曼昆宏观经济学英文定义大全

How people make decisions: 1. people face tradeoffs

2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it

3. Rational people think at the margin

4. People respond to incentives

How people interact: 5.trade can make everyone better off

6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity

7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes

How the economy as 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce

A whole works: goods and services

9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money

10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

Key concepts:

Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden

Absolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

Accounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit cost

Adverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party

Agent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal

Aggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level

Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once

Aggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level

Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences

Average fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

Average revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold

Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income

Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output

Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of output

Automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action

Balance trade: a situation in which exports equal imports

Benefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services Bond: a certificate of indebtedness

Budget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford

Budget deficit预算赤字: An excess of government spending over government receipts

Budget surplus预算盈余: An excess of government receipts over government spending

Business cycle经济周期: Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Capital资产: The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services

Capital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country

Cartel 卡特尔: A group of firms acting in unison

Catch-up effect: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off rich Central bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy

Circular-flow diagram循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms

Closed economy: an economy that does not interact with other economies in the world

Collective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment

Commodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value

Coase theorem科斯定理: The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own

Collusion共谋: An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge

Common resources共同资源: Goods that are rival but not excludable

Comparative advantage比较优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost Compensating differential补偿性工资差别: A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs

Competitive market竞争性市场: A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker

Complements互补性商品: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other Condorcet paradox: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society

Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future

Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变: The property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output Consumer price index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

Consumer surplus消费者剩余: A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays

Consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing

Cost成本: The value of everything a seller must give up producing a good

Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析: A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

Crowding out: a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing

Crowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raise the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending

Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性: A measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good

Currency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the public

Cyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from a market distortion, such as a tax

Deadweight loss无谓损失: The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax

Demand curve需求曲线: A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

Demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check

Demand schedule需求表: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Depreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreigh currency it can buy

Depression: a severe recession

Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减: The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

Discrimination歧视: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics

Diseconomies of scale规模不经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases Discount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks

Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job

Diversification: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks

Dominant strategy占优策略: A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players Economic profit经济利润: Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Economics经济学: The study of how society manages its scarce resources

Economies of scale规模经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases Efficiency效率: The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources

Efficiency wages效率工资: Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost

Elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants

Equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded

Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded

Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price

Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society

Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it

Explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm

Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroad

Externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander

Factors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services

Federal reserve (Fed) : the central bank of the united states

Fiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree

Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk Financial intermediaries: financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers

Financial markets: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers

Financial system: the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment Fisher effect: the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate

Fractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves

Frictional unemployment: unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills

Fundamental analysis: the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value

Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates

Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it

Game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations

GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100

Government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments

Gross domestic product GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Horizontal equity: the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount

Human capital: the accumulation of investment in people, such as education and on-the-job training

Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actor

Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm

Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically

Imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Income effect: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve

Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income

Indexation: the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contract

Indifference curve: a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction

Inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand

Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

Inflation rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period

Inflation tax: the revenue the government raises by creating money

Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational way

In-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash

Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions

Investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing

Job search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills

labor force: the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed

Labor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force

Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises

Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises

Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance

Liberalism: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an

impartial observe behind a “veil of ignorance”

Libertarianism: the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income

Life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life

Liquidity: the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange

Lump-sum tax: a tax that is the same amount for every person

Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

Marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action

Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production

Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input

Marginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor

Marginal rate of substitution: the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another

Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold

Marginal tax rate: the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income

Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or services

Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

Market for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds

Market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices Maximin criterion: the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society

Median voter theorem: a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voter

Menu cost: the costs of changing prices

Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend

Monetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables

Monetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank

Money: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people

Money multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves

Money supply: the quantity of money available in the economy

monopolistic competition: market structures in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical

Monopoly: a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes

Moral hazard: the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior Multiplier effect: the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending

Mutual fund: an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds

Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the more firms

National saving: the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases

Natural-rate hypothesis: the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its normal, or natural, rate, regardless of the rate of inflation

Natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates

Natural resources: the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits

Negative income tax: a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households Net capital outflow: the purchases of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchases of domestic assets by foreigners

Net exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balance

Nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current prices

Nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation

Nominal variables: variables measured in monetary units

Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand

Normative statement: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

Oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products

Open economy: an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the world

Open-market operation s: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed

Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Perfect complement: two goods with right-angle indifference curves

Perfect substitutes: two goods with straight-line indifference curves

Permanent income: a person’s normal income

Phillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

Physical capital: the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services

Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is

Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality

Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is

Poverty line: an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty

Poverty rate贫困率: The percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce, using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of money

Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold

Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers

Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price

Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold

Principal: a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act

Prisoner s’ dilemma: a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

Private saving: the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption

Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival

Producer price index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms

Producer surplus生产者剩余: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost

Production function生产函数: the relationship between quantity of input used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good

Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time

Profit 利润: Total revenue minus total cost

Progressive tax累进税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers Proportional tax比例税: a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income

Public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival

Public saving: the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending

Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase

Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell

Random walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predict

Rational expectations: the theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future

Real exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another Real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant prices

Real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation

Real variables: variables measured in physical units

Recession: a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment

Reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves

Reserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits

Regressive tax累退税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers reserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out

Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertainty

Rivalry竞争: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Sacrifice ratio: the number of percentage points of annual output lost in the process of reducing inflation by 1 percentage point

Scarcity稀缺性: the limited nature of society’s resources

Screening筛选: an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal information

Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings

Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

Signaling信号显示: an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party

Stagflation: a period of falling output and rising prices

Stock: a claim to partial ownership in a firm

Store of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future

Strike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union

Substitutes替代品: two goods for which an increase in the piece of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other Substitution effect替代效应: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution

Sunk cost沉淀成本: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered

Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Supply shock: an event that directly alters firms’ costs and prices, shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillips curve

Surplus过剩: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

Tariff关税: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Tax incidence税收归宿: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market

Technological knowledge: society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services

Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production

Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output

Total revenue (in a market): the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold

Trade balance: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called net exports

Trade deficit: an excess of imports over exports

Trade policy: a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports Trade surplus: an excess of exports over imports

Tragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

Transaction costs交易成本: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain Unemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed

Unemployment insurance: a government program that partially protects worker’s income when they become unemployed Union: a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions

Unit of account 计价单位: the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts

Utilitarianism功利主义: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society

Utility效用: a measure of happiness or satisfaction

Value of the marginal product边际产品价值: the marginal product of an input times the price of the output

Variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced

Velocity of money 货币流通速度: the rate at which money changes

Vertical equity纵向公平: the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts

Welfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy

Welfare economics福利经济学: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being Willingness to pay支付愿意: the maximum amount that buyer will pay for a good

World price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good

经济学原理第7版(曼昆)宏观经济学复习重点

第23章 1.对于一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出 2.国内生产总值（GDP ） 在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）；衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产；只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品；生产并合法出售的所有东西；只包括最终物品的价值；包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务；使用市场价格。 3.GDP的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（NX ）。 （1）逍费是家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出 （2）投资是用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出 （3）政府购买包括地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出 （4）净出口等于外国对国内生产的物品的购买（出口）减国内对外国物品的购买（进口） 国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和 4.真实GDP和名义GDP 真实GDP :按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产（是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值） 不受价格变动的影响，反映产的产量的变动 名义GDP :按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产（是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值） GDP平减指数 GDP平减指数是用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标 即GDP平减指数=（名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 通货膨胀率=［（第2年的GDP平减指数-第一年的GDP平减指数）/第一年的GDP平减指数］*100 第24章

