约翰.弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析毕业论文

An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost of John Milton

约翰.弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Upon the completion of this paper,An Analysis of the Dual Charact er of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost of John Milton I am grateful to those who offered my sincere encouragement and generous support during the course of my study for the Bachelor’s degree.

First and foremost I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Mr.zhang cheng dong who guided me with academic expertise, critical insights throughout each stage of my study and initiated me into my research. Her instruction enabled me to express my idea in a better way. Without her patient and insightful supervision, this paper would not be possible.

What’s more, I also extend my heart-felt thanks to my classmates and friends, for their valuable guidance and sincere help.

Last but not least, I would like to express thanks to my parents, for their encouragement and support.

ABSTRACT

All of John Milton’ s great works. Paradise Lost is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. This poem is derived from the Bible ,Satan in paradise lost is the most influential figures, however, he is one of the most controversial characters in paradise lost, This work is based on two stories, Satan went against God and lure Eve and Adam to eat forbidden fruit ,Milton creates it again, he attracted the attentions of many critics. Different people have different ideas for Satan’s image and have not yet agreed. This article will further analysis Satan's double image, first of all, from the perspective of heroes, and then analyze the devil image of Satan, finally discusses the formation of double images of Satan, and contradiction, based on the historical background and author’s experience and life, let author have a new idea for Satan, in fact, Satan is not only a devil but also a hero with combat effectiveness.

Keywords:Paradise Lost, Satan, hero, devil, contradiction, reason

辽东学院本科毕业论文

内容摘要

在约翰.弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。这首诗来源于《圣经》，主人公撒旦是失乐园中最具影响力的人物，然而他又是失乐园中最具争议的人物，以撒旦反对上帝专横和引诱亚当夏娃偷食禁果两个故事为例，弥尔顿对他的形象进行了再创造，吸引了众多评论家的目光，有人认为他是个盖世英雄，然而有人认为他是个狡猾的魔鬼，对于撒旦形象争论不休，至今未达成一致，本文将对撒旦的双重形象进行了详尽的分析，首先从英雄人物的角度进行分析，对他的人格进行评价，然后再从撒旦的魔鬼形象进行分析，阐述他的矛盾性给读者带来的启示，最后对撒旦形成双重形象的矛盾因素进行探讨，以分析当时的历史背景以及作者的经历为主线，让读者对撒旦有个重新的审视，事实上，撒旦不仅是个恶魔，还是一个具有战斗力的英雄。

关键词：《失乐园》撒旦英雄魔鬼矛盾性

CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………I Abstract…………………………………………………………….....II

中文摘要……………………………………………………....……….III Contents…………………………………………………………...V

1 Introduction (1)

2T h e D u a l C h a r a c t e r O f S a t a n’ Image (1)

2.1 The Image of Satan as a Hero (2)

2.1.1 Satan Owns the Spirit of Hero as a Revolutionist (2)

2.1.2 Satan’s Acumen and Boldness (3)

2.2 The Image of Satan as a Devil (5)

2.2.1 Satan is Vicious and Maniac (5)

2.2.2 Satan’s Other Faults (6)

3.Historical Factors Contributing to The Dual Character of Satan’s Image (7)

3.1 Milton’s Life and Experience (7)

3.2 The Influence of The Restoration (7)

4.Potential Readers’ Influence on the Formation of The Dual

4.1 Puritans’ View of Satan (8)

4.2 Revolutionists’ Idea of Satan (9)

5.conclusion (10)

Works

cited (10)

2.The Dual Character Of Satan’ Image

Historically and traditionally, Satan is an evil in readers’ eyes, he damaged human’s h eaven ,because of his temptations, human beings came to the punishments of god, nevertheless, he made a mistake, In order to revenge, he damaged human beings’happiness life, As a devil, Satan is not a blow collapse, simple fool, he has a kind of heroic spirit who was an angel, Satan is a clever angel, but when he dealt with a imperious God who used a wrong method. In order to struggle against people, he came up with lots of ideas ,so the human were cheated by him, from the angel to the devil, Satan finally fell, Satan is the core of paradise lost , he pushes the development of the whole story, at the same time, the author took part in their feelings in his works, author shape Satan’ image as a revolutionary image.Author pass on his idea to people through his work, Satan gave readers bright and vivid impression. because he dared to go against god ,although he was failed, at least he tried his best to revenge, he used out all ideas, because he know the truth of God's stratagem. in fact, God was selfish who put himself in a high place and created all things. In human's eyes, God gave human beings' kindness and mercy, However, God was purposeful in order to take charge of human beings. Satan want to expose God's truth ideas He struggled against God Who leaded angels coped God and then were casted into hell with his rebel angels

2.1 The Image of Satan as a Hero

Satan is indomitable, Satan's tenacious quality and the rebellion reflect on the pursuit of freedom and against the master of the universe, in the epic, Satan set up a loyal to their beliefs, Who stand for freedom of image, Satan wanted God to give him a supremacy, He leaded a part of angels pursuing freedom and rights. In the heaven, due to their strength was limited, first the resistance did not have a satisfactory result, Although Satan and other angles were punished he did not forgive, Satan used his wisdom to come up with a perfect idea, through damage happiness life of human to revenge God, From this, we can see Satan was a brave hero, In fact, he is the real hero in epic.

