如何写proposal

如何写proposal

DissertationProposalOutline

1、研究缘起、目的、意义：

1）、研究的问题:我的研究问题是什么?包括什么主要问题和子问题?研究问题中的主要概念是如何定义的?研究问题包括什么内容？内容相互之间是什么关系?

2）、研究的目的：我为什么选择这个研究问题?通过研究这个问题希望达到什么目的?

3）、研究的意义：

a、个人的目的

b、实用的目的：即研究的问题必须有助于增进人们对现实世界中此类问题的认识。

c、探究的目的，也是本研究的学术意义，即研究的成果必须在学术界对这一问题现有的了解之外作出新的贡献。

2、文献综述：

文献主要可以分为：核心文献、相关文献。我在写文献综述时会涉及我是如何进行文献检索和评述的？主要代表作、代表人物、主要的理论、主要的研究方法、优点及缺点及这些文献是如何为自己的研究提供参考思路的？我的的研究与前人的研究相比有什么不同？文献综述后即确定了研究意义（研究方法、内容上的贡献）重点、难

点和创新点。

3、理论框架：

我的研究的理论框架是什么？我是如何使用前人的理论、自己的经验性知识和预研究结果如何形成这个理论框架的？

4、研究方法及研究步骤与时间：

倾向采用文献法、质性研究的方法；向调查对象了解情况或征询意见时也会使用问卷法进行研究，

1）文献法

根据文献对研究对象的记载、分析获取可供进一步分析的材料。

2）质性研究

a、抽样：打算选择什么人、地点或事件作为研究对象?为什么选择这些样本?抽样标准和抽样方法是什么？为什么选择这些标准和方法？预选择的抽样方式有：滚雪球抽样、机遇式抽样、目的性随机抽样、方便抽样（下策）、综合抽样。

b、观察：设定观察的场景、行为和人物。设计观察提纲，观察表格；注意观察中的记录、整理和再整理。

c、收集实物:设计实物收集清单并对实物进行归类整理和分析

d、访谈：

i．设计访谈提纲,列出所有重要的问题,并且附上相应的追问提

示。访谈提纲设计的思路：研究现象——研究问题——研究目的——研究对象（可行性）——理论框架

ii.要达到的目的有：了解被访者的所思所想（看法，意义建构）、了解过去发生的事情（回忆是重构）、了解被访者的行为表现（需要与观察相关检验）、与受访者建立关系、让受访者的声音表达出来（赋权）。

iii.需要考虑的访谈结构：开放、半开放、封闭；访谈的正式程度：正式、非正式；相关的受访人数：个别、集体。

3）问卷调查法

问卷一般由卷首语、问题与回答方式、编码和其他资料四个部分组成。

5、研究内容

此部分还应该包括如何整理和分析原始资料。分析资料的方法主要有：

1.分类法

“扎根理论”中的三级编码

1）开放式：确定分析主题

2）集中式：在主题之间建立联系

3）整合式：提升出最重要主题

2.情境法

3.结合分类法和情境法

4．分析资料的手段

a、画图、列表

b、写反思笔记：描述、分析、方法反思、理论建构、综合

c、运用直觉和想象、比喻、类推等

d、在部分与整体之间不断进行对比，建立联系.

5.建构理论:形成类属并将它们提升为系统的概念、主题、陈述、假设.

前人的理论

研究者的理论资料呈现的理论

6、研究成果的理论反思（结合理论框架）

7、做结论

如何为研究的结果做结论?用什么方法建立假设?如何对不同假设之间的关系进行探讨?如何检验自己的假设?如何处理不同的结论或意义解释?本研究的贡献是什么，仍旧存在什么不足之处?可以如何改进?

8、附录：访谈大纲、问卷、参考文献、后记、专有名词的索引

在研究过程中需要考虑研究的质量监测

1、效度问题:在研究的各个部分和环节，可能会遇到哪些效度威胁？如何检验研究结果的效度?

2、推广度问题:自己的研究结果在何种意义上具有典型性?如何知道研究结果是否可以推广到其他类似的情境和人?如何判断和检验本研究的内部推论度和外部推论度?

3、伦理道德问题:在研究过程中自己可能遇到什么伦理道德问题?如何对待或处理这些问题?