1 .消费物价指数CPI 答：指普通消费者购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。 即：CPI =（当年一篮子物品与服务的价格/基年一篮子的价格）*100 计算消费物价指数：固定篮子、找出价格、计算这一篮子东西的费用、选择基年并计算指数、计算通货膨胀率 通货膨胀率:从前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比 通货膨胀率=[（第二年CPI-第一年CPI）/第一年CPI ]*100% 生产物价指数：企业所购买的一篮子物品与服务的费用的衡量指标 衡量生活费用中的三个问题。（CPI高估了生活费用的增加） （1）替代倾向。CPI使用了一篮子固定不变的物品。 （2）新产品的引进。CPI基于固定不变的一篮子物品和服务，没反映出因引进新物品而引起的货币价值的增加。 （3 ）无法衡量质量的变动。 GDP平减指数与CPI的差别： （1）GDP平减指数反映国内生产的所有物品与服务的价格, CPI反映消费者购买的所有物品与服务的价格 （2）CPI比较的是固定的二篮子物品与服务的价格和基年这一篮子物品与服务的价格，GDP平减指数比较的是现期生产的物品与服务的价格和基年同样物品与服务的价格 2.根据通货膨胀的影响矫正经济变量 今天美元的数量=T年美元的数量* （今天的物价水平/T年的物价水平） 指数化:根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响对货币数量的自动调整 真实利率和名义利率 名义利率指通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率（货币数量） 真实利率指根据通货膨胀校正的利率（货币购买力） 真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率

曼昆版经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版课后题与答案

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支 出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人 居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在 投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销 售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。 C．你买了一个比萨饼。 答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消 费的非耐用品类中。 D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。 答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高 速公路是政府的行为。 E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食 品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX 增加 2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把 转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据： A．1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百 分比的变动。 答：1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是5．86%。 B．1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答：1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是1．8%。 C．按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际收入是69654．5 亿元。 D．按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际收入是72419．7 亿元。

曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版

第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学 第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP平减指数：用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。

曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案9

Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems CHAPTER 9 Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and Policy Questions for Review 1. In the Solow model, we find that only technological progress can affect the steady-state rate of growth in income per worker. Growth in the capital stock (through high saving) has no effect on the steady-state growth rate of income per worker; neither does population growth. But technological progress can lead to sustained growth. 2. In the steady state, output per person in the Solow model grows at the rate of technological progress g. Capital per person also grows at rate g. Note that this implies that output and capital per effective worker are constant in steady state. In the U.S. data, output and capital per worker have both grown at about 2 percent per year for the past half-century. 3. To decide whether an economy has more or less capital than the Golden Rule, we need to compare the marginal product of capital net of depreciation (MPK –δ) with the growth rate of total output (n + g). The growth rate of GDP is readily available. Estimating the net marginal product of capital requires a little more work but, as shown in the text, can be backed out of available data on the capital stock relative to GDP, the total amount o f depreciation relative to GDP, and capital’s share in GDP. 4. Economic policy can influence the saving rate by either increasing public saving or providing incentives to stimulate private saving. Public saving is the difference between government revenue and government spending. If spending exceeds revenue, the government runs a budget deficit, which is negative saving. Policies that decrease the deficit (such as reductions in government purchases or increases in taxes) increase public saving, whereas policies that increase the deficit decrease saving. A variety of government policies affect private saving. The decision by a household to save may depend on the rate of return; the greater the return to saving, the more attractive saving becomes. Tax incentives such as tax-exempt retirement accounts for individuals and investment tax credits for corporations increase the rate of return and encourage private saving. 5. The legal system is an example of an institutional difference between countries that might explain differences in income per person. Countries that have adopted the English style common law system tend to have better developed capital markets, and this leads to more rapid growth because it is easier for businesses to obtain financing. The quality of government is also important. Countries with more government corruption tend to have lower levels of income per person. 6. Endogenous growth theories attempt to explain the rate of technological progress by explaining the decisions that determine the creation of knowledge through research and development. By contrast, the Solow model simply took this rate as exogenous. In the Solow model, the saving rate affects growth temporarily, but diminishing returns to capital eventually force the economy to approach a steady state in which growth depends only on exogenous technological progress. By contrast, many endogenous growth models in essence assume that there are constant (rather than diminishing) returns to capital, interpreted to include knowledge. Hence, changes in the saving rate can lead to persistent growth. Problems and Applications 1. a. In the Solow model with technological progress, y is defined as output per effective worker, and k is defined as capital per effective worker. The number of effective workers is defined as L E (or LE), where L is the number of workers, and E measures the efficiency of each worker. To find output per effective worker y, divide total output by the number of effective workers:

