科技论文abstract写法说明
Abstract
1 Structure
The structure and content of the Abstract have changed in recent decades. Before on-line publication databases such as the Science Citation Index, the Abstract was printed at the top of a research article and its function was mainly to encourage the reader to continue reading the article and to facilitate that reading by providing a brief preview. The reader and the writer didn’t consider the Abstract of a research article as an independent unit because it was not normally read without reference to the article itself.
The Internet has influenced the way that science research is communicated and the way that scientists access published research. Abstract databases allow scientists to search and scan the scientific literature and then decide which research articles they want to read in detail. Some readers simply want to know what is going on in their research area and may not be interested in the details; others may want to know details but are only interested in research articles which are directly relevant to their own research. However, if readers are going to actually read your research article, the Abstract now needs to persuade them to obtain a copy of it, not just encourage them to keep reading a paper they
have already accessed.
Abstracts compete for attention in on-line databases. Many more people will read the title than the Abstract, and many more will read the Abstract than the whole paper. This means that however ‘good’ and wellwritten the Abstract is, it needs to have independent validity. It should make sense as a standalone, self-contained description of the research article, and readers should be able to understand the key points and results of the research even if they never see the whole article. The Abstract, in this sense, is a representation of the research article.
Why does the unit on Abstracts come at the end of this book rather than at the beginning?
In the first place, the style and the length of the Abstract depend on where you plan to submit it and that decision may be taken late in — or even after —the writing process. However, the most important reason for putting this unit on Abstracts at the end of the book is that you are in a better position to create an Abstract after you have finished writing the other sections of your paper. The content of the Abstract is derived from the rest of the article, not the other way around. Although you should not simply cut and paste whole sentences from the body of the article, the Abstract does not contain material which is not already in the paper. This
means that you don’t need to create completely new sentences; once you have decided what should go in the Abstract you can select material, including parts of sentences and phrases, from the relevant sections of the paper and adapt or modify them to meet the demands of an Abstract. This also means that the Abstract is easier to write than the rest of the paper!
Does every Abstract follow the same model?
No, and the title of the Abstract reflects this. Some are called Summary, some are called Background, some are called Abstract and others have no title at all. Most Abstracts are results-focused and there are basic similarities in all Abstracts, but there are two quite distinct models. The first model is similar to a summary, and is very structured. It deals with all the main subsections of the research article and can even have subtitles such as Background/Method/Results/Conclusions. The second model is more common, and focuses primarily on one or two aspect of the study, usually — but not always — the method and the results. Both models will be discussed here. Note that the models for an Abstract described here are appropriate for articles, papers, theses etc. Abstracts for conferences may not follow either of these models.
How do I know which model to choose?
This decision is based on the type of research you have done and the
Guide for Authors of the journal where you want to publish your research. The decision is normally determined by the journal rather than the author. If the choice is yours, then generally speaking, the more narrow and specified your research topic, the less likely you are to use the summary format. This is because in a narrow research field, most readers already know the background. The word limit set by each journal also has a significant effect on the structure and therefore also on the content of the Abstract.
So as you can see, when we come to ask our three questions:
How do I start the Abstract? What type of sentence should I begin with? What type of information should be in the Abstract, and in what order? How do I end this section?
You already know a lot about what the Abstract should include and in what order.
Here are examples of both models.
Remember that Model 2 Abstracts are more common than Model 1. Start by reading the Abstract below, which is an example of a structured Abstract using the summary format (Model 1). The title of the paper is: Physical properties of petroleum reservoir fluids derived from acoustic measurements. Don’t worry if you have diffi culty understanding terms such as bubble point. Just try to get a general understanding at this stage and familiarise yourself with the structure.
MODEL 1
Abstract: The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of, the thermodynamic properties of that fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic超声波cell to determine crude oil properties, in particular oil density. An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample. The speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs.The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point沸点of the oil. This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from sound speed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure sound absorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity黏度.
Now look at an example of the second, more common, type of Abstract. The title of this paper is: Effect of polymer coatings on drug release.
MODEL 2
Abstract: This study investigated the use of a novel water-soluble polymer blend as a coating to control drug release. It was found that using a blend of methylcellulose甲基纤维素and a water-soluble copolymer 共聚物significantly slowed the release rate of ibuprofen布洛芬compounds in vitro and allowed for a more consistent release rate of 10–
20% per hour.
2 Grammar and Writing Skills
Because the Abstract is derived from the rest of the article, most of the grammar and writing skills have already been covered in previous units. The use of VERB TENSE, however, is very important in the Abstract. This section also deals with the LENGTH and LANGUAGE of the Abstract.
2.1 Verb tense
Verb tense is especially important in the Abstract because the strict word limit means that you may need to omit phrases that tell the reader whose work you are referring to, or what you think about your results. In this case, these can be achieved by careful and accurate use of verb tense.
Remember that the tense you use in a sentence may be grammatically correct —and therefore no editor or proofreader will notice it or draw your attention to it — but if you have not chosen the appropriate tense the sentence will not mean what you wanted it to mean and it will not have the effect you hoped it would have.
The gap/problem is normally in the Present Simple tense，for example: The main problem, however, is…
We examine why these models have diffi culty with…
However, this assumption is not valid when…
This is complicated复杂的，难懂的by…
However, this assessment cannot be based so lely on…
Although it is known theoretically that…
When you are referring to what the paper itself does or what is actually in the paper itself, use the Present Simple tense, for example:论文中实际有什么，研究得到了什么结果
This paper presents a new methodology for…
In th is paper we apply…
This study reports an improved design for…
In this paper we extend an existing approach to…
We consider a novel system of…
The implications for learning algorithms are discussed…
New numerical results are presented here for…
When you are referring to your methodology, or what you did during the research period, it is common to use the Past Simple tense,也有可能是一般现在时for example:
Two catalysts催化剂were examined in order to…
Samples were prepared for electron microscopy using…
A crystalliser was constructed using…
The effect of pH was investigated by means of…
The data obtained were evaluated using…
A pe rmeameter was used to investigate…
It is also possible to use the Present Simple tense to talk about your methodology, especially when you are referring to calculations计算or equations方程式which can be found in the paper itself:
Numerical examples are ana lysed in detail…
The calculated wavelengths are compared to…
Several models are created using…
The accuracy is evaluated by…
A detailed comparison is made between…
The method is illustrated on blends of homopolymers…
Results can be expressed in either the Present Simple tense, for example: We find that oxygen reduction may occur up to 20 microns from the interface…
No dilation was observed…
This was consistent with…
Organised fibers were found after 6 weeks…
These profiles were affected by…
This f inding correlated with…
But be aware that the sentence may use two different tenses. Even if the first part of the sentence is in the Past Simple tense (We found/It was found etc.) you can decide to put the finding/result itself or the implication of the result in the Present Simple tense if you believe it is strong enough to be considered as a fact or truth:
The experiments demonstrated there are two matrices…
It was found that proteins are produced from…
The results demonstrated that the morphology i s different…
This image suggested that there is a direct relationship between…
Some of the reasons behind that choice are discussed in the unit on Introductions (Section 1.2.1) and the unit on Results (Section 3.4.2). In addition to the reasons given there, it is worth noting that the Abstract tends to present the contents of the paper in fairly direct way, not only because of the word limits imposed by editors, but also to engage the attention of the reader. This influences the decision to use the Present Simple for the results or the implications, even though those implications may have been stated in the Past Simple in the article itself.
Achievements can be expressed in the Present Perfect tense, as in the
Discussion/Conclusion:
We have obtained ac curate quantitative LIF measurements…
This investigation has revealed that…
We have devised a strategy which allows…
We have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by…
A novel material has been produced which…
Three-dimensional FE predictions h ave confirmed that… Considerable insight has been gained concerning…
The model consistently underpredicts…
The ratio shifts towards…
We show that this theory also applies to…
The most accurate readings are obtained from…
We find that this does not vary…
These examples illustrate that overpotential is better described in terms of…
Or, more commonly, in the Past Simple tense, for example: The Y-type was found to produce…
The hydrocarbons showed a marked increase in…
and also in the Present Simple tense:
This process can successfully be combined with…
The framework described here is both simple and universal…
The value of our approach lies in…
This provides a powerful tool for…
This novel film is mechanically robust and is able to…
The algorithm p resented here ensures that…
Applications are normally stated in the Present Simple tense:
This process is suitable for the production of…
This framework can be used to evaluate…
This approach can be applied to…
This demonstrates potential for general applicability to…
These profiles may serve as a predictor for…
This framework can be used to evaluate…
2.2 Length
The Abstract usually has a strict word limit. Most are between 80– 150 words and are written as a single paragraph. Even longer Abstracts (150–250 words) are usually written as a single paragraph. Don’t submit an Abstract that is over the word limit or it may be cut by an editor in a way that does not represent your work appropriately. For your first draft, don’t worry too much about the word limit. Once you have decided which of the two Abstract models you will use, start by including whatever you think is important, and then gradually remove words, phrases and even
sentences that are not essential.
