英语四级阅读练习及详解(1)

When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that arethe life span of t he English language, he should be able to noticea number of significant truths . The history of our language hasalways been a history of constant change—a t times a slow,almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collisionb etween two languages. Our language has always been a livinggrowing organi sm, it has never been static. Another significanttruth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not ofone class or group but of many.

『At one extreme it has been the property of the common,ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans.』

① At the other extreme it has been the treasure of thosewho have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled bywritin g it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little b eauty.

As we consider our changing language, we should note here two development s that are ofspecial and immediate importance to us. One is that since the tim e of the Anglo-Saxons there hasbeen an almost complete reversal of the differ ent devices for showing the relationship of words in asentence. Anglo-Saxon ( old English) was a language of many inflections. Modern English has fewinflec tions. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to conv ey themeanings that the older language did by means of changes in the form s of words. Function words,you should understand, are words such as preposi tions, conjunctions, and a few others that areused primarily to show relations hips among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived.And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be troub le for theusers of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attenti on to such maters as WHO orWHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must c onsider is that as language itself changes, ourattitudes toward language form s change also.

『The eighteenth century, for example, producedfrom various sources a tend ency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, untilat the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices interms of the ways in which people speak and write.』②

1.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .

A. attempt to continue the standardization of the language

B. evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standar

ds or properpatterns

C. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysi s or history

D. be more aware of the rules of the language usage

2.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word “inflection” used in line 4 of p aragraph 2.

A. Changes in the forms of words.

B. Changes in sentence structures.

C. Changes in spelling rules.

D. Words that have similar meanings.

3.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage?

A. It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of th e modern Englishlanguage.

B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at som e stages of itsdevelopment.

C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant cha nge.

D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.

4. The author of these paragraphs is probably a(an) .

A. historian

B. philosopher

C. anthropologist

D. linguist

5.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?

A. The history of the English language.

B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.

C. Our changing language.

D. Some characteristics of modern English.

Vocabulary

1.span n. 跨度，范围，期间

2.imperceptible adj. 觉察不到的，极细微的

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e717113935.html,anism n. 生物体，有机体

4.possession n. 拥有，占有，领土

5.ignorant adj. 无知的

6.folk n. 人们，民族

7.permanence n. 永久，持久8.Anglo-Saxons n. 盎格鲁—撒克逊语（人），地道的英国人

9.reversal n. 颠倒，反向，逆转10.inflection n. 词尾变化

11.preposition n. 前置词，介词12.conjunction n. 联合，关联，连接词13.in terms of 根据，按照，用……的话，在……方面

长难句解析

①【解析】“who”引导非限制性定语从句，修饰“the common, ignorant folk”。“much as”引导状语从句。“kitchen pots and pans”意为“锅碗瓢盆”。

【译文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至无知民众的财产，他们每天都像使唤他们的牲畜和锅碗瓢盆一样用着语言。

②【解析】此句为一个复合倒装句。“until”引导一个并列句，前一句的主语是“a tendency”，“tofix the language into patterns not always set in and grew”作“tendency”的定语，第二句的主语也是“a tendency”，“to”后面的句子作“tendency”的定语，“in which”引导的定语从句修饰“ways”。

【译文】例如在18世纪一种产生于各种来源的趋势把语言固定在一个不常使用和不利于语言发展的模式中，而到了当今，主流是要反复研究、评价人们说话、写作中的语言实践。

答案与详解

【短文大意】本文主要讲述英语演变过程的一些特点，指出了古英语与现代英语的不同，以及语言学家对待语言形式的态度的变化。

1.B细节题。根据题干回原文中定位，阅读文章时注意首末段及各段开头的句子，这往往都是考点所在。这篇文章讲的主要是英语语言演变的一些特点，指出了古英语与现代英语的不同，以及语言学家态度的转变。本题问的正是现代语言学家与早期语言学家不同的倾向。根据文章末尾

Theeighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tenden cy to fix the languageinto patterns not always set in and grew, until at the pre sent time there is a strong tendency torestudy and re-evaluate language pract ices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 现代语言学家倾向于根据人们说和写的方式评价语言实践，而不是像早期的语言学家根据一定的模式评价语言。选项B符合文章的意思。

2.A词汇题。要根据上下文的信息判断单词的意思。文章在第二段中间再次提到inflection时说，Afew inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又举了WHO/WHOM和ME/I为例说明inflection，这是一篇关于语言学的文章，从例子可以看出inflection的意思应该是“单词的变形”，选项A正确。

3.A细节题。根据文章的内容，选项A“普遍认为1500年是现代英语的起点”在文章中没有提及，故为正确答案。文章第二句说

The history of our language has always been a history of constantchange - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision b etweentwo languages.我们语言的历史是一个不断变化的历史——在一些时间

里缓慢得几乎难以察觉，在另一些时间里则是两种语言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推断一些其他的语言对英语的发展有重大影响，选项B符合文章的意思。

4.D词汇题。此题考查考生的推测能力和词汇量，文章讲述的是英国语言演进的具体细节，最适当的答案应该是D。作者很可能是一位语言学家。A答案(历史学家)和C答案(人类学家)也可以有点迷惑性。B答案(哲学家)是最不符合的。

5.C主旨题。本文从各个方面谈及英语作为一种语言的发展变化，但并不是讲述英语的历史。所以选项A不对，选项C作为文章的题目最为贴切。选项B只是

文章阐述的一个方面，不够全面。文章是在谈到英语的不断变化的时候谈到了现代英语的一些特点，所以选项D也失之于片面。

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大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.

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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller