Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry For nomenclature purposes, a structure containing at least one carbon atom is considered to be an organic compound. The formation of a systematic name for an organic compound requires selection and then naming of a parent structure. This basic name may then be modified by prefixes, infixes, and, in the case of a parent hydride, suffixes, which convey precisely the structural changes required to generate the compound in question from the parent structure. In contrast to such systematic names, there are traditional names which are widely used in industry and academic circles. Examples are acetic acid, benzene and pyridine. Therefore, when they meet the requirements of utility and when they fit into the general pattern of systematic nomenclature, these traditional names are retained.

A major new principle is elaborated in these Recommendations. The concept of ‘preferred IUPAC names’ is developed and systematically applied. Up to now, the nomenclature developed and recommended by IUPAC has emphasized the generation of unambiguous names in accord with the historical development of the subject. In 1993, due to the explosion in the circulation of information and the globalization of human activities, it was deemed necessary to have a common language that will prove important in legal situations, with manifestations in patents, export-import regulations, environmental and health and safety information, etc. However, rather than recommend only a single ‘unique name’ for each structure, we have developed rules for assigning ‘preferred IUPAC names’, while continuing to allow alternatives in order to preserve the diversity and adaptability of the nomenclature to daily activities in chemistry and in science in general.

Thus, the existence of preferred IUPAC names does not prevent the use of other names to take into account a specific context or to emphasize structural features common to a series of compounds. Preferred IUPAC names belong to ‘preferred IUPAC nomenclature’ Any name other than a preferred IUPAC name, as long as it is unambiguous and follows the principles of the IUPAC recommendations herein, is acceptable as a ‘general’ IUPAC name, in the context of ‘general’ IUPAC nomenclature. The concept of preferred IUPAC names is developed as a contribution to the continuing evolution of the IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. This book (Recommendations 2004) covers and extends the principles, rules and conventions described in two former publications: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979 Edition and A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993. In a few instances, the 1979 rules and the 1993 recommendations have been modified to achieve consistency within the entire system. In case of divergence among the various recommendations, Recommendations 2004 prevail.

> Download full text of the Provisional Recommendations from the CONTENTS below. Alternatively, and to facilitate full text searching, the whole volume as single pdf is also available.

In addition, a file compiling the changes made in this new edition and compare to the 1979 edition and the 1993 Guide is also available.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER P-1 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS P-10 Introduction

P-11 Scope of nomenclature of organic compounds

P-12 Preferred, preselected and retained names

P-13 Operations in nomenclature

P-14 General rules

P-15 Types of nomenclature

P-16 Name writing

CHAPTER P-2 PARENT HYDRIDES

P-20 Introduction [P-20 to P-24]

P-21 Mononuclear and polynuclear acyclic parent hydrides

P-22 Monocyclic hydrides

P-23 Polyalicyclic (von Baeyer) systems

P-24 Spiro compounds

P-25 Fused and bridged fused systems

P-26 Phane nomenclature [P-26 to P-29]

P-27 Fullerenes

P-28 Ring assemblies

P-29 Prefixes denoting substituent groups derived from parent hydrides CHAPTER P-3 CHARACTERISTIC (FUNCTIONAL) GROUPS

P-30 Introduction

P-31 Modification of the degree of hydrogenation of parent hydrides

P-32 Prefixes for substituent groups derived from parent hydrides with a modified degree of hydrogenation

P-33 Suffixes

P-34 Parent structures other than parent hydrides and corresponding prefixes for substituent groups

P-35 Prefixes denoting characteristic groups

CHAPTER P-4 RULES FOR NAME CONSTRUCTION

P-40 Introduction

P-41 Seniority order of classes

P-42 Seniority order of acids

P-43 Seniority order of suffixes

P-44 Seniority order of parent structures

P-45 The principal chain in substituent groups

P-46 Substitution rules for parent structures with retained names

CHAPTER P-5 CONSTRUCTING PREFERRED IUPAC NAMES P-50 Introduction

P-51 Selecting the preferred type of nomenclature

P-52 Selecting preferred IUPAC names and preselected names (see P-12) for parent hydrides names

P-53 Selecting the preferred method for modifying the degree of hydrogenation for parent hydrides

P-54 Selecting the preferred suffix (principal group)

P-55 Selecting preferred retained names

P-56 Selecting preferred substituent group names

P-57 Selecting preferred names for tautomeric compounds

P-58 Name construction

CHAPTER P-6 A PPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS P-60 Introduction [P-60 to P-64]

P-61 Substitutive nomenclature: prefix mode

P-62 Amines and imines

P-63 Hydroxy compounds, ethers, peroxols, peroxides and chalcogen analogues

P-64 Ketones, pseudo ketones and heterones, and chalcogen analogues

P-65 Acids and derivatives P-66 Amides, hydrazides, nitriles, aldehydes P-67 Oxoacids used as parents for organic compounds

P-68 Nomenclature of other classes of compounds

P-69 Organometallic compounds

CHAPTER P-7 RADICALS, IONS, AND RELATED SPECIES P-70 General methodology

P-71 Radicals

P-72 Anions

P-73 Cations

P-74 Zwitterions

P-75 Radicals ions

P-76 Delocalized radicals and ions

P-77 Preferred names

CHAPTER P-8 ISOTOPICALLY MODIFIED COMPOUNDS

P-80 Introduction

P-81 Symbols and definitions

P-82 Isotopically substituted compounds

P-83 Isotopically labelled compounds

P-84 Comparative examples of formulae and names of isotopically modified compounds

CHAPTER P-9 SPECIFICATION OF CONFIGURATION AND CONFORMATION

P-90 Introduction

P-91 CIP Priority and sequence rules

P-92 Configurational stereodescriptors

P-93 Applications of stereodescriptors

P-94 Conformation and conformational stereodescriptors

CHAPTER P-10 PARENT STRUCTURES FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

P-100 Introduction

P-101 Nomenclature for natural products based on parent hydrides (alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, carotenes, corrinoids, tetrapyrroles, and similar compounds)

P-102 Carbohydrate nomenclature

P-103 Amino acids and peptides

P-104 Cyclitols

P-105 Nucleosides

P-106 Nucleotides

P-107 Lipids

REFERENCES APPENDIX 1

Seniority list of elements and 'a' terms used in replacement ('a') nomenclature in decreasing order of seniority

APPENDIX 2

Usual detachable prefixes used in substitutive nomenclature

> 'Preferred names' Project Description

Page last modified 27 October 2004.

Copyright ?2004 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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Questions regarding the website, please contact Web Help.

风管送风式空调(热泵)热水机组命名规则(中英文)_Hybrid-Illusion Nomenclature

Hybrid-Illusion 风管送风式空调（热泵）热水机组Ducted Air-Cooling Air Conditioning Heat Pump Water Heater

型号 M H D 5 1 8 E B N A A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 11 附加选项 N L F H 12 13 14 15 维修码 M H D 5 1 8 E B N A A N L F H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 第 1 位 M = 小型分体 第 2 位 H = 热泵型空调热水机 第 3 位 D = 管道机 第 4 位 5 = 螺纹连接 第 5, 6 位名义冷量，单位：KBtu/h 18 24 第 7 位设计序列号 E 第 8 位电源类型 B =220/50Hz/1PH 第 9 位 E电加热 N= 无电加热系统 F= 有1.8 Kw 电加热系统(MHD518) H= 有2.8 Kw 电加热系统(MHD524) 第 10 位控制器 A= 线控 B=线控+遥控 第 11 位设计变化 A = 首次设计变化 第 12 位附件选项 N= 无回风箱, 无过滤网 M= 有后回风箱, 无过滤网 A= 有后回风箱, 有过滤网 K= 有下回风箱, 无过滤网 L= 有下回风箱, 有过滤网 (过滤网标准配置为尼龙过滤网) 第 13 位盘管接管（面对出风口） L= 左接管( 标准) R=右接管 第14 位配置变化（非客户选择码） F= 低高度内机 第15 位热泵与单冷区分码（随外机） H= 配热泵型外机 C= 配单冷型外机