2.3 Language不用太专业，尽量少用缩略词，需要
Think of the search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use. Make sure that those exact words or phrases appear in your Abstract, so that they will turn up at the top of a search result listing. The Abstract is sometimes written in a slightly less technical way than the article itself in order to attract a wider audience. This may mean that some of your readers do not know a particular technical term or acronym 首字母缩写that you want to include. To solve this problem, you can use the acronym, abbreviation缩写词or technical term in the Abstract but you should first say what it means or stands for. For example: Granules颗粒of hydroxyapatite (HA)羟磷灰石were implanted.
3 Build a Model
3.1 sample analysis
You are now ready to build a model of the Abstract by writing a short description of what the writer is doing in each sentence in the space provided below. This should be very easy, because all the components of the Abstract have occurred in previous subsections. As before, the Key is on the next page.
GUIDELINES
This time you will need to build two models, to cover the two types of Abstracts. You should only need to spend 10–20 minutes on this task, because the sentenc e types are familiar to you from previous units. Don’t forget that your models are only useful if they can be transferred to other Abstracts, so don’t include content words or you won’t be able to use the models to generate your own Abstract.
Remember that one way to find out what the writer is doing in a sentence, rather than what s/he is saying, is to imagine that your computer has accidentally deleted it. What changes for you, as a reader, when it disappears? If you press another key on the computer and the sentence comes back, how does that affect the way you respond to the information?
As mentioned in previous sections, another way to figure out what the writer is doing is to look at the grammar and vocabulary clues. What is the tense of the main verb? What is that tense normally used for? Is it the same tense as in the previous sentence? If not, why has the writer changed the tense? What words has the writer chosen to use?
Model Analysis—Abstract
MODEL 1
Key
In Sentence 1 ‘Th e speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of, the thermodynamic properties of that fluid.’
the writer provides background factual information.
In Sentence 2 ‘Th e aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell to determine crude oil properties, in particular oil density.’ the writer combines the method, the general aim and the specific aim of
the study in one sentence.
In Sentences 3 and 4 ‘An ultrasonic cell was constructed to meas ure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample. 4 The speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs.’ the writer summarises the methodology and provides details.
In Sentence 5 ‘Th e measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point of the oil.’ the writer indicates the achievement of the study.
In Sentence 6 ‘Th is indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from sound speed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure sound absorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity.’ the writer presents the implications of the study.
Model 2
Key
In Sentence 1 ‘Th is paper reports the use of a novel water-soluble polymer blend as a coatin g to control drug release.’ the writer combines what the paper does (This paper reports), the method or materials used (water-soluble polymer blend), the contribution (novel) and the aim of the
study (to control drug release).
In Sentence 2 ‘It was found that using a blend of methylcellulose and a water-soluble copolymer significantly slowed the release rate of ibuprofen compounds in vitro and allowed for a more consistent release rate of 10–20% per hour.’ the writer refers to the method in more detail and provides numerical details of the results.
3.2 The model
Here are the sentence descriptions we have collected:
MODEL1
MODEL 2
Rather than construct two different models, the model description given in the box below will include both types of Abstracts. We can streamline the sentence types we have collected so that the model has five basic components.
The more structured type, Model 1, typically includes the first four components in the box below in approximately the order presented; in this type of Abstract, each component tends to occur separately. These structured Abstracts occasionally include the fifth component, LIMITATIONS and/or FUTURE WORK.
Model 2 selects just two or three of the components and tends to combine components in a single sentence where possible. The components generally include RESULTS and/or ACHIEVEMENTS and frequently METHODOLOGY, but this depends on the research area and the level of specificity. A wider research focus may require BACKGROUND or AIM in the Abstract. In Model 2, the order of components is very flexible indeed — the only pattern that is generally METHODOLOGY tends to come before RESULTS.
Model
5.4.2 Vocabulary for the Abstract 1. BACKGROUND
AIM
PROBLEM
WHAT THE PAPER DOES
Note: It is also possible to use many of these verbs with it or, i.e. In this paper it is shown/argued that… or in the passive, i.e. A framework is presented…
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一、研究生必备四本 俗话说好记性不如烂笔头，所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯！作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的。 1，实验记录本（包括试验准备本），这当然首当其冲必不可少，我就不多说了； 2，Idea记录本，每次看文献对自己有用的东西先记下，由此产生的idea更不能放过，这可是做研究的本钱，好记性不如烂笔头，以后翻翻会更有想法的； 3，专业概念以及理论进展记录本，每个人不可能对自己领域的概念都了如指掌，初入门者更是如此，这时候小小一个本子的作用就大了； 4，讲座记录本，这本本子可能有些零杂，记录听到的内容，更要记录瞬间的灵感，以及不懂的地方，不可小视！ 这四本是你必不可少的，不过作为我们这些非英语专业的研究生来说，还有一个应该具备的本子就是英语好句记录本。 二、论文写作要点 1、选题要小，开掘要深；不要题目很大，内容却很单薄。 2、写作前要读好书、翻阅大量资料、注意学术积累，在这个过程中，还要注重利用网络，特别是一些专业数据库 3、“选题新、方法新、资料新”的三新原则（老板教导的） 4、“新题新做”和“小题大做 总之，一点之见即成文。 三、如何撰写实验研究论文（唐朝枢） 论文发表意识：基础研究成果的表达方式；是否急于发表（创新与严谨的关系）；发表的论文与学位论文的区别（反映科学事实而不是反映作者水平） 论文格式：原著 original research paper, full length paper、review综述论文，快报、简报、摘要。不同于教科书、讲义，更不同于工作总结。 撰写前的准备工作：复习和准备好相关文献;再次审定实验目的(学术思想,Idea);实验资料完整并再次审核 1.Introduction:引言 问题的提出；研究的现状及背景；以前工作基础；本工作的目的；思路（可提假说）；对象；方法；结果。在…模型上，观察…指标，以探讨…（目的）
论文摘要的写法
论文摘要的写法及注意事项 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献主要内容的短文。但是有些作者认为摘要仅仅是论文的装饰性部分，只重视对论文主要部分的写作而常常忽视对论文摘要的写作，或是写作不规范，这样一来就可能使其工作的价值大打折扣。在信息化时代的今天，每天都会有十几万篇论文发表，为了节约时间，其他科技工作者在查阅参考资料时，并不会逐篇仔细阅读，而是利用一些检索线索如文献库或联机检索系统去查找，通过关键词去查找某一类文章，然后再查看论文摘要，最后才会决定是否阅读整篇文章。另外，检索类期刊和互联网上的电子期刊，一般也只能浏览文献的题目和摘要，若要阅读全文，还需另外查询或收费后再查阅。因此，论文摘要的影响力并不比论文本身小。另一方面，编辑在审稿时，摘要的好坏在很大程度上决定编辑对文章质量的初步判断，对于是否录用起着重要作用，优秀的摘要对于提高论文的投稿命中率起着不可忽视的作用。因此，应重视摘要的写作，写出文章的精华，使摘要成为文章的亮眼之处。现就摘要的种类、撰写方法、基本的写作原则和常见的问题及注意事项等进行了系统总结和分析，供读者参考，以提高摘要写作的针对性、系统性和科学性。 1摘要的分类 根据论文内容的不同，摘要大体可分为三类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。 1.1报道性摘要 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。报道性摘要的写作一般包括以下几个部分：目的，即文献研究问题的背景、目的、任务、所涉及的主题范围；方法，即文献所使用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等；结果，即文献研究实验结果、数据、被确定的关系、得到的效果、性能等；结论，即文献对研究结果的分析、比较、评价、今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。 1.2指示性摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。对于指示性文摘，目的宜详，其余则宜简。 1.3报道-指示性摘要 以报道性摘要的形式表述文献中的信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 不同类型的论文应选择不同形式的摘要，自然科技论文和社科论文因内容方面的特点不同，在摘要类型的选用上也就有一定差别。自然科技论文的创新点往往在方法和结论方面，而结果是随方法（或条件）变化而变化的，是结论赖以分析形成的前提。因此，一般来讲，自然科技论文一般要求要写清楚摘要内容各项要素，较适合选用报道性摘要；社科类论文的创新点很少在方法方面，一般在角度和结论方面，其摘要一般强调观点性结论（极少时也强调方法），所以较适合采用报道性摘要和报道—指示性摘要两类。 2摘要撰写步骤 摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后，但也可以采用提早写的方式，然后再边写论文边修改摘要。
Abstract Writing (论文摘要写作精简版)
Writing: Abstract WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT 1. The Definition of an Abstract 1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation; 2) the methods used; 3) the most important results; 4) conclusion or recommendation. 2. Features of Abstracts Brevity Accuracy Specificity Objectivity Informativeness Independency CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS 1.Indicative Abstracts https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb10426543.html,rmative Abstracts https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb10426543.html,rmative-indicative Abstracts 4.Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstracts FUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTS A Screening Device of Documents: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about. A Self-contained Text: We’ll know the information it contains, without seeing the article . A Helpful Preview: It "frames" the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come. To Facilitate Indexing: It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people. STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTRACTS 1. The Length of Abstracts 1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract. 2) Do not confuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comment or evaluation. 