2.1.1 Satan Owns the Spirit of Hero as a Revolutionist

First of all, in author’s eyes Satan was a great hero, representing the Milton bourgeois revolutionary ideas, without a doubt, the heroic spirit of Satan in the fight for freedom and peace is reflect on the spirit of dare to fight against the higher authority, overthrowing the dictatorship of God, leading part of the rebel angels to fight against God, but he was failed,. For the first time, he was threw into hell by God but Satan did not obey Gad’ s decree and got the chance to revenge with his companions, by inducing human depravity, destroying god's masterpiece beloved, finally god turned Satan into a snake. when Satan saw the rebellion of Satan, Who also predicted the fall of man to challenge such a arrogant God, Satan gave readers the bright and vivid impression, In order to pursuit freedom and democracy , equality, Satan believe god’s wisdom is equal to the angel, Satan thinks god is just superior strength, Satan also believe that god put themselves in a high place, created all things, not out of kindness and mercy for human, but for selfish purposes, God use his power to take charge of human, let human obey on his decree ,but Satan despise such obedience, he hated that forever is not pure state of slaves, so he is going to replace god, let God knew he did not believe words of God, the end of the yield of endless Satan is a leader can politician, with superhuman courage, when his companions frightened, his shouted, wake up, up, or you go down. He show a heroic leader, we say that Satan is a hero, is not only that he dared to resist, but also had the encouragement to pursue freedom, when he was punished by God he still had unyielding spirit and optimistic attitude, Satan in the field of spirit is a real big hero, a leader. Although finally failed, in the spirit indeed is a great hero. At least, he dared to resist.

2.1.2 Satan's Acumen and Boldness

When it comes to the wisdom of Satan, Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit is the best example of the rebellion, because Satan did not have freedom in the heaven ,and in the matter of conspiracy to destroy life, at that time, Satan founded a new scope of activities, from the Garden of Eden he saw human life in happiness and well-being, he thought he should have such happiness life, he

had jealousy on the heart, so he decided to draw them to rebelled against god, let human bear the punishment, angel warned Adam and Eve to guard against Satan's scheme, because he is tireless efforts against them, when they obey God, God would protect them if they got Satan's temptation and believe Satan, their nature would fall. no resistance to defeat the ability of Satan, God used the tree to test human’s loyalty , let them take care of all fruit, at the same time, plus a ban on orchard, but if they did not obey the will of God in this matter, they will be punished. Due to Satan's ability is limited, Satan can't lure them elsewhere, only from forbidden tree to entice them, if they want to explore the properties of the tree, they must be tempted by cunning. Satan in order to finish his work, not to be found, he used the snake as a medium, this is the most appropriate disguise, he tried to work at that time, the snake is the most clever and the most beautiful animal on the ground, it lied on the branches, a sweet of forbidden fruit, it's really pleasing sights, while Eve left her husband, she walked around, after a while, she came to arrive that tree, and when she saw that the fruit is very beautiful, the heart can not help but question, why not let them to eat fruit? When the opportunity came, Satan intended to strike up a conversation with Eve and told her the truth of forbidden fruit. Eve heard the words that she became more curious, Satan used his sweet and continue to speak to her, praising her beauty and wisdom. encouraging her to eat the forbidden fruit, she not only didn't walk away but also still stay and listen to the snake’s words , Eve said to Satan" Of each tree in the garden we may eat; But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst The garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat Thereof, nor shall ye touch it, lest ye die" Satan said: "Of each tree in the garden we may eat; But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst The garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat Thereof, nor shall ye touch it, lest ye die"(Paradise Lost. Milton. Book9) and then Satan said“ look on me, who have touched and tasted; yet both live, And life more perfect have attained than Fate Meant me, by venturing higher than my lot. Shall that be shut to Man, which to the Beast Is open? or will God incense his ire For such a petty trespass? and not praise”(Paradise Lost. Milton. Book9)Eve listened to Satan, she began to distrust God’s words, Satan picked a fruit, on the Eve hands, and let her t o recall her own life, god forbid them to eat fruit, in order to avoid disaster,

Satan told eve, he touched it but no harm, and he eat it so much, eve did not saw any difference what Satan action, eve begin to believe Satan’s trick so she took off the fruit to eat, The fruit tasted delicious, and she feel energetic when eat a kind of the fruit, and think that she was into a higher position, and he picked another fruit, Eve offend order what god regulated, she became revenge tool of Satan, Eve in a natural and not excited state took all fruit to Adam, Adam got angry, showing respect and fear. He listened to the voice of Eva and realize this is a trap, he realized the enemy came, then Eve told Adam to eat, and that god said“ This tree is not, as we are told, a tree Of danger tasted, nor to evil unknown Opening the way, but of divine effect To open eyes, and make them Gods who taste;” (Paradise Lost. Milton. Book9)Adam saw his partner had transgressed the commandment of God, she ate forbidden fruit, she will be punished, he hated himself that he shouldn't let Eve alone, Eve was part of his body, he did not want to separate, so he decided to share interests, if she must die, he was willing to accompany, so Adam decide to take the consequence, and then picks up the forbidden fruit to ate , just like that Satan used his wisdom to tempt Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, even though the behavior of Satan is evil, he is wise.

