成度和软硬件运行速度。应用FPD平板显示技术,可提高显示器性能。平板显示器具有科技含量高、重量轻、体积小、功耗低、便于携带等优点,可实现超大尺寸显示,成为和CRT抗衡的新兴显示技术,是21世纪显示技术的主流。应用先进封装和互连技术,将半导体和表面安装技术融为一体。通过提高集成电路密度、减少互连长度和数量来降低产品价格,改进性能,减小组件尺寸,提高系统的可靠性。

(2)模块化硬件模块化易于实现数控系统的集成化和标准化。根据不同的功能需求,将基本模块,如CPU、存储器、位置伺服、PLC、输入输出接口、通讯等模块,作成标准的系列化产品,通过积木方式进行功能裁剪和模块数量的增减,构成不同档次的数控系统。

(3)网络化机床联网可进行远程控制和无人化操作。通过机床联网,可在任何一台机床上对其它机床进行编程、设定、操作、运行,不同机床的画面可同时显示在每一台机床的屏幕上。

(4)通用型开放式闭环控制模式采用通用计算机组成总线式、模块化、开放式、嵌入式体系结构,便于裁剪、扩展和升级,可组成不同档次、不同类型、不同集成程度的数控系统。闭环控制模式是针对传统的数控系统仅有的专用型单机封闭式开环控制模式提出的。由于制造过程是一个具有多变量控制和加工工艺综合作用的复杂过程,包含诸如加工尺寸、形状、振动、噪声、温度和热变形等各种变化因素,因此,要实现加工过程的多目标优化,必须采用多变量的闭环控制,在实时加工过程中动态调整加工过程变量。加工过程中采用开放式通用型实时动态全闭环控制模式,易于将计算机实时智能技术、网络技术、多媒体技术、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自适应控制、动态数据管理及动态刀具补偿、动态仿真等高新技术融于一体,构成严密的制造过程闭环控制体系,从而实现集成化、智能化、网络化。

3 智能化新一代PCNC数控系统

当前开发研究适应于复杂制造过程的、具有闭环控制体系结构的、智能化新一代PCNC数控系统已成为可能。智能化新一代PCNC数控系统将计算机智能技术、网络技术、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自适应控制、动态数据管理及动态刀具补偿、动态仿真等高新技术融于一体,形成严密的制造过程闭环控制体系。

论数控技术的发展趋势

论数控技术的发展趋势 【论文关键词】:数控技术; 趋势; 智能 【论文摘要】:随着计算机业的快速发展,数控技术也发生了根本性的变革,是近年来应用领域中发展十分迅速的一项综合性的高新技术,文章结合国内外情况,分析了数控技术的发展趋势。 1. 引言 数控技术是一门集计算机技术、自动化控制技术、测量技术、现代机械制造技术、微电子技术、信息处理技术等多学科交叉的综合技术,是近年来应用领域中发展十分迅速的一项综合性的高新技术。它是为适应高精度、高速度、复杂零件的加工而出现的,是实现自动化、数字化、柔性化、信息化、集成化、网络化的基础,是现代机床装备的灵魂和核心,有着广泛的应用领域和广阔的应用前景。 2. 国内外数控系统的发展概况 随着计算机技术的高速发展,传统的制造业开始了根本性变革,各工业发达国家投入巨资,对现代制造技术进行研究开发,提出了全新的制造模式。在现代制造系统中,数控技术是关键技术,它集微电子、计算机、信息处理、自动检测、自动控制等高新技术于一体,具有高精度、高效率、柔性自动化等特点,对制造业实现柔性自动化、集成化、智能化起着举足轻重的作用。目前,数控技术正在发生根本性变革,由专用型封闭式开环控制模式向通用型开放式实时动态全闭环控制模式发展。在集成化基础上,数控系统实现了超薄型、超小型化;在智能化基础上,综合了计算机、多媒体、模糊控制、神经网络等多学科技术,数控系统实现了高速、高精、高效控制,加工过程中可以自动修正、调节与补偿各项参数,实现了在线诊断和智能化故障处理。 长期以来,我国的数控系统为传统的封闭式体系结构,CNC只能作为非智能的机床运动控制器。加工过程变量根据经验以固定参数形式事先设定,加工程序在实际加工前用手工方式或通过CAD/CAM及自动编程系统进行编制。CAD/CAM和CNC之间没有反馈控制环节,整个制造过程中CNC只是一个封闭式的开环执行机构。在复杂环境以及多变条件下,加工过程中的刀具组合、工件材料、主轴转速、进给速率、刀具轨迹、切削深度、步长、加工余量等加工参数,无法在现场环境下根据外部干扰和随机因素实时动态调整,更无法通过反馈控制环节随机修正CAD/CAM中的设定量,因而影响CNC的工作效率和产品加工质量。由此可见,传统CNC系统的这种固定程序控制模式和封闭式体系结构,限制了CNC向多变量智能化控制发展,己不适应日益复杂的制造过程,因此,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为我们国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。 3. 数控技术的发展趋势 数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业的发展起着越来越重要的作用。从目前世界上数控技术发展的趋势来看,主要有如下几个方面: 3.1 高精度、高速度的发展趋势