3) Give information only once. 4) Do not repeat the information given in the title. 5) Do not include any facts or ideas that are not in the text. 6) For informative abstracts, include enough data to support the conclusions. 7) If reference to procedure is essential, try to restrict it to identification of method or process. 8) State results, conclusions, or findings in clear concise fashion. 9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract) 2. Verbs and Tenses Used in Abstracts 1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather than passive verbs. 2) Present tense: background information, existing facts, what is in the paper and conclusion. 3) Past tense /present perfect tense: completed research, methodology or major activities results. 3. Words Used in Abstracts 1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words. 2) Synthesize or rephrase the information into clear, concise statements. 3) Avoid using jargon. 4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts 1) Use third person sentences. 2) Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure. 3) Use complete sentences. 4) The first sentence should present the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writer's focus should be presented in the second sentence. The balance of the article is a summary of the important points of each section, including methods, procedures, results and conclusions. 5) Good abstracts are sure to include a variety of pat phrases: a. Background Information (Research has shown... It has been proposed... Another proposed property... The search is on for... One of the promising new...) b. Statement of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify... The experiment was designed to determine...) e. Statement of Procedure (To investigate this .... A group of 10 specimens / subjects ... Measurements
如何撰写科技论文英文摘要
如何撰写科技论文英文摘要 罗志忠陈晶王丹娜 【关键词】英文摘要；医学论文；写作 英文摘要(abstract)是现代科技论文中必不可少的内容。不仅参加国际学术会议、向国际学术刊物投稿要写英文摘要．国内级别较高的学术期刊也要求附上英文摘要。由于大多数目际检索系统只收录论文的英文摘要部分，或其数据库中只有英文摘要部分免费提供，因此，清楚表达论文的主要内容，提高英文摘要的书写质量显得格外重要。 1 英文摘要的类型与基本内容 1．1英文摘要的类型：根据内容的不同，摘要主要有以下四种。 1．1．1 报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。一般用来反映科技论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结沦，在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的信息。通常，这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文，学术性期刊多选用报道性摘要。 1．1．2指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(desctriptive a bstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract)。它指明了一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平，使读者对该研究的主要内容有一个轮廓性的了解，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。 1．1．3 报道-指示性摘要(informative—indicativeabstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分．以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 1．1．4结构式摘要：1980年代出现了另一种摘要文体，即“结构式摘要”(structured ab stract)，它是报道性摘要的结构化表达，强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。结构式摘要与传统摘要的差别在于，前者便于读者了解论文的内容，行文中用醒目的字体(黑体、全部大写或斜体等)直接标出目的、方法、结果和结论等标题。 1．2摘要的基本内容：无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：①目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义；②方法(meth ods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程；③结果与简短讨沦(results and discussions)：包括数据与分析；④结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。 2英文摘要的撰写 2．1摘要书写的一般技巧：英文摘要的撰写应遵循ABC原则，即准确(accuracy)、简练(brevity)，清晰(clarity)。为确保摘要的“独立性”(stand on its own)或“自明性”(self-containe d)．撰写中应遵循以下规则：(1)摘要的目的部分不要与文题重复，一些作者在阐述研究目