2.2 The Image of Satan as a Devil

Milton wanted to make Satan into a devil, Satan’s image is complex, Satan is an angel originally, but he distrust god's bossy and became an arrogant, In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God and then was cast into hell with his partners. Satan tempted Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, leading to the first man was kicked out of the Garden of Eden, Satan was a bane for humans that make human lost paradise. Satan had daughter, because of her beauty, Satan had incest with his daughter, giving birth to a child,"sin", and then the sin and death had a incest, gives birth to a bunch of monsters, Those monsters damage human life. his action brought pain to people, damaging human happiness life, at the same time ,making full use of his wisdom to treating human. Eve and Adam were evil victim of Satan. he was a demon.

2.2.1 Satan is Wicked and Maniac

Milton’s paradise lost is regarded as a monument in British literature history, This poetry has the same position with Homer's the Iliad, Dante's the

divine comedy, apparently all of this with the image of Satan in this poetry are inseparable, we can make a consequence, Milton’s portrayal of the image of Satan in Paradise Lost that can use villain image to describe. In fact he's a villain, first of all, we have to admit that the poetry of the top two volumes, The devil Satan impassioned words do have a lot of rhetoric, as a leader of a high-spirited, but it can be seen as more cunning and hypocritical appearance, Actually the author intended smear Satan, making himself into villains in this image is elaborate, such as Satan's self-disclosure in the first place, no matter what things or suffering, but this one is clear, to do good is definitely not our task, to do evil is our only joy, when Satan attack God not successful for the first time, He did not want to obey God, and then Satan began to frame the human, began his bullies, no doubt, Satan trek into the Garden of Eden, one thousand ways to induce human ancestors, against the will of God, when he first went to garden and made himself into a snake, Eve was cheated to eat the forbidden fruits, and he made a lot of disasters to human ancestors. At the same time, in order to revenge, Satan damage human being’s life who used a wrong way to expressed his idea, in fact he should be a hero, but due to his arbitrary decisions, he was failed. Satan is the source of all this, although Satan is an angel, given the general complex emotions, make him have strong character color, he can tolerate failure but when he saw the partners undergo hardship he cried and all of this reaction suggests that he has other sides, At the same time, he also used the extinction to replace god, building their own power, denying God authority ,he is proud for his measurements of all things who is the center of the universe, and believe that everything is permissible for him, in hell, he established a resplendent and magnificent temple demon for himself, when he saw the human have a beautiful appearance and happiness life, He felt jealous, deliberately deceived their crimes to revenge God he destroyed the blessing that god created condition - the first man to live in the garden of Eden, e made human being to come to the punishment of god, so as to achieve the aim of darkest, Satan in extreme individualism, step by step to fall and to the point of oppression and loose, especially when he lured the counsel of the first man succeed, then spread to the new world of sin and death, defying the laws of nature, he still wants to do the masters of the new world and the human ruler, and the

lust of the evil, and his conscience decay, evil, Satan is not a perfect hero.

2.2.2 Satan’s Other Faults

In Satan's mind, revenge was his first work, his mind was full of hatred, at the same time, he made a lot of bad things.For example, due to his wrong deed, he gave birth sin and death, they are rooted in disaster. they were born in an obvious abnormal. Crime is Satan's daughter mistress and his defiance, and death is the production of their incest. sin and death were diabolical , When Satan realized he made a mistake, everything was late, In fact, he created death and sin. who brought bad things to people, For example, he enticed Eve and Adam to eat forbidden fruit, and then Eve and Adam got punished

In short, Satan has the dual personality. From the textual perspective, Satan is not only a evil but also a hero, On the one hand, he was a revolutionist he had the encouragement to fight for freedom who went after freedom and equality and dare to struggle, he was a real revolutionist who had talents in govern, leading angles to oppose God. On the other hand, Satan wanted to revenge but he used a wrong way.

3. Historical Factor Contributing to The Dual Character of Satan's Image

In paradise lost, Satan’s image roots in the background of society at that time. This poetry was written during 17th century. Next part will revolve around social back ground and author’s experiences to discuss.