ASP外文翻译原文

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数控机床的现状与发展趋势综述

数控机床的现状与发展 趋势综述

数控机床的现状与发展趋势 摘要:从20世纪中叶数控技术出现以来,数控机床给机械制造业带来了革命性的变化。数控加工具有如下特点:加工柔性好,加工精度高,生产率高,减轻操作者劳动强度、改善劳动条件,有利于生产管理的现代化以及经济效益的提高。数控技术的应用,关键在于开发具有高速度、高精度、高稳定性的高新技术设备,在现有加工设备中,只有数控机床才有可能担当其重任。然而,要实现真正意义上的高速切削加工,数控机床还需向高速、高精度、柔性化、控制系统开放性、控制系统支撑软件和工厂生产数据管理方向迈进,才能适应现代制造业飞速发展的要求。 关键:高速化 / 高精度化 / 复合化 / 智能化 / 开放化 / 网络化 / 多轴化 / 绿色化 进入21世纪,我国经济与国际全面接轨,进入了一个蓬勃发展的新时期。机床制造业既面临着机械制造业需求水平提升而引发的制造装备发展的良机,也遭遇到加入世界贸易组织后激烈的国际市场竞争的压力,加速推进数控机床的发展是解决机床制造业持续发展的一个关键。随着制造业对数控机床的大量需求以及计算机技术和现代设计技术的飞速进步,数控机床的应用范围还在不断扩大,并且不断发展以更适应生产加工的需要。本文简要分析了数控机床高速化、高精度化、复合化、智能化、开放化、网络化、多轴化、绿色化等发展趋势,并提出了我国数控机床发展中存在的一些问题。 一、数控机床的发展趋势 机械加工装备对促进制造技术发展的紧密关系和以数字化为特征数控机床是柔性化制造系统和敏捷化制造系统的基础装备。其总的发展趋势是:高精化、高速化、高效化、柔性化、智能化和集成化,并注重工艺实用性和经济性。 (一)高速化 随着汽车、国防、航空、航天等工业的高速发展以及铝合金等新材料的应用,对数控机床加工的高速化要求越来越高。 (1)主轴转速:机床采用电主轴(内装式主轴电机),主轴最高转速达 200000r/min;

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

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1数控技术现状与发展趋势

专家讲座课程报告 题目名称:数控技术 学院:机械工程学院 专业年级:机械设计制造及其自动化12 级 姓名:任庆贺 班级学号:机制12-2-11 授课教师:范久臣 二O一五年十一月十三日

1 数控技术发展现状 (1) 1. 1 国外数控技术发展现状 (1) 1. 2 国内数控技术发展现状 (3) 2 数控技术发展趋势 (6) 2. 1 高速、高精度化 (7) 2. 2 智能化、开放式、网络化 (7) 2. 3 环保化 (8) 2. 4 采用五轴联动加工和复合快速力 (9) 2. 5 重视新技术标准、规范的建立 (9) 3 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考 (10) 4 自身发展 (10)

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中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

数控技术的最新发展趋势

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污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要: 努力保护水源,尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源,是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用,目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的,处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景,人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率,一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地(thcw)应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构,第二部分分三层,呈圆形,呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层,形成瀑布溢流,因此水中溶解氧浓度增加,从而提高了硝化反应效率,反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善,增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏(Taxodium ascendens),经济作物蔺草(Schoenoplectus trigueter),野茭白(Zizania aquatica),有装饰性的多花植物睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona),香蒲(Typha angustifolia)被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷(16 cm/d 和32 cm/d)对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定,发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词: 人工湿地;硝化作用;反硝化作用;生活污水;脱氮;硝化细菌;反硝化细菌 1. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求,尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区,生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因,废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺,经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效,并且要便于施用,能量输入及维护费用较低,而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂,对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性,主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering,Fen xia ,Ying Li。

论数控技术发展趋势及我国数控产业发展方向

?29?2007.11 论数控技术发展趋势及我国数控产业发展方向 马林旭 (天津中德职业技术学院河北天津300191) 摘要:数控技术是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心的技术,使传统的制造业产生根本性的 变革。本文结合EMO2005届汉诺威国际机床展览会概况,从高速度、高精度、高效率、模块 化、智能化等几方面分析了当今世界数控技术发展的趋势,指出了我国制造业发展方向。 关键字:数控技术EMO2005发展趋势 中图分类号:TH166文献标识码:A文章编号:1007-8320(2007)11-0029-02 Ma Lin xu (TianJin Sino-Geman V ocational Technology Institute300191) Abstract:Computer Numerical Control(CNC)Technology is the core of manufacture and equipment industry nowadays.This technology has made the traditional manufacturing industry significant This paper will analyze the development trend of CNC from the aspect of high speed,high accuracy,high efficiency,modularization,and intelligence,with the investigation from overview of EMO2005international machine tool exhibi-tion. Key Words:Computer Numerical Control(CNC),EMO2005,Development Trend 数控技术是用数字化信号对设备运行及其加工过程进行控制 的一种自动化技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统 制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数 字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域,包括机械制造技术;信息处理、 加工、传输技术;自动控制技术;伺服驱动技术;传感器技术;软件技 术等。 数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业代劳了革命性的变化,使制 造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域 的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的 发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是 现代发展的大趋势。 1数控技术的发展趋势 提高生产率和降低生产成本是制造技术永恒的追求目标。制 造厂家之所以想方设法结合自身特长把一些新技术应用于自己的 产品和技术服务,也是为了这个目的,为了提高产品的竞争力。从 EMO2005届汉诺威国际机床展览会概况来看,展品处处都体现了 机电技术结合的新成果,推动制造技术快速发展。总体上看,中、大 型加工中心,龙门式结构比较普遍,落地镗铣加工中心也不少,它们 的主轴头都带有2个坐标(旋转和摆动),这样,实现4或5轴联动 或5面加工就方便多了。机床的结构布局虽然没有太多新变化,但 其性能却今非昔比,在高速、高效、高精、高可靠性和环保等诸方面 都有了明显进步,达到了一个新水平。具体地说,值得关注的发展 趋势和采取的技术措施如下: 1.1数控机床进一步普遍高速化 由于直线电机、力矩电机等直接驱动技术的发展,机床采用直 线电机和力矩电机驱动的更普遍了。滚珠丝杠等传统的传动件的 性能为适应高速加工的要求有了明显改善,驱动速度更快;运动部 件的结构轻型化,使机床的动态性能也大有提高;高速电主轴应用 增多;所有这些都促使机床的运行速度和加工速度大幅提高。中、 高档机床展品中,主轴转速在12000r/min以上,应用直线电机驱动, 快速移动60m/min以上的比较普遍。一些世界知名机床厂家的产 品都在高速加工这个档次上有了新进展,否则就谈不上竞争力。例 如日本MAZAK的机床快速移动一般都是60m/min以上。又如德 国DMG公司,也是较早在数控机床上应用直线电机驱动,先是一个 坐标用直线电机驱动,而从DMC75/105V Linear开始,三个坐标全 部用直线电机驱动,加速度达2g,快速移动90m/min,主轴转速 18000r/min,可任选至42000r/min。总之,数控机床的高速化是个普 遍现象。 1.2高精度、高可靠性等单项技术集成的机床和生产系统发 展迅速,加工精度明显提高 为了减少温度变化对加工精度的影响,许多企业都采取措施。 瑞士Studer公司的磨床早就采用人造花岗岩床身,既对温度变化不 敏感,又具有良好的吸振性能,使其磨床的高精度享誉全球;日本大 隈公司应用精确的热变形补偿技术,创新设计了箱形热对称并有效 热稳定的结构(TAS-C)和有效热稳定主轴(TAS-S),其高精度热变形 收稿日期:2007-09-24 作者简介:马林旭,天津中德职业技术学院,研究方向:机电一体化 湖南农机 HUNAN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

论数控技术及其发展趋势

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外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da6175820.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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