Research Proposal 的模板、写作建议以及样本 计算机

Research Proposal N.Mavaddat Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The University of Western Australia Crawley,W.A.6009 navid@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e795337.html,.au April2002 A.Proposed Study 1.Title Automatic Determination of Vanishing Points and Geometric Cues for Single View Recti?cation and Metrology. 2.Contribution From a single two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object or scene it is possible to extract substantial information about the original object or even partially reconstruct the image of the object from a di?erent viewing angle.[4]This has many applications in the?elds of architecture, archaeology,forensic science and many others.This analysis can provide,in the case of metrology, measurement of the original scene,and in the case of recti?cation,the necessary information to construct a virtual model of the scene.A critical part of the analysis process is to accurately identify attributes of interest. One such attribute of interest are the‘vanishing points’of a scene.These are de?ned as points at which the extensions of parallel lines appear to converge in the perspective view of the image. In practice the detection of the vanishing points is made by visual inspection of the image and is both cumbersome and not very accurate.An automatic method of the vanishing point detection would eliminate the subjective inspection of the image and expedite the process. In my Honours project I was able to advance a method for automatic detection of the vanish-ing points through the combination of image analysis techniques and projective geometry.The method was successfully applied to the detection of the vanishing points for several images and reconstruction of images from di?erent perspectives.However,the above method can only be readily implemented when there are su?cient straight lines in the image that can be detected by computational methods and their convergence point determined.In general the two-dimensional images may contain none or a very few straight lines.Hence the proposed method has to be much improved and augmented to be a useful tool for practical applications.The attributes of interest are not con?ned to vanishing points.Other attributes such a horizon lines are also useful for single view image analysis.These attributes have yet to be explored and their detection processes automated.Further work includes the development of prototypes for proposed applications of single view metrology and recti?cation. In addition to vanishing points,other geometrical cues can greatly assist the accuracy and feasi-bility of single view metrology.These geometrical cues include determination of right angles and

Research_proposal 格式

How to write a research proposal You are to write a research proposal of about 2000 words, maximum 8 type-written pages (including figures and tables), double-spaced. Fonts should be set at 12-point. Objectives The idea behind this research proposal is I would like to see whether you are able to identify outstanding issues that more research could help to clarify. Writing the proposal will then help you achieve four important objectives: (1) to expand your knowledge of cognitive neuroscience by focusing on two areas that are of particular interest to you, (2) to further develop your skills as a critical reader of psychological research, and (3) to develop your scientific writing skills. General Requirements In this research proposal, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to integrate information across topics covered in the course. In the proposal, you should critically review two areas of cognitive neuroscience and then propose an experiment that would help to address an integrative question or issue. Choose any two sections from the course outline, such as Attention and Memory, and discuss how they are (or might be) related. For example, you might want to discuss the role of attention in memory. Alternatively, you might wish to discuss some general principles of cortical organization, such as modularity and central processing, and how they apply to two different areas you have studied. I guess you will find that there are a great number of potential topics you could pick. The best way would be to take something that interests you. You should then try to define what you picked narrowly. You need not deal with the entire topic area (e.g., all of language, all of perception), but choose smaller, more manageable topic (e.g., perception of living things and spatial attention; the function of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). If you define your topic too generally there will simply be too much relevant research, making it very difficult to decide which the most relevant papers are. Required sections of the proposal The proposal must contain the following sections: Title page – Abstract – Introduction – Methods – Predicted Results – References. ? Title page ? Abstract: One (1) paragraph that briefly describes the area of interest and the research question that will be addressed in the proposal. Put the abstract on a separate page, immediately following the title page. ? Introduction: This section should describe the research area and findings from previous studies. Write in a goal-directed manner. By this I mean you will eventually be proposing some experiment in your proposal. Therefore, the literature review should be designed so that it discusses an issue or question that needs to be addressed in that area and provides a rationale for your proposed study. Moreover, you should structure your Introduction so that the motivation for your proposal becomes clear. To achieve that you should begin with a relatively big issue and then focus down to the specific issue you are interested in, highlighting the aspects of previous research (e.g. some methodological flaw in previous approaches) that your proposal is meant to address. By the end of the Introduction the reader should have a very good idea of what the central issue of your proposal will be. Your Introduction should reference at least three research articles (see the section about references). (Maximum length of the Introduction: 3 double-spaced pages).