3.1 Milton’s Life and Experience

Author Milton’s personal and social environment has a huge impact on the birth of this work, the work fully embodies the author's view, especially political and religious ideas. Puritan origins of Milton’s writing originated from the bible, God created the new and the image of Satan and all the angels, a good education background is he believed in freedom and question authority. And incarnation of Satan encouraging Adam and Eve, violating god's authority, the support of the bourgeoisie, and drove him to shape Satan into a God a tyrant leader, after 1590, between the bourgeoisie and advocates absolute monarchy, and due to the irreconcilable contradiction between the new regime has launched fierce life and death struggle, as one of advocates for the interests of the masses, In Paradise Lost, Milton let his political view through shaping the image

of Satan, expressing feelings for revolutionaries and the bourgeoisie, In Paradise Lost. Satan thoroughly revolutionary image appear in heaven, led a struggle against god, Satan has been highly evaluated by the Milton, struggle after failure, , Satan refused to accept his failure, however, he did not think he was a loser, and vowed to revenge, and the bourgeoisie also coruscate gives the spirit of the struggle for seeking freedom and indomitable will but even in such kind of condition, he still sticks to his struggle. He created lots of great masterpieces to present the truth and reality with his imaginations, to encourage British.

3.2 The Influence of the Restoration

Milton though involved in Puritan movement can reflect different aspects of British society at that time, he had religious thought and political ideas, the author established the product of Puritanism, as well as in Milton' s personal beliefs and faith as the foundation, the development of British capitalism played their part, in addition, we should pay more attention to the historical background of the Times, it reflects the history of that period character and spirit, based on the description of Satan to express their own revolution is thought and spirit of struggle. Seventeenth century Britain has made remarkable progress in the development of capitalism, however at this time, the period of the feudal dynasty autocratic seriously hindered the development of British capitalism, Milton as a Puritan in such a fierce social reform and transition of the era of change, as a revolutionary, may own desire and effort dedicated to his motherland, he opposed autocratic monarchy well prepared for the success of the epic, after the restoration of the dynasty (1660) at this time Milton already blind ,he wanted to use his poetry can show the ambition of his heart. He wrote the great epic poem paradise lost, paradise lost in epic has a powerful momentum, reveals the original sin and the depravity of man, the author not only describes the heroic battle scenes of heroes, also to their contemporaries, the heroic spirit. "Paradise lost" is such a heroic epic, he is the product of The Times, even though the author did not mean to take part in the 1648 revolution, also unconsciously reflects the revolutionary spirit of the era, and Milton himself almost dared to rebel against god, Milton used Satan’s image to reveal himself and the British people depressed mood, but Satan has dared to resist,

indomitable struggle, reflecting the great revolutionary spirit, Milton lived in a turbulent world, he devoted himself to revolution, struggling against feudalism, In order to express his view, He intended to shape the image of Satan as a revolutionist.

4. Potential Readers’ Influence on the Formation of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image

When readers read this poetry, they will consider lots of factors, Such as the author and the related environment, nevertheless they did not consider readers .In fact, Readers are important part in this work, because when author wrote this poem who took readers into consideration They are both creators and observers. In a word, readers are important for the realization of the meaning of a work. So the following part will discuss the readers, in 17 century, some people are puritan believers, the others are revolutionary, In order to attract readers author exaggerated Satan image.

4.1 Puritans’ View of Satan

In 17 century,puritans are the believer of God,they obeyed God’s decrees, When Milton wrote Paradise Lost, Milton knew that Puritans be an important part of the readers, because Christianity had been around in the western world. In their hearts, supreme constitution is Bible. The God controlled everything No matter what they do, they are always subject to doctrines of Bible. They think God had supreme power that created everything. God is the intelligent part of the universe; Nevertheless, Satan made a mistake. He was creating catastrophic risk for human, For example, evils and crimes. Whenever they talk about Satan, Satan always stands for cunning; Satan was the symbol of the immorality. Satan’s was a demon, who did lots of bad things, Satan’s evil image has been rooted in their hearts.

Therefor, When Milton wrote this poetry that tended to revolve the Bible and the doctrines. When Satan saw the happiness and quiet life of Eve and Adam who produce a jealous idea, and then lead some angles to damage heaven of human beings, When they came into the manor of human beings, Satan made himself into a snake, At that time, snake was a beautiful animals ,he lied on the tree, waiting for opportunity, As it happens, Eve pass by that tree, When God knew Satan want to damage life of human being, so he want to test loyalty and love

of human beings for him who warn of human beings do not lay a finger on the tree, especially eat, nevertheless, duo to Eve believed in Satan’s words, who ate the fruits, At the same time, she take a lots for his husband, Adam, When Adam knew the truth, It was late, they were offended God, Therefore, God’s way is justified. Adam is a merciful father; to Michael, the source of promises and visions, and to Raphael, the source of the happiness. God dominated everything, Most readers were Puritans, Those Puritans thought God should take charge of everything, In readers eyes, Satan was a traitorous angle, who went against God decree because of pursing freedom and right, Hence, Puritans brought up dual character of Satan.