研究方法与论文写作
一：对语言学本身性质的阐述分析 并且从不同角度来分析语言学 1《认知语言学的最新应用及展望》述介 【作者】卢植； 【机构】暨南大学外国语学院； 【摘要】Gitte Kristiansen,Michel Achard,Ren啨Dirven&Francisco J.Ruiz de MendozaIb偄 nez(eds.).2006.Cognitive Linguistics:Current Applications and Future Per-spectives.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.ix+499pp.1.前言《认知语言学的最新应用及展望》是德国Moutonde Gruyter出版社“认知语言学的应用”系列丛书的第一卷。编者在导言中指出,在过去二三十年间,认知语言学逐渐发展成为一个成熟和创新的学科,并不断演化和拓展。一更多还原 【关键词】认知语言学；最新应用；认知基础；概念隐喻理论；语言学模型；展望；认知科学；计算语言学； 2以认知为基础的英汉对比研究——关于对比认知语言学的一些构想 【作者】文旭； 【机构】西南大学； 【摘要】英汉对比研究是我国语言学界研究的一个主要领域,其研究方法和视角都相当丰富。认知语言学是语言学中的一种新范式。将两者结合起来,建立一门新的学科,即对比认知语言学,必将对认知语言学和对比语言学大有裨益。本文探讨了对比认知语言学的理论基础、对比的原则和方法、对比的范围和内容。可以说,语言系统的任何方面,都可以从认知的角度进行对比研究。更多还原 【Abstract】English-Chinese contrastive study is a major field done in Chinese linguistics,which has a number of research approaches and perspectives. Cognitive linguistics is a new linguistic paradigm. Therefore, it is significant to integrate them into a new discipline called cognitive contrastive linguistics. This paper has explored its theoretical foundations, principles, approaches, scope and content. We can say that any aspect of language system can be studied contrastively from the perspective of cog... 更多 还原 3认知社会语言学
教你学术论文毕业论文的写作教程anabstract
Questions on the Abstract ?What is the subject matter/area the research paper is dealing with? ?What background information is provided by the author(s)? ?What is the purpose of the present study? ?How is the research to be done? ?What are some of the important findings? ?What are some of the implications of the study? Elements of structure in an Abstract ?We can see that by asking a number of questions we can discover the structure of the Abstract. ?We can refer to each section as an "element of stmcture"? Tlie six elements of structure can then be refeiTed to as ?Topic Specification (TS), ?Background Information (BI), ?Purpose Statement (PS), ?Methodology and Data (MD), ?Results/Findings (RF), and ?Implications/Conclusions (IC). ?An important issue here is the time for the writing of the Abstract??Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case as, for example, people send abstracts of unfinished
论文摘要的写法
论文摘要的写法 一、论文摘要的定义 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等．而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。 二、论文摘要的分类 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要 (1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文. (3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分. 三、论文摘要的写法 目前，我国期刊上发表的论文，多采用报道性摘要。即包括论文的目的、方法、结果和结论等四部分内容。而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的写法，即概括文章的主题和主要内容。在指示性摘要的写作过程中，作者首先应该对论文的写作背景做简单介绍，然后应该对文章的主要内容进行简单的介绍，主要是对文章的提纲做简要的介绍，最后要对文章的研究意义进行介绍。 四、论文摘要写作的注意事项 (1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。 (2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培
论文写作abstract
How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper WANG Yan School of International Studies UIBE Issues to address: 1What is an abstract? 2Functions of an abstract 3Structure of an abstract 4Principles of abstract writing 1. What is an abstract? ?An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the purpose and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form. ?It is a concise and clear summary of a complete research paper. ?It tells the reader What you set out to do, and Why you did it,How you did it, What you found (recommendations).