曼昆版宏观经济学期末考试重点

曼昆版宏观经济学期末 考试重点 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e54272530.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR

单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。 （1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。（2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与

劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加 了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI 进行货币的转换） 答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为：CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100 如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品

曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)

第20章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b. 如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响 d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另 一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的T账户如下：: b. 当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下：

曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)

第 20 章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量 有什么关系？ 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利 可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货 币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100 美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美 国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个 石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制 造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假 钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5 亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出 BSB的 T 账户。 b) 现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000 万美元现金。如果 BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T 账户。 c) 解释 BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d) 为什么 BSB要采取 (b) 中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的 另一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的 T 账户如下： : 伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产负债 准备金$25 million存款$250 million 贷款$225 million b.当 BSB的大储户提取了 1000 万美金现金，而 BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其 准备率，它的 T 账户如下：

《曼昆—宏观经济学》重点总结

第23章一国收入的衡量—GDP 微观经济学(microeconomics)研究个别家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整个经济，包括通货膨胀、失业率和经济增长。 一GDP 1 定义：国内生产总值(gross domestic product，GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 2 组成：GDP（用Y代表）被分为四个组成部分：消费（C）、投资（I）、政府购买（G）、净出口（N X）： Y = C ＋I ＋G ＋NX 3 实际GDP与名义GDP：实际GDP=名义GDP-通货膨胀率，衡量的是生产的变动，而不是物价的变动。 4 GDP平减指数：，是经济学家用来检测经济平均物价水平，从而监测通货膨胀率的一个重要指标。（GDP deflator） 5 GDP与经济福利： 由于GDP用市场价格来评价物品与劳务，它就没有把几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值包括进来，特别是，GDP漏掉了在家庭中生产的物品与劳务的价值。 GDP没有包括的另一种东西是环境质量。 GDP也没有涉及收入分配。 二衡量收入的其他指标： 国民生产总值(GNP)：是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。它与GDP的不同之处在于：它包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 国民生产净值(NNP)：是一国居民的总收入(GNP)减折旧的消耗。 国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入 第24章生活费用的衡量—CPI 一CPI 1 定义：消费物价指数(consumer price index，CPI) 是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量标准 2 计算：定义篮子→找出价格→计算费用→选择基年并计算指数→计算通货膨胀率 消费者物价指数=*100 3 衡量生活费用过程中存在的问题 替代倾向 新产品的引进

曼昆版本宏观经济学所有概念及重点

第23章 一国收入的衡量—GDP 微观经济学(microeconomics)研究个别家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整个经济，包括通货膨胀、失业率和经济增长。 一 GDP 1 定义：国内生产总值 (gross domestic product ， GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生 产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 名义GDP 衡量的是市场价值——用货币衡量 真实GDP 衡量的是数量——用“不变价格”（基年价格）衡量 2 组成：GDP （用Y 代表）被分为四个组成部分：消费（C ）、投资（I ）、政府购买（G ）、净出口（NX ）： Y = C ＋ I ＋ G ＋ NX 3 实际GDP 与名义GDP ：实际GDP=名义GDP-通货膨胀率，衡量的是生产的变动，而不是物价的变动。 4 GDP 平减指数： 100?=GDP GDP GDP 实际名义平减指数，是经济学家用来检测经济平均物价水平， 从而监测通货膨胀率的一个重要指标。 （GDP deflator ） 5 GDP 与经济福利： 由于GDP 用市场价格来评价物品与劳务，它就没有把几乎所有在市场之外进行的 活动的价值包括进来，特别是，GDP 漏掉了在家庭中生产的物品与劳务的价值。 GDP 没有包括的另一种东西是环境质量。 GDP 也没有涉及收入分配。 二 衡量收入的其他指标： 国民生产总值(GNP)：是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。它与GDP 的不 同之处在于：它包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 国民生产净值(NNP)：是一国居民的总收入(GNP)减折旧的消耗。 国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入 GDP 衡量在国内生产的总收入，GNP 衡量国民（一国居民）所赚到的收入 GNP ＝GDP ＋来自国外的要素收入－向国外的要素支付 国民生产净值（NNP ）表示经济活动的净结果 NNP ＝GNP －折旧（固定资本的消耗） 国民收入（NI ）衡量经济中所有人赚到多少钱 NI ＝NNP －企业间接税（如销售税） 个人收入（PI ）,即家庭和非公司企业所得到的收入量 PI ＝NI －公司利润－社会保险税－净利息＋红利＋政府向 个人的转移支付＋个人利息收入 个人可支配收入＝PI －个人税和非税收支付 第24章 生活费用的衡量—CPI 一 CPI 1 定义：消费物价指数 (consumer price index ，CPI) 是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务 的总费用的衡量标准