英文Proposal 范文

To: College of Business Administration Dean’s Office From: Zihao Fu Subject: A Proposal for setting up a food truck beside the new business building Introduction As the construction began in September, the new business building is finally coming to us. Taking up 140,00 square feet of space the building will have one 250-person lecture hall, three tiered 80-person classrooms, thirteen 50-person classrooms, three 50-station computer labs and many other features. This is definitely exciting for students, as they will be enjoying the business education in a fresh environment with brand new facilities. Faculties should also be pleased with bigger and brighter offices. The new business building can also work as an attraction that appeals to potential future K-State students. Since this is still a very early stage of the construction, it is still feasible for us to add more practical features to the building to better dealing with potential problems. Meanwhile the proposal can also increase the overall attractiveness of College of Business. Problem Description In the blueprint of the new business building we could see that a coffee shop is included. However, having only one coffee shop may not be sufficient. At a round 11 o’clock to 1 o’clock is the “peak hours” f or lunch. Long-winded lines are very common in Union’ food court, Einstein Bros Bagels as well as Derby Dining Center. It is hard to imagine a coffee shop with limited capacity can serve the whole business school, which has the biggest amount of undergraduate students in the university, efficiently. Taking a close look at the campus map I could not help but notice that the new business building is located at the Southeast side of the campus and seems to be alienated from other major buildings. With only one dining facility near the building can result in students who are taking classes at noon in the building has very limited choice for lunch. In addition, they will have to walk a long way to other dining facilities around the campus. Some other students might decide not to have lunch due to the intense schedule and the tiring long way. However, the lacking of essential nutrition and energy intake can cause really negative impact on students’ brain function. The lacking of concentration and reduce students’ attention in class, which ultimately affects their academic performance. Hence, I am proposing a solution to the problem.

Project Proposal 项目建议书 英文 模板

Proposal for Junior Achievement Project Yanqin Fu Xiaoping Hu South Westfalia University of Applied Science

Table of Contents Executive Summary (1) Statement of Need (2) Project Description (4) Project Evaluation (7) Budget (8) Organization Profile (12) Timeline (13) Conclusion (14) Appendices (15)

Executive Summary With the fast growth of college graduate population, it is more and more difficult for students to find a job. Under this circumstance, setting up new businesses is becoming an effective way out. The government of China is laying great effort to encourage students to start up businesses. “Booming private capital is key to overall economic development”, says Prime Ministry Wen Jiabao. However, the lack of knowledge and experience is setting obstacles for the students. Therefore, we need urgently to strengthen students’ability in doing business. This proposal aims at introducing how the organization “Brilliant” plans to carry out the project of fostering entrepreneurship of college students in Hangzhou, and asking for a fund of 833,000 yuan to support the project.

怎样写好research-proposal(中文)教学文稿

大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。 一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。 不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。 研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。 研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。 这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。 标题： 标题应该简明扼要。比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。 摘要： 摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。 引言： 引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。 如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。 不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。 首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。最后，确定“关键角色”（key players），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。总之，把你的研究问题放到

Proposal模板

Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time In troducti on: Stateme nt of Problem Project Objectives Project Plan s(Acti ons &Man ageme nt) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule Example 1: (Note: It ' s only an example. There are three rows in the table,

but defi nitely, you may add more lines to it. And duri ng the same period, differe nt people may work on differe nt tasks in stead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2 nd table.) Example 2: Con clusi on Refere nces Prepari ng Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A developme nt(bike,car,airpla ne,ship,robot) -A mecha ni cal desig n(tool,system,toy) -An improveme nt of a mecha ni cal product -A prototype of an inven ti on -An engin eeri ng research Choose model

Research Proposal 写作步骤

英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分 先扔一些指导英语研究计划书写作的文章的链接 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e795337.html,.hk/researchers/rp/wrp https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e795337.html,/ 序言：写研究计划书的难处在哪里 研究计划书的重要性暂不讨论。个人认为本科生写研究计划书有这些问题： 1. 几乎从未写过研究计划书，接触科研的机会也不多，也没有相关课程教怎么写。不知如何下手。 2. 不知如何搜索英文文献、从英文文献中搜寻和提炼自己需要的信息。 3. 用英语写学术文章，在遣词造句、思维方式方面比较生疏。 STEP1 定研究题目的大方向 选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。 注意： 1. 研究的主题最好是当今国际上比较热的，至少别太过时； 如果时间充裕，可以浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。 2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。 到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。 STEP2 找文献&阅读文献 文献选择的几个标准 1. 以英语文献为主。参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，这样方便你了解相关研究背景。以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。 2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊（若不知道，可以咨询相关专业的老师，他们比较清楚）上发的文章； 3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；