4.2 Revolutionists’ Idea of Satan

Puritans was a part of reading the work, In addition to this, the revolutionists are another group of people to read the poetry. Revolutionists were the advocates of reform; author wanted to through his work to inspire people for revolution. Therefor, author intended to shape Satan as a glorious warrior who went after freedom and equity and against the unfair power and dare to resist authority, Satan was a symbol of revolution. Satan look likes a Revolutionist, In fact, he was also a politician, he had ability in leadership, At the same time he was a warrior, From heaven to hell, Satan experienced a variety of hardship, but he never gave up, First time he was failed, he came up with another idea who had tenacious spirit, In the real life, When revolutionists read the poem, they through of themselves as Satan, Satan was a good example for them, as a matter of fact, in revolutionist minds, Satan is a real hero, warrior. In order to pursue freedom and justice, Satan dares to refute God’s decree. However, just about Satan’s character affect readers, especially revolutionary who thought Satan was worth praising.

5.Conclusion

In order to better understand the image of Satan, This paper analyzes the important event of the seventeenth century, the social background, the influence of the Bible and Milton’ s experience and belief, especially pointed out the influence of dual character of Satan, indicating that these factors contribute to Satan personality shaping. Satan reflects complex psychology is the combination of individual and collective unconsciousness, spontaneous

overflowing the poet's strong depression, It involved author' pain and longing. In a word, Satan is Contradiction who is the most vivid image in Paradise Lost, Satan is so powerful, at the same time, he is a complex contradiction, so that all the other characters including God. Satan is a fallen angel, he made a mistake in order to get freedom and right, Satan is a revolutionary who leaded other angles to go against God, but because of his pride and ambition，he was failed. At the same time, Satan is a destroyer, he destroyed the beautiful future of human and himself; nevertheless, Satan is a challenger and dare to resist authority of God; at the same time Satan is a revolutionist that is destined to end in failure; Satan is a liberator, desiring freedom and right, Although he will never be able to get who had a try, Satan is a hero, yet holding a false idea of heroism. The virtue of Milton’s Satan is pagan. Satan is every one of us, yet none of us.

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张小瑞.约翰弥尔顿-失乐园-撒旦的人物性格分析[J]榆林学院学报.2014.9.第24卷（5）

