中国矿业大学考博英语真题2017年

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Section ⅠReading Comprehension

Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.

The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses and other agencies.

Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home. In the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to

be consumer homemaker—cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was ______.

A.the growing number of schools in frontier communities

B.an increase in the number of trained teachers

C.the expanding economic problems of schools

D.the increased urbanization of the entire country

答案：D

[解答] 本题定位于第一段第二、三句话“The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility”。由此可知，到了1910年，大多数美国人都居住在城镇和城市之中，工业化和经济生活的官僚化，再加上对证书和专业知识的重视，使得学校教育对经济和社会流动变得越来越重要。由此可以推出，城市化进程让人们越来越重视教育，通过教育实现阶层流动。D项符合这一推论。A，B和C三项文中并未提及相关信息，属于无中生有。因此选择D。

2. According to the passage, one important change in the United States education by 1920s was that ______.

A.most places required children to attend schools

B.the amount of time spent on formal education was limited

C.new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education

D.adults and children studied in the same classes

答案：A

[解答] 本题细节定位于第二段第二句话“By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened”。由此可知，到了1920年，在大多数州，14岁或以上的孩子接受义务教育，学年也大大延长。A项“大多数地区要求孩子去上学”符合原文。B，C两项原文中并未提及。除了要求儿童去上学之外，还有针对成人开设的班级，但成人和儿童并不是在同一个班级里上课，故D项不正确。因此选择A。

3. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in Paragraph 2 to illustrate ______.

A.alternatives to formal education provided by public schools

B.the importance of educational changes

C.activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs

D.the increased impact of public schools on students

答案：D

[解答] 本题细节定位于第二段第三句话“Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students”。由此可知，幼儿园、假期学校、课外活动、职业教育和咨询等扩大了公立学校对学生生活的影响。据此可知，第二段提及假期学校和课外活动等是为了说明公立学校对学生的影响越来越大。因此选择D。

4. According to the passage, early-20th-century education reformers believed that ______.

A.different groups needed different kinds of education

B.special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them

C.corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress

D.more women should be involved in education and industry

答案：A

[解答] 本题细节定位于第三段第一句话“Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations”。由此可知，在20世纪初，改革家们建议教育项目应适合特定人群的需求。由此可以推测，A项“不同群体需要不同类型的教育”符合改革家们的理念。因此选择A。

Passage Two

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