型号 H AR E 18 0130 6 D 1 2,345,67-10 11 12 附加选项 100 1 1 A 13-15 16 17 18 维修码 H AR E 18 0130 6 D 100 1 1 A 1 2,345,67-10 11 1 2 13-15 16 17 18 第 1 位机型 H= 空调热泵热水机组 第 2，3 位机组空调功能 AR= 空气源冷热风型空调机组 第 4 位型号 S= 单系统无水箱电加热控制 E= 单系统含水箱电加热控制（控制能力：电加热最大功率2.5kw）第 5，6 位名义制冷量，单位：KBtu/h 18 24 第 7-10 位产生热水量：单位: l/h 注：名义工况，⊿t=40℃。 第 11 位电源(V/Hz/Ph) 6 = 220/50/1 第 12 位控制模式 S= 单冷型空调控制 D= 冷暖型空调控制 第13-15 位热水系统 100= 1号系统制热水 第 16 位热水换热形式 1= 套管换热器 第 17 位机组适应工况 1= T1 2= T2 3= T3 第 18 位设计序列 A

IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry

IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC). Ideally, every organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be drawn. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry. See also phanes nomenclature of highly complex cyclic molecules. The main idea of IUPAC nomenclature is that every compound has one and only one name, and every name corresponds to only one structure of molecules (i.e. a one-one relationship), thereby reducing ambiguity. For ordinary communication, to spare a tedious description, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice except when it is necessary to give a concise definition to a compound, or when the IUPAC name is simpler (viz. ethanol against ethyl alcohol). Otherwise the common or trivial name may be used, often derived from the source of the compound (See Sec 14. below) Contents [hide] ? 1 Basic principles ? 2 Alkanes ? 3 Alkenes and Alkynes

Nomenclature of organic compounds(有机化合物英文命名)

Nomenclature of organic compounds (for fundamental organic chemistry) Functional group In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of. However, its relative reactivity can be modified by nearby functional groups. The word moiety is often used synonymously to "functional group," but, according to the IUPAC definition,a moiety is a part of a molecule that may include functional groups as substructures. For example, an ester is divided into an alcohol moiety and an acyl moiety, but has an ester functional group. Also, it may be divided into carboxylate and alkyl moieties. Each moiety may carry any number of functional groups, for example methyl parahydroxybenzoate carries a phenol functional group in the acyl moiety. Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds. The atoms of functional groups are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. And all of these are called radicals, by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical. The first carbon atom after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon; the second, beta carbon, the third, gamma carbon, etc. If there is another functional group at a carbon, it may be named with the Greek letter, e.g. the gamma-amine in gamma-aminobutanoic acid is on the third carbon of the carbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group.

The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)

An examination of OWL and the requirements of a large health care terminology Kent Spackman Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology Oregon Health&Science University,Portland,Oregon,USA spackman@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html, Abstract.This paper presents a brief initial look at some of the possible bene?ts and barriers to using OWL as the language for the development, dissemination and implementation of terminological knowledge in the do- main of health and health care.In particular,this assessment is made from the perspective of the author’s role in the development of the Sys- tematized Nomenclature of Medicine(SNOMED).To date,SNOMED has developed and adopted its own special-purpose syntax and formats for terminology development,exchange and distribution.Its represen- tation language has limited expressivity yet is not expressible by any dialect of OWL1.0.With the evolution to OWL1.1,the barriers to using OWL for knowledge representation have been resolved.However, partly because of SNOMED’s very large size,there remain barriers to adoption of OWL XML/RDF for SNOMED development,distribution or exchange purposes. 1Introduction The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine,Clinical Terms(SNOMED CT) [1]is a work of clinical terminology with broad coverage of the domain of health care,and it has been selected as a national standard for use in elec-tronic health applications in many countries,including the U.S.,U.K.,Canada, Australia,Denmark,and others.SNOMED was originally published in1976, while SNOMED CT became available in2002as a major expansion resulting from the merger of SNOMED RT with the U.K.’s Clinical Terms version3.A major distinguishing feature di?erentiating it from prior editions is the use of description logic(DL)to de?ne and organize codes and terms[2]. Another major distinguishing feature of SNOMED is its size and complexity. With over350,000concept codes,each representing a di?erent class,it is an order of magnitude larger than the next largest DL-based ontology of which we are aware.The size of the OWL XML/RDF form of SNOMED is approximately248 MB,and this is just the DL representation without all the synonyms,mappings, subsets,and other special-purpose components of the terminology. 2Knowledge Representation As noted by Patel-Schneider[3],the design of OWL has been driven by three main streams of in?uence:the Semantic Web,description logics,and frame sys-