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视 发表时间：2009-03-25T08:20:13.140Z 来源：《青年文学家》2009年第2期供稿作者：杜艳红 [导读] 在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中，那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。 弥尔顿作为文艺复兴的殿军，启蒙运动的启蒙者，生于伦敦一个信奉新教的家庭。他幼受人文主义的庭训，成年后积极投身革命，用笔为武器，同反动势力进行英勇的斗争。因为辛劳过度，终至双目失明。又值王政复辟，受到迫害。在许多文人墨客纷纷变节的情况下，在双目失明，疾病缠身，生活拮据的恶劣环境中，他以沉痛的心情将一腔孤愤，泻之于诗，以巨人的魄力和悲剧精神写下了辉映百代的不朽之作《失乐园》。这部打动了我们灵魂的艺术瑰宝，由两条线索交叉而成：一条是亚当、夏娃触犯禁忌，偷食禁果，而失去地上乐园的故事。另一条是撒旦携众天使反抗上帝，溃败而失去天上乐园的故事。在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中，那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。 本文基于文本，结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教因素，来说明撒旦并非弥尔顿。这个充满矛盾的恶魔形象不过是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映，同时也是弥尔顿自己身上复杂矛盾的折射。 一、撒旦 在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家笔下，就形成了一种唯撒旦论的观点：即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者，撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。正如布莱克所说的：“弥尔顿写起天使和上帝来，仿佛手戴镣铐，但是写起魔鬼和地狱来，却是挥洒自如。这是因为他是一个真正的诗人，他和魔鬼是一帮的，只是他自己没意识到罢了。”[1] 当然，在浪漫主义批评家眼中，这种强烈的主观印象与当时的时代有着很大的关系。在英国历史中，当新古典主义对资产阶级理性的梦想破灭以后，浪漫主义诗人就常常以反叛者的身份自居，他们在《失乐园》中一眼瞥见反叛者撒旦的形象，就自然而然地想到了弥尔顿，并一起引为激进的同道，为之欢呼了。 的确，在《失乐园》第一章中，撒旦的形象是高大，勇武，雄壮，感人的： 打败了又有什么？ 并不是一切都完了！不屈的意志， 复仇的决心，不灭的仇恨， 决不低头认输的勇气， 都没有被压倒，还有什么比这更难战胜的呢？[2] (《失乐园》I: 第104-108行) 在这里，撒旦被刻画成了一个叱咤风云的英雄。他那宏伟的气势，坚韧不拔的毅力，宛然一位令人尊敬的革命英雄。然而在接下来的篇章里，撒旦的形象开始逐渐矮小, 首先他做了一段悔恨的独白，认识到地獄其实是在灵魂之中： 人啊，为什么开战？由于我以怨报德，真是对他不起，他把我创造得光辉，卓越，施恩于我，丝毫没有亏待过我。[3] (IV: 第45-48行) 从这里，我们可以涉猎到撒旦十分复杂充满矛盾的心理。一方面，这个恶魔的心灵窝藏着仇恨、妒嫉、渴望报复、傲慢、和恐怖。另一方面，他的心灵又充满了绝望、后悔。这种隐藏在庄严的外貌底下的感情使他变得更加生动而不可捉摸。但是随着他那暴疟而放荡的性子的阵阵发作，这个恶魔逐渐向四周撒布死亡。他要袭击人类始祖居住的乐园，他希望把他们从上帝夺走，使他们屈从于自己的叛逆势力之下。最后当他凯旋归来，向部下宣布他的冒险胜利时，等待他的却是一阵嘶嘶声，原来他们都已变成了蛇。这种变形成了撒旦在《失乐园》中最后的象征。 通观全书，撒旦的地位绝对够不上一个英雄，而弥尔顿也绝不是撒旦。这个充满了矛盾的恶魔形象仅仅是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映，同时也是弥尔顿自己身上矛盾的折射。 二、弥尔顿 众所周知，《失尔园》是时代的产物，也是英国资产阶级革命的产物。当英国人民在上帝的名义下进行的斗争失败后，作为一名激进的战士, 弥尔顿感到难以接受这个惨痛的事实。然而作为一名虔诚的清教徒，他又觉得必须接受这个沉痛的事实。一切都是上帝安排的。诗人创作这首诗的目的，就是要“向世人昭示天理的公道”。 永不忘记 我们的创造者，遵守他的 简单的公正的命令。 [4] (V, 第550-552行) 在长诗的构思中，占据首要地位的是“权威”的无限威力，叛逆的撒旦和违抗命令的人在这“权威”之下是无力反抗的。于是始终站在时代斗争前列的弥尔顿，把自己的政冶倾向寄寓在撒旦身上，把撒旦对上帝的反抗描写成对专制统冶的正义斗争, 向“独揽大权，肆虐天庭”的上帝——他们的“大敌”，“进行一场永不调和的战争”。[5] 的确，撒旦的演说慷慨激昂，非常精彩，制造出了一派不战不休的气势。可是，最后出现在我们眼前的不过是一个恶魔和一群张牙舞爪的小丑们的演戏罢了。如果我们把它与其创作时的政治历史背景联系起来，撒旦才真正是一个专制、施暴者的化身。“毕竟，即使是罪大恶极的坏蛋，在他们绝望的时刻，为了捍卫自己的恶行，也会装出一付争取自由的面孔，狂叫着反对他们称之为暴君的人来。”[6] 因此，“撒但绝非他心目中的英雄，后世诗人视为美德的叛逆精神并不为弥尔顿所看好。”[7] 在这种看似欣赏的描述之下，隐藏着作者对革命失利的悲哀，以及对暴君们的嘲笑与讽刺。也许正因为这一点,鲁宾斯坦(AnnetteT.Rubinstein)在《英国文学的伟大传统》一书中断言,“从感情上讲,弥尔顿不像是一位喜欢违法乱纪的人,相反,他倒很像是一位受人敬重的共和派艺术家。” [8]因此，弥尔顿对撒旦的刻画，是以英国的社会现实为立足点的。也就是在这个层面上，《失乐园》中部分章节中的撒旦成了弥尔顿的一个“代理人”，与上帝进行激烈的争论、抗辨。然而，在这些段落中叛逆、不满色彩的流露，弥尔顿自己并不是完全意识到的。相反，对撒旦野心、嫉妒、阴谋的刻画，则是诗人意识到了的笔墨，体现了作者主观意识和客观效果之间的矛盾，也体现了作为革命的清教徒弥尔顿内心的矛盾。 因此，我们可以说，撒旦决非弥尔顿。他仅仅是诗人内心深处的一种心灵寄托。他所要表达的是对复辟王朝时期英国资产阶级革命者坚强不屈的高尚品质的赞颂，（“全体官兵扬声呐喊，喊声震裂了地狱的苍穹，并且震惊了天外的浑沌界和夜的古国” [9] I, 第541-543行）对当时腐朽喧嚣社会的嘲讽和对英国人民命运的关注。在他看来，英国人民就象亚当和夏娃一样，上帝给了他们美好的一切，但他们却由于是理性不坚，意志薄弱，经不起外界的引诱，自由地选择了通向堕落的道路，但是只要他们坚定信仰，以理智来控制冲动，通过漫长而坚辛的历程，最终就可以回到乐园之中。《失乐园》结尾部分兴奋乐观气氛的描写，充分体现了诗人对英国人民和整个人类抱有的基督教人文