开题报告：Research Proposal格式

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e795337.html, 专业的论文在线写作平台 开题报告：Research Proposal格式 【编者按】：编者在此为您提供各类开题报告范文参考，以及开题报告写作指导和格式排版要求，解决您在开题报告写作中的难题。 researchproposal格式 本站是专业的留学生论文指导网，曾经为大量留学生提供过researchproposal的写作服务，以下是一个researchproposal 格式范文，仅供参考，需要原创的researchproposal可以联系我们,qq1422600067。 applicant’sname: proposedtopic/titleofresearch: background: (pleaseprovidebackgroundmaterialthatexplainsthemotiv ationforandaimsandobjectivesofyourproposedstudy,outline thetheoreticalframeworkthatformsthebasisofyourresearch, andspecifytheresearchquestion(s)youintendtoinvestigate. ) methodology: (pleasegivedetailsofsubjects,datacollectionprocedure s,proposeddataanalysisandthestatisticalapproachyouinten dtoadopt,ifapplicable.) outcomesandvalue: (pleaseindicatetheexpectedoutcomesofyourresearchandt

Research Proposal的写作步骤及组成部分

STEP 1 定研究题目的大方向 选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。 注意： 1. 浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。 2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。 到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。 STEP 2 找文献&阅读文献 文献选择的几个标准 1. 以英语文献为主。参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，方便了解相关研究背景。以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。 2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊上发的文章； 3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）； 4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低； 5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。 6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看 7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。

找文献的方法： 英文：通过Google学术搜索; 如果你所在的学校买了该数据库，就可以直接下载。 中文：一般是通过中国知网搜索。 需要看多少篇文章:写一篇研究计划书，需要精读15篇以上英文论文。中文的5-10篇，多看一些也无所谓（看得快嘛），但要避免看垃圾文章。 看文献的Tips 1. 将觉得需要认真看、反复研究的重点文章打印出来，反复看，也方便做记号和前后对照翻阅。 2. 在读的过程中，遇到写得好的、关键的、觉得有可能在研究计划书中用上的句子，复制粘贴到一个word文档里并简要标明出处。 3. 读文献的过程中有任何想法都要赶紧记下来。可以用笔记本手写，也可以建一个word文档记。 4.认真研究英文文献的句子，模仿他们的行文和表述方式。在此推荐一本英语学术写作的书，可以先简要阅读一遍，名字叫The elements of style，网上能搜到英文原版和中译版。 STEP3 开始写 1. 写的过程中，记得随时翻阅相关文献。觉得写不下去时，就再去看文献，也可以求助于老师或学术能力比较强的师兄师姐。 2. 字数在1500-2000字左右为宜（不包括参考文献）

研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义 何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说， 好的是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的很烂，可能根本就不会有开始 研究的机会。 a ? 能否写出漂亮的，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。 英文的自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到 最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于以及、写作的网上资源] 文章作者 T. P. , ., . ( , . , , ). 题为： a . 全文转载如下： a , . , ’s a ’s . . A , , , a . A a . , a . , : , . , a , . , . A . , , . . : . , , “ . . .” . a , . , , . ’s , . : a 300 . , , ( ), . , , . : . . a , , . , a , . , . A , . , a “” , . , a . , . , “ ” . , .

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英语proposal范文

Introduction This proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots. Findings The following points summarise our key findings. ?It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widely spoken. ?Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications for the benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would be unlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the very Britishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes and country houses. ?Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.

Proposal 模板

Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time Introduction: Statement of Problem Project Objectives Project Plans(Actions &Management) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule lines to it. And during the same period, different people may work on different tasks instead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2nd table.)

Example 2: Conclusion References

Preparing Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A model development(bike,car,airplane,ship,robot) -A mechanical design(tool,system,toy) -An improvement of a mechanical product -A prototype of an invention -An engineering research Choose is small and management is somewhat novel does not duplicate existing products search the web for possible competitors

申请文书Research proposal怎么写

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写 首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。Statementofpurpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。Researchproposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。通常researchproposal会比statementofpurpose长。依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。至于researchproposal要写得多详细有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。Researchproposal通常还会包含一个literaturereview，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里如果是你比较toppriority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。甚至如果有时间的话，可以去参加conference，遇到教授时就直接上前跟他攀谈。如果没有conference可参加，那就直接寄信问教授是否有意愿跟你会面。寄简短的researchproposal给教授，要注意的是，不要只写：我对你的研究很有兴趣…我毕业于XX大学…我觉得你