The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substanc

The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance You will meet compounds in this text and will learn their name as you go along. However, it is useful from the outset to know something about how to form their names. Many compounds were given common names before their compositions were known. Common names include water, salt, sugar, ammonia, and quartz. A systematic name, on the other hand, reveals which elements are present and,in some cases, how their atoms are arranged.The systematic name of table salt, for instance,is sodium chloride, which indicates at once that it is a compound of sodium and chlorine. The systematic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows a set of rules, so that the name of each compound need not be memorized, only the rules. Names of Cations The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element, with the addition of the word ion, as in sodium ion for Na+. When an element can form more than one kind of cation, such as Cu+ and Cu2+ from copper, we use the Stock number, a Roman numeral equal to the charge of the cation. Thus, Cu+ is a copper (Ⅰ) ion and Cu2+ is a copper (Ⅱ) ion. Similarly, Fe2+ is an iron (Ⅱ) ion and Fe3+ is an iron (Ⅲ) ion. Most transition metals form more than one kind of ion, so it is usually necessary to include a Stock number in the names of their compounds. An older system of nomenclature is still in use. For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings –ous and –ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively. In this system, iron (Ⅱ) ions are called ferrous ions and iron (Ⅲ) ions are called ferric ions. Names of Anions Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix –ide and the word ion to the first part of the name of the element ( the “stem”of its name ). There is no need to give the charge, because most elements that form monatomic anions form only one kind of ion.The ions formed by the halogens are collectively called halide ions and include fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide ions (I-). The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix –ate to the stem of the name of the element that is not oxygen, as in the carbonate ion, CO32-. However, many elements can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms; nitrogen, for example, forms both NO2- and NO3-. In such cases, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix –ate, and that with the smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix –ite. Thus, NO2- is nitrate and NO3- is nitrite. Some elements-particularly take for the halogens—form more than two oxoanions. The name of the oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the –ite form of the name, as in the hypochlorite ion, ClO-. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxygen atoms than the –ate oxoanion is named with the prefix per- added to the –ate form of the name. An example is the perchlorate ion, ClO4-.