《失乐园》中对撒旦人物形象的全面分析

A comprehensive analysis of Satan in Parasise Lost 张煜婷西北师范大学外国语学院 甘肃省安宁区西北师范大学蓝天公寓1号楼302室 730070 Abstract If ancient Greek mythology can be compared to the rich soil of western literature, the Bible can definitely be regarded as the rhizome of western literature, which has absolutely influenced the western literature extensively and profoundly. Literary outputs about the characters and their stories in the Bible also appeared in the English literature of the 17th century, among which John Milton's long verse-- Paradise Lost undoubtedly becomes the most holy name. The role of Satan has become a stylish symbol of complex connotation in the literature history after Milton’s recreation. This thesis aims to try to analyze the character comprehensively from the following several angles. Key words: Paradise Lost Milton Satan character Analysis Foreword:

失乐园中撒旦形象

试析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象 车家玲 （安阳师范学院人文管理学院，河南安阳 455000） 摘要：撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具有争议性的人物，他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不饶抗争的反叛英雄，又是一个权欲熏心、骄矜狂妄的堕落者同时他还是祢尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体，即人为了自由和理想而奋斗，但同时人的行为得受到真理的约束。 关键字：撒旦；双重人格；自由与理性 一、引言 约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》等文章而轰动整个欧洲。王朝复辟后他虽然遭监禁，著作被焚烧，但仍然坚持革命立场，在双目失明，经济拮据的情况下完成了三大史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。1674年诗人与世长辞。 弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》( Paradise Lost, 1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》和《浮士德》相媲美。弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》，以《圣经·旧约·创世记》第二、三章关于人类始祖亚当、夏娃在撒旦引诱下偷食禁果犯下原罪，被上帝逐出伊甸园的故事为蓝本，成功地将诗人—作为一个清教徒，所相信的人类重返上帝的乐园的回归之路极为完整、生动地展现在读者面前。这条路发端于人类始祖的原罪，转折于耶稣基督道成肉身的救赎，作结于自由意志选择下的灵魂的忏悔和回归。诗人满怀豪情的诗意书写，所展现的是诗人的人生理想、人生信念。就全诗而论，从太初谈起，开天辟地，创造世界，创造人类；借《圣经》故事，虽涉及全人类原罪赎罪的悲剧，但实质上说的是人类求知求生，追求自由人权，反对盲目迷信，反对封建专制，建立人类社会理想的大同世界。全书共十三卷，描述了撒旦反叛上帝，战败后设计复仇，偷入伊甸园，引诱夏娃偷食禁果导致人类始祖被逐出伊甸园，开始沉沦的故事。作者大量运用圣经人物形象意象，将撒旦、亚当和夏娃刻画的栩栩如生，进而也将主题表现的淋漓尽致。撒旦是该作品中最令人关注的角色，与人类始祖亚当和夏娃相比，他显的更生动，更让人难忘。 第1页

_失乐园_中撒旦形象的重新审视

2004年9月第11卷第5期上海大学学报(社会科学版)Jour nal of Shanghai University (Social Science)Sep.,2004V ol.11 N o.5 收稿日期:2003-09-03 作者简介:黄德林(1980- ),男,上海大学外国语学院英语系英美文学专业2002级硕士研究生。 5失乐园6中撒旦形象的重新审视 黄 德 林 (上海大学 外国语学院,上海200436) 摘要:长时期以来,5失乐园6中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点,其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行 阐释。我们认为,对撒旦形象的阐释要基于一个前提条件:撒旦究其本质是/恶棍0形象,这一点在诗中是不曾改 变的;同时又进一步对撒旦形象的复杂性作了心理解读,认为它是个人无意识与集体无意识相结合的产物,是诗 人无意识中倾吐了自己和广大人们的苦闷、渴望和追求的强烈情感的自然流露所致。 关键词:弥尔顿;撒旦;恶棍英雄;个人无意识;集体无意识 中图分类号:I042 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-6522(2004)05-0047-06 弥尔顿(John M ilton,1608-1674)的诗作5失乐园6(Paradise Lost,1667)之所以被视为英国文学史上的一座丰碑,堪与荷马的5伊利亚特6、但丁的5神曲6相媲美,显然与作品中对主角撒旦形象的成功刻画是分不开的。撒旦形象多年来一直是评论界关注的焦点,他的形象的复杂性激发人们尝试从不同角度、不同方面去诠释。当前西方有三大流派:/撒旦主义派0、正统派和调和派。他们不是片面夸大了撒旦形象的革命性质,就是片面夸大了撒旦形象的宗教性质,实难令人心悦诚服。长期以来,我国有不少人把5失乐园6看作一首披着宗教外衣的革命史诗,至于三卷后撒旦逐渐堕落,他们认为那里撒旦是代表失败了的王党,虽较西方/撒旦主义派0的观点前进了一大步,但关于撒旦形象前后重大转变的原因却难以给出令人满意的解释。近年来,国内一些学者,如殷宝书、肖明翰和张伯香等人从情欲、自由意志的角度直接或间接地对撒旦形象作了重新定位与评价,为解开撒旦之谜开辟了新的视野。为了进一步再现诗人的创作意图,还撒旦以本来面目,笔者这里想就以下两个方面进行探讨:一、弥氏笔下的撒旦是/恶棍英雄0(villain )hero)形象,/恶棍0是其本质,其/恶棍0本质不因时空的变化而变化;二、至于撒旦形象的复杂性,那是因为撒旦与诗人的经历存在着某种程度的相似点,唤起了他内心深处的无意识,引起了他心灵的共鸣,同时也无意中触动了悠久的文化积淀)))集体无意识,为诗人倾吐自己和英国广大人们的苦闷和对自由的不懈追求找到了很好的寄托,因而,被罩上了一抹英雄主义的色彩。 一、对撒旦的界定及其缘由 被逐出天堂、打入地狱火湖中的撒旦似乎雄风不减当年,依然高呼:/我们损失了什么?并非什么都丢失:不挠的意志,热切的复仇心,不灭的憎恨,以及永不屈服,永不退让的勇气,还有什么比这些更难战胜的呢?0[1](P8)随后又提出/宁可在地狱为王,也不愿在天上称臣0。[1](P15)这一切足以使无数身陷逆境、为自由而战的人们如遇佳音,深受鼓舞。因而,西方催生了撒旦派;即便在我国,长期以来评论界也往往结合诗人的生活经历,倾向于从政治的角度解读5失乐园6,视其为一首革命史诗,甚至还有人误认为弥尔顿对5圣