2. Functions of an abstract ?An abstract is used to communicate specific information from the article.?It is aimed at introducing the subject to readers, who may then read the article to find out the author's results, conclusions, or recommendations. 2. Functions of an abstract ?The practice of using key words in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information retrieval systems. ?Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and key words are put in electronic storage. ?When people search for information, they enter key words related to the subject, and the computer prints out the titles of all the articles containing those key words. ?An abstract must contain key words about what is essential in an article so that someone else can retrieve information from it. 3. Structure of an abstract ?The components of an abstract ①Background Information ②Subject Matter/Problem Statement ③Purpose ④Method (and Data) ⑤Results / Findings ⑥Conclusion / Implications
科技论文的写法
第一章科技论文概述 一，科技论文的概念 科技论文：在科学研究和科学实验的基础上，对自然科学和专业里的某些现象或问题进行专题研究，分析和阐述，以及揭示出这些现象和问题的本质及其规律性而撰写成的论文。二，科技论文的特点 （一）科学性 内容上：反映客观规律，结果可被重复。形式上：逻辑清晰，语言简明确切。研究和写作内容上：具有科学态度和精神 （二）创造性 （三）理论性 （四）实践性 （五）可读性 三，科技论文写作的意义 （一）科技论文写作是科技工作的组成部分 （二）科技论文写作是科学研究的必要手段 （三）科技论文写作是交流传播科技成果的必要手段 （四）科技论文写作是科技成果的重要标志 （五）提高科研能力 四，科技论文的分类 （一）按写作目的分 1，科研论文 2，学位论文 （二）按写作形式分 1，理论型论文 2，综述型论文 3，试验研究型论文 4，描述型论文 5，科普型论文 五，科技论文的写作要求 1，主题明确，中心突出 2，结构严谨，层次分明 3，逻辑严密，自成系统 4，论证充分，说理透彻 5，提出问题，解决问题 6，语言简洁，概念准确 六，科技论文作者应具备的基本素养 1，专业知识2，文献资料的检索技能 3，熟悉科技论文写作的方法和格式 4，有一定的文字功底 5，了解期刊审稿编辑方法 七，撰写科技论文的过程 1，选题 （1）创新性（2）需要性（3）可行性 2，设计并进行试验
3，撰写论文 第二章科技论文的主要组成部分 一，题名 简明，准确，生动 二，署名 （一）署名的作用和意义 1，确定成果的归属 2，编辑和出版者对作者的尊重 3，便于读者与作者的联系 4，表示作者对作品的责任 5，便于检索 （二）署名的原则 只限于那些对于选定研究课题和制定研究方案，直接参加全部或主要部分研究工作，并做出主要贡献以及参加写论文并能对内容负责的人，按其贡献大小排列名次。 三，摘要 是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。 （一）摘要包含的内容 1，研究目的或背景 2，试验方法 3，研究结果 4，结论 （二）摘要的作用和意义 1，便于读者初步了解全文的主要内容 2，便于数据库摘录论文，便于读者检索 （三）摘要的写作要求 1，简明2，客观性3，针对性4，独立性5，用第三人称6，尽可能不出现图表，化学结构式，参考文献7，一般不再分段落 四，关键词 是为了文献标引工作，从报告，论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。（一）关键词的作用 1，可使读者对论文的主要内容一目了然2，便于编制索引3，为计算机检索提供方便（二）确定关键词的原则 1，准确反映论文的主题2，规范 五，引言 （一）引言的内容结构 某项研究的意义：说明某项研究是重要的 前人的研究：引用文献，简明介绍前人进行了哪些研究，解决了什么问题 前人研究存在的不足：有哪些重要的问题有待解决 本研究的目的：本研究的目的是解决什么问题 大致的研究方法，预期的研究结果 （二）引言的作用 1，阐述研究的目的意义 2，引起读者阅读的兴趣 （三）引言的写作要求
硕士综合考试-2015科技论文写作考试作业
研究生课程考核试卷 （适用于课程论文、提交报告） 科目：科技论文写作教师：XXX 姓名：XX 学号：201509020XX 专业：金属材料类别：学术 上课时间：2015年9 月至2015 年11月 考生成绩： 卷面成绩平时成绩课程综合成绩阅卷评语： 阅卷教师(签名) 重庆大学研究生院制
重庆大学研究生《科技论文写作》课程考核要求 注：1、本试卷格式用于考核方式为“提交报告”、“课程论文”、“考查”等各类别研究生课程的考核。 2、要有明确的课程考核要求：如课程论文（报告）题目（范围）、篇幅（字数）、必须的参考资料、提交时间等。并提前将课程考核试卷发给学生。 3、提交课程论文撰写格式参考《重庆大学博士、硕士学位论文撰写格式标准》。
1.结合组织结构图，阐释科技论文写作中IMRD结构中Abstract 和Introduction的异同。（10分） 答： 相同点：在摘要中的1.1与引言中的1部分相对应都阐述了研 究领域以及研究课题的重要性。摘要中的1.2与引言中的2、3 部分的阐述与研究领域中的gap有关。 不同点：摘要的1、2、3部分分别阐述了研究的背景目的、研 究的方法以及实验结果。而引言1、2、3部分分别阐述了研究 的领域、找出领域中的gap以及填补gap。 2.请结合自己研究方向，例表介绍10个相关SCI期刊全称，并注 明其2015年最新影响因子和JCR分区。(10 分) 序号期刊名IF JCR分区 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Materials & Design Acta Materialia Scripta Materialia Materials Science & Engineering A Journal of Alloys and Compounds Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China Science and Technology of Advan- ced Materials Journal of Materials Science & Technology Materials Characterization Advanced Engineering Materials 3.501 4.465 3.224 2.567 2.999 1.178 3.513 1.909 1.845 1.758 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3
论文写作规范和写作模板