国际商贸术语中英对照表

☆国际贸易 对外贸易 世界贸易 海外贸易 ☆国内贸易 ☆有形商品贸易 ☆无形商品贸易 ☆国际服务贸易 ☆国际技术贸易 ☆出口贸易 ☆进口贸易 ☆过境贸易 ☆复出口 ☆复进口 ☆可兑换 ☆易货贸易 ☆总贸易 ☆专门贸易 ☆有纸贸易/单证贸易 ☆无纸贸易 ☆贸易差额 ☆净出口 ☆净进口 ☆进口值 ☆出口值 ☆国民生产总值 ☆贸易条件 ☆出口价格指数 ☆进口价格指数 ☆国际贸易商品结构 ☆《联合国国际贸易标准匪类》 ☆《商品名称和编码协调制度》《协调制度》 ☆对外贸易地理方向 ☆国际贸易地理方向 ☆亚当·斯密【英】 ☆大卫·李嘉图【英】 ☆赫克歇尔【瑞典】 ☆俄林【瑞典】 ☆要素禀赋学说 赫克歇尔-俄林原理 ☆里昂惕夫【美】 ☆里昂惕夫稀少生产要素之谜里昂惕夫反论 ☆弗农【美】 ☆威尔士【美】 ☆产业内贸易 ☆新兴工业化国家international trade foreign trade world trade oversea trade domestic trade visible trade invisible trade international service trade international technology trade export trade import trade transit trade re-export trade re-import trade convertible barter general trade special trade documentary trade electronic data interchange, EDI balance of trade net export net import QM QX Gross National Product, GNP terms of trade, TOT PX PM composition of international trade Standard International Trade Classification, SITC the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, HS direction of foreign trade direction of international trade Adam Smith David Ricardo Eil Filip Heckscher Beltil Gotthard Ohlin factor endowment theory the Heckschor-Ohlin theorem W. W. Leontief the Leontief scarce factor paradox / the Leontief paradox R. Vernon L. T. Wells intra-industry trade NIC ☆反谷物法同盟 ☆重农主义 ☆休谟【英】 ☆制造业报告 ☆被动的警察 ☆《就业、利息和货币通论》 ☆次佳原理 ☆关税 ☆关境 ☆海关 ☆关税同盟 ☆财政关税 ☆保护关税 ☆进口税 ☆出口税 ☆过境税 ☆从量税 ☆从价税 ☆完税价格 ☆海关估价 ☆选择税 ☆混合税 ☆进口附加税 ☆反补贴税 ☆反倾销税 ☆报复关税 ☆科技关税 ☆关税税则/ 海关税则 ☆税则序列（税号） ☆货物分类目录 ☆税率 ☆《关税合作理事会税则目录》 《布鲁塞尔税则目录》 ☆税目号 ☆《国际贸易标准分类》 ☆编码 ☆单式税则/一栏税则 ☆复式税则/多栏税则 ☆非关税壁垒 ☆进口配额制/进口限额制 ☆绝对配额 ☆全球配额 ☆国别配额 ☆自主配额/单方面配额 ☆协议配额/双边配额 anti-corn law league physiocracy D. Humo Report on Manufacture passive policeman The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money second best theory customs duties / tariff customs frontier customs house customs union revenue tariff protective customs duties import duties export duties transit duties specific duties advalorem duties duty paid value customs value alternative duties mixed / compound duties import surtax counter-vailing duty anti-dumping duty retaliatory duties scientific tariff tariff schedule / customs tariff tariff No./heading No./tariff item description of goods rate of duty Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature, CCCN Brussels Tariff Nomenclature, BTN heading No. Standard International Trade Classification, SITC code single tariff complex tariff Non-Tariff Barriers, NTBs import quotas system absolute quotas global quotas unallocated quotas country quotas autonomous quotas agreement quotas/bilateral quo.