曼昆宏观经济学英语课后题答案

曼昆宏观经济学英语课 后题答案 公司标准化编码 [QQX96QT-XQQB89Q8-NQQJ6Q8-MQM9N]

CHAPTER 23: MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. The circular flow diagram describes all transactions between households and firms in a simple economy and shows the equality of expenditures and income. ANSWER: T POINTS: 0 / 1 2. Gross domestic product includes most items produced and sold illicitly. ANSWER: F POINTS: 0 / 1 3. Net national product is the total income of a nation’s residents minus losses from depreciation.

ANSWER: T POINTS: 0 / 1 4. Disposable personal income is the income that households and unincorporated business have left after satisfying all their obligations to the government. It equals personal income minus personal taxes and certain non-tax payments to government. ANSWER: T POINTS: 0 / 1 5. The purchase of new houses by households is included in the calculation of personal consumption expenditures of GDP. ANSWER: F POINTS: 0 / 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the

曼昆版宏观经济学期末考试重点

单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。（1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。 （2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与 劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI进行货币的转换）答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为： CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品 2）找出价格 劳工统计局收集购物篮中所有物品价格的数据

曼昆版经济学原理宏观经济学分册第七版 课后题及答案

章三二十并解释之。)?(如果有影响的话1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。C.答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资，因为销 GDP。售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的 C．你买了一个比萨饼。答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。101号高速公路。D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号 高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。．．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。E答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。F答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX增加2．GDP 组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP? 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。的数据：GDP6．考虑以下美国 A．1996年 到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期 百分比的变动。。．86%1997答：1996年到年间名义收入增长率是5?平减指数的增长率是多少GDP年间，1997年到1996．B． 。．8%GDP平减指数的增长率是1年间，答：1996年到1997? GDP是多少年的价格衡量，1996年的实际C．按1992亿元。5年的实际收入是69654．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1996? 是多少年的实际GDP1997D．按1992年的价格衡量，亿元。772419．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1997年的实际收入是? GDP增长率是多少1996年到1997年间实际E．。97%．1997年间实际收入增长率是3答：1996年到并解释之。增长率?GDPG．名义GDP增长率高于还是低于实际H．答：名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率，因为名义收入中运用的是现期价格，实际收入运用的是基期价格，因而名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率。.二十四章．假设人们只消费三种物品，如下表所示：1?物价总水平变动的百分比是多少A．这三种物品每一种价格变动的百分比是多少?答：网球价格变动的百分比 为0，网球拍价格变动的百分比为50%，加多力饮料价格变。50%100%动的百分比是。物价总水平变动的百分比是B．相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更昂贵了还是更便宜了?相对于一些人的福利，另一些并解释之。?人的福利有什么变动．答：相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更便宜了。相对于爱喝加多力饮料的人来说，爱因为网球拍和网球的价格上涨幅度小于加多力饮料的上涨幅度。打网球的人的福利增加了，5．用以下海一种情况说明在编制CPI中会出现什么问题?并解释

曼昆经济学原理第五版宏观经济学习题答案中文

1 / 5 第20xx货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系？ 参考 答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息 比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考 答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介

b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、xx瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 2 / 5 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另一种方法。 参考 答案： a. xx瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产 准备金 贷款 b.当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下： $25 million存款