榆林学院本科毕业论文写作规范 毕业设计（论文）是学生毕业前的最后一个重要学习环节，是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结，又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验。为了提高我校毕业设计（论文）的质量，同时为撰写、指导、审核和评价毕业设计（论文）提供基本依据，特制定本规范。 一、毕业设计（论文）格式、页面设置、用纸 1、页面设置：页边距按以下标准设置：上边距2.54CM，下边距2.54CM，左、右边距为3CM，页面与页脚距边界保持默认值，不留装订线。 2、字间距：采用标准字间距。 3、正文：中文为宋体，英文为“Times News Roman”，小四号。行间距：采用20磅行间距。正文中的图和表必须有编号，如：“表3-1”、“图2-5”等。图名和表名字体用相应的五号字体，表格的上下空行，表名无需英文翻译。正文中如有“引言”部分，“引言”二字前统一不用序号。 4、一级标题：如：“摘要”（二字间打两个空格）、“目录”（二字间打两个空格）、“第1章绪论”、“参考文献”、“致谢”（二字间打两个空格）、“附录”（二字间打两个空格）等，黑体（不加粗），3号，居中排列，前留空行（段前0行、段后0行，行距为固定值20磅的空行），段前0磅，段后间距设置为30磅，行距为20磅。每一个一级标题单独另起一页。“ABSTRACT”字体采用Times News Roman，加粗，其余设置同上。 5、二级标题：如：“2.1 认证方案”、“6.5 小结”等，黑体（不加粗），小3号，前留空行（段前0行、段后0行，行距为固定值20磅的空行），段前0磅，段后间距设置为18磅，行距20磅，左对齐。 6、三级标题：“3.1.1 试题库的数量要求”、“4.5.1 批量添加考生”等，黑体（不加粗），4号，前留空行（段前0行、段后0行，行距为固定值20磅的空行），段前0磅，段后间距设置为12磅，行距20磅，左对齐。其余标题与正文设置相同。 7、页眉：论文的页眉设置应从摘要开始到最后，在每一页的最上方，用5号宋体，居中排列，页眉之下划双线（直接套用模板），页眉设置如下：正文页眉为“榆林学院本科毕业论文”与“论文题目”交替出现。 “摘要”、“ABSTRACT”、“目录”、“参考文献”、“致谢”页眉的相应设置为“摘要”、“ABSTRACT”、“目录”、“参考文献”、“致谢”，其中“摘要”、“目录”、“致
论文摘要一般写法
论文摘要一般写法 论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。为了国际交流，还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的，具有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文．就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文．可以独立使用，也可以引用，还可以用于工艺推广。其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息．以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文，也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。 目录 论文摘要简介 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等．而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250 个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要
素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能 遗漏。 摘要的类型 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要. (1) 报道性摘要(informative abstract): 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文. (2) 指示性摘要(indicative abstract): 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文. (3) 报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract): 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分. 摘要组成
SCI论文写作经验整理
仔细阅读所投期刊官网上的“Guide for Authors”，并且遵循所有行文结构。 正文文字用12号字或小四号字，要设置页码和行号，页码设置在页面底端居中位置，行号设置成“每页重编行号”。 《SCI论文写作和发表：You Can Do It》一书中建议的行文顺序为：先写Results部分，对应着Results部分再写其他部分，最后写Abstract部分。 论文在撰写时要自始至终都用英语写，写作时行文时态要注意（且要求相当严格）。一般来说，大多数情况下是过去时态，在Introduction文献回顾，Methods整个部分，Results结果总结，Discussion中的大部分，都用过去时态陈述。其他情况下可以用一般时态来描述。 当提到本文（此图、此表等）说明（表达）了什么的时候，要用一般现在时。 目录、标题中通常省略冠词，图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词。 避免使用极端修饰词（如最好、第一）和社论性语言（如令人惊异地、令人感兴趣地）。 句子的时态： 引述文献结果时用过去时，讲述试验和试验结果时用过去时； 讲述图表所示结果时用现在时。 1.Title ●Title要围绕研究对象、研究方法和研究结果三个部分或至少两部分来设计。Title 中切记不能出现缩写词和具体结果。 ●作者姓名，名在前，姓在后；在地址中，城市名和邮政编码之间不应该有“,”（逗号）。 2.Abstract ●一段写完，200 words左右。对于初学者，可以将Abstract限制在10句：第一句 写科研背景和目的，第二句概括性地写本文做了些什么，接下来用3~4句话来写试
验方法，再用3~4句话写试验结果，最后一句写总结或意义。 ●按照行文顺序，依次介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计(design)、实验步骤 (procedures)以及最后结果(results)。 ●写作要求：用含有关键词的短的简单句，以使Abstract清楚简洁；避免使用缩写词 和晦涩难懂的词句；以过去时为主（问题的陈述和结论可用现在时）；强调研究的创新和重要方面。 3.Introduction ●Introduction是外刊文章最难写的部分之一(另外就是Discussion)。外刊论文对于 Introduction的要求是非常高的，一个好的Introduction相当于文章成功了一半。要写好Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。 ●Introduction要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己研究目的以 及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最为相关的方面。 ●阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦； ●文献总结回顾是Introduction的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写； ●分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮； ●总结性描述论文的研究内容，可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述，为Introduction 做最后的收尾工作。 ●Introduction开头的几句话要使用题目中的关键词，以便使文章直进主题。接下来 就简要介绍课题的背景知识，也就是描述文献研究。然后提出现在的问题或缺陷在哪里，作者是如何进一步去研究的。结尾可以用三句话：我们做了什么，发现了什么和科研的意义。