阅读理解之篇章结构

阅读理解之篇章结构题

篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。在高考阅读题中，这是一种较为新颖的考查方式，已经成为一种独立的题型。

一、篇章结构题的题干表现形式：

1. The passage is organized in order of________.

2.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？

3. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

4. How does the passage develop?

二、篇章结构题的解答

这种题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；考查根据现有文章预测后文内容的能力。

1.对于文章——段落的发展方法题，关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等等。一般可通过仔细阅读文章，并根据其内在逻辑关系及内容来进行判断。

2.对于推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点题，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断。作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测：或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。

三、篇章结构题的解题技巧

1.作者为文，有脉可循。文章绝不是互不相干的句子

杂乱无章的堆砌。理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。这就要求学生不但要理解文章的细节内容，还要把握文章的整体结构和行文脉络，即句与句，段与段之间的逻辑关系，切忌只注重词和句的理解而忽视对语篇结构的分析。

2.合理分析，准确推断。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章或段落的发展方法，因此解题的关键在于找出文章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词如记叙文以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述文则包含论点、论据、论证三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，在大脑中勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。

2011·重庆·阅读理解C篇

Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing. However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means

of preventing disease. Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.

66. How does the passage mainly develop?

A. By providing examples.

B. By making comparisons.

C. By following the order of time.

D. By following the order of importance.

(2011·陕西卷·阅读理解D篇)

Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified (GM，转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems？Even if it would，is it the best solution?

Despite what it promises，GM technology actually has not increased the production potential (潜力) of any crop. In fact，studies show that the most widely grown GM crop，GM soybeans，has suffered reduced productivity. For instance，a report that analyzed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.

Something else，however，has been on the rise. While GM

seeds are expensive，GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides (杀虫剂).On the contrary，US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “The promise was that you could use fewer chemicals and boost production. But neither is true，”said Bill Christison，President of the US National Family Farm Coalition.

At the same time，the authors of the book World Hunger：T w el v e Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production，but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile，the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than for food，according to a 2008 World Bank report.

As a matter of fact，scientists see better ways to feed the

world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger，because better ways out are available，among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.

57. The author develops the second paragraph mainly ________.

A. by classification

B. by comparison

C. by example

D. by process

(2010·北京·A)Goldie’s Secret

She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way，not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before.“We a re moving house.” No space for her any more with the baby coming.“We never really wanted her，but what could we have done？She was a present.”

People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.

I called her Goldie. If I had known what was going to happen I would have given her a more creative name. She was so unsettled during those first few days. She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her. There was nothing I could do to make her happy，it seemed. Heaven knows what had happened to her at her previous owner’s. But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down. Always by my side，whether we were out on one of our long walks or sitting by the fire.

That’s why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk. We were a long way from home，when she started barking and getting very restless. Eventually I couldn’t hold her any longer and she raced off down the road towards a farmhouse in the distance as fast as she could.

By the time I reached the farm I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking(舔) the four puppies(幼犬) I started to feel sympathy towards them. “We didn’t know what had happened to her，”said the woman at the door. “I took her for a walk one day，soon after the puppies were born，and she just disappeared.”“She must have tried to come back to them and got lost，”added a boy from behind her.

I must admit I do miss Goldie，but I’ve got Nugget now，and she looks just like her mother. And I’ve learnt a good lesson：not to judge people.

59. The passage is organized in order of________.

A. time

B. effectiveness

C. importance

D. complexity

2008年北京卷The Diet Zone：A Dangerous Place Diet Coke，diet Pepsi，diet pills，no-fat diet，vegetable

diet...We are surrounded by the word “diet”everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上).

Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level，we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight，but in controlling the consumption of fatty，high-calorie，unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.

On another level，diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink，we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make

people believe that gain comes without pain，and that life can be without resistance and struggle.

The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us，but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分).Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional，and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.

Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us，it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds，not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products，and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

CP：Central Point；P：Point；SP：Sub-point(次要点)；C：Conclusion

模拟Sometimes，the simplest ideas are the best. For example，to absorb heat from the sun to heat water，you need large，flat，black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially，on the roofs of buildings. But

why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already，in the form of asphalt(柏油) roads?

Ten years ago，this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt，a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by a system that relies on the surface of the road outside.

The heat collector is a system of connected water pipes. Most of them run from one side of the street to the other，just under the asphalt road. Some，however，dive deep into the ground.

When the street surface gets hot in summer，water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes. At a depth of 100 meters lies a natural aquifer(蓄水层) into which several heat exchangers(交换器) have been built. The hot water from the street runs through these exchangers，warming the

groundwater，before returning to the surface through another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store.

In winter，the working system is changed slightly. Water is pumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer. This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. After performing that task，it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice.

What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

A. What we shall do if the system goes wrong.

B. What we shall do if there are no asphalt roads.

C. How the system cools the building in summer.

D. How the system collects heat in spring and autumn.

2011.重庆C 2011.陕西C 2010.北京A 2008.北京B 模拟 C

高考英语二轮复习专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题

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