miRBase-microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature

miRBase:microRNA sequences,targets and gene nomenclature Sam Griffiths-Jones*,Russell J.Grocock,Stijn van Dongen,Alex Bateman and Anton J.Enright The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,Hinxton,Cambridge CB101SA,UK Received September 12,2005;Revised and Accepted October 18,2005 ABSTRACT The miRBase database aims to provide integrated interfaces to comprehensive microRNA sequence data,annotation and predicted gene targets.miRBase takes over functionality from the microRNA Registry and fulfils three main roles:the miRBase Registry acts as an independent arbiter of microRNA gene nomenclature,assigning names prior to publication of novel miRNA sequences.miRBase Sequences is the primary online repository for miRNA sequence data and annotation.miRBase Targets is a compre-hensive new database of predicted miRNA target genes.miRBase is available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html,/.INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs)are a class of non-coding RNA gene whose ?nal product is a 22nt functional RNA molecule.They play important roles in the regulation of target genes by binding to complementary regions of messenger transcripts to repress their translation or regulate degradation (1–3).miRNAs have been implicated in cellular roles as diverse as developmental timing in worms,cell death and fat meta-bolism in ?ies,haematopoiesis in mammals,and leaf devel-opment and ?oral patterning in plants [reviewed in (4,5)].Recent reports have suggested that miRNAs may play roles in human cancers (6–8). The biogenesis of miRNA sequences has been largely elucidated [reviewed in (9)].The mature miRNA (often des-ignated miR)is processed from a characteristic stem–loop sequence (called a pre-mir),which in turn may be excised from a longer primary transcript (or pri-mir).Only a handful of primary transcripts have been fully described,but evidence suggests that miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II,and that the transcripts are capped and polyadenylated. Since the discovery of the founding members of the miRNA class,lin-4and let-7in Caenorhabditis elegans [reviewed in (10)],over 2000miRNA sequences have been described in vertebrates,?ies,worms and plants,and even in viruses.However,the functions of only a handful of these miRNAs have been experimentally determined.In parallel with novel gene identi?cation efforts,the miRNA community is therefore focused on predicting and validating miRNA gene targets.The miRBase database brings together the gene naming and sequence database roles previously ful?lled by the microRNA Registry (11),with the ?rst automated pipeline for predicting miRNA target genes in multiple animal genomes.These three functions are brie?y discussed in turn.miRBase REGISTRY The rapid growth of the miRNA ?eld has been facilitated by the adoption of a consistent gene naming scheme,which has been applied since the ?rst large-scale miRNA discoveries (12–14).The miRNA Registry (11)has acted as an independent arbiter of gene names,and this function is continued by the miRBase https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html,s are assigned by the Registry based on guide-lines agreed by a number of prominent miRNA researchers and discussed elsewhere (15).In order to minimize the gaps in the naming scheme and to take advantage of the peer review pro-cess to assess the validity of submitted miRNAs,names are assigned after a manuscript describing their discovery is accep-ted for publication.Of?cial gene names should be incorporated into the ?nal version of a manuscript.The nomenclature guide-lines require that novel miRNA genes are experimentally veri-?ed by cloning or with evidence of expression and processing.Homologous miRNAs from related organisms that are identi-?ed by sequence analysis methods may be named without the need for further experimental evidence. miRNAs are assigned sequential numerical identi?ers.The database uses abbreviated 3or 4letter pre?xes to designate the species,such that identi?ers take the form hsa-miR-101(in Homo sapiens ).The mature sequences are designated ‘miR’in the database,whereas the precursor hairpins are labelled ‘mir’.The gene names are intended to convey limited information about functional relationships between mature miRNAs.For example,hsa-miR-101in human and mmu-miR-101in mouse *To whom correspondence should be addressed.Tel:+441223834244;Fax:+441223494919;Email:sgj@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html, óThe Author 2006.Published by Oxford University Press.All rights reserved. The online version of this article has been published under an open access https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html,ers are entitled to use,reproduce,disseminate,or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that:the original authorship is properly and fully attributed;the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given;if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated.For commercial re-use,please contact journals.permissions@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html, D140–D144Nucleic Acids Research,2006,Vol.34,Database issue doi:10.1093/nar/gkj112

Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System

Scanning Systems,Gamma Camera Purpose Gamma cameras are used to produce images of the radiation generated by radiopharmaceuticals within a patient’s body in order to examine organ anatomy and function and to visualize bone abnormalities.The wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals and procedures used allows evaluation of almost every organ system.In addition to producing a conventional planar image(a two-dimensional image of the three-dimensional ra-diopharmaceutical distribution within a patient’s body),most stationary gamma camera systems can also produce whole-body images(single head-to-toe skeletal profiles)and tomographic images(cross-sec-tional slices of the body acquired at various angles around the patient and displayed as a computer-recon-structed image). SPECT is most commonly used for whole-body bone imaging,brain perfusion studies,and cardiac imaging; 30%of SPECT procedures are cardiac studies.Through sequential image acquisition,the gamma camera can image blood flow to various organs,including the brain, 175173 424-010 5200Butler Pike,Plymouth Meeting,PA19462-1298,USA Telephone+1(610)825-6000q Fax+1(610)834-1275q E-mail hpcs@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc15160065.html, Scope of this Product Comparison This Product Comparison covers single-detector and multidetector stationary and mobile gamma cameras(formerly called Anger or scintillation cameras). Most of the systems listed are capable of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),also called single photon emission to- mography,and some are capable of dual-head coincidence imaging with F-18fluorodeoxyglu- cose(FDG),a radiopharmaceutical used in posi- tron emission tomography(PET)imaging.For more information on PET,see the Product Com- parison titled SCANNING SYSTEMS,POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY. UMDNS information This Product Comparison covers the following device terms and product codes as listed in ECRI’s Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System? (UMDNS?): ?Scanning Systems,Gamma Camera,Mobile [16-891] ?Scanning Systems,Gamma Camera,Planar Imaging[16-892] ?Scanning Systems,Gamma Camera,Single Photon Emission Tomography [18-444] Dual-head stationary gamma camera