论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象

An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象 An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost

摘要 约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动，更加具有人性，并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。撒旦追求自由，但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦，但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。 本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象，使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败，这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。 关键词：撒旦；自由；英雄；失败

Abstract John Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes. By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit. Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure

浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造

【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程，也正是在这个过程中，我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力，但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的，他一次次挑起了战争。撒旦可以被看作是英雄，但他又不简单的算英雄，他是一个结合体，一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。 【关键词】撒旦，魔鬼，英雄，立体化 一、引言 一直有人认为：撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根，因为撒旦的的诱惑，人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。作为一个魔鬼，撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜，他身上有一种英雄的气魄，撒旦本来就是一位大天使。撒旦是聪明的，也可以算是狡猾的，对付人类，撒旦一计不成又生一计，所以人类上了他的当，从天使到魔鬼，撒旦最终堕落了。撒旦是失乐园故事的核心，他推动着整个故事的发展，也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。 二、英雄撒旦 弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄，代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想，这是毋庸置疑的。撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神：为争取自由和平等，推翻上帝的独裁统治，他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心，追求社会平等与自由，打破神权和独裁。在诗中，撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令，面对上帝的强大的权力，撒旦毫无畏惧，率部反抗，大闹天堂。第一次反抗失败了，他不服气，也不认输，不气馁，发挥自己的聪明才智，很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄，面对强大的对手，敢于亮剑，险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及，万分狼狈，连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。当然，撒旦还是失败了，被打落地狱。但是他崇尚自由，他让反对者闭口而去，地狱议会上他发扬民主风格，征求大家的意见。历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他，利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。撒旦的英雄色彩正在于他的能力和勇气，他是不畏强权的。 撒旦身上有着极为现代的平等思想，他认为：上帝和天使在智慧上是平等的，在地位上也不应该有那么大的差别，上帝只是力量上略胜一筹而已。他感觉到上帝创造万物并不是真的出于对人类的善良和慈爱，而是为了其极为自私的目的，是向他所创造的万物索取对他永久的忠诚和屈服。这种超越传统理念的想法让撒旦能够看透上帝虚伪的本质。撒旦还认为：上帝是世界上的暴君，不应该一对大众握有无穷的权柄！上帝的专制和独裁是对世界的残害，上帝所颁布的禁令是让宇宙的生灵对他绝对的服从，他痛恨那种永远也还不清的奴隶状态。从这些思想层面来看，撒旦从精神领域是个不折不扣的大英雄。不盲从，不跟风，有思想，敢反抗，撒旦是清醒的。 三、撒旦的堕落 但撒旦最终还是堕落了，他从天使到英雄，从英雄到将领，从将领到政客，从政客到密探，从密探到一个无赖，又到蟾蜍，最后到蛇。撒旦每次身份的变化都预示着撒旦精神层次的降落，其魔鬼的属性也一步步展现出来。 最初撒旦虽然是一位天使，但却被赋予极为复杂的感情和欲望，这使他具有复杂的性格形象。他能够忍受失败，性格十分豪迈，但也有内心悔恨和绝望之时。在绝望之时，他的内心也会极为脆弱，喊道：......最后屈服吧！难道没有留下余地来忏悔，来宽恕。这一切都反映在撒旦意识中，不像纯粹的英雄那样性格刚烈，具有较为复杂的一面。或许也正是这种性格缺陷让他开始一步步堕落。撒旦利欲熏心，贪婪自私，妄图取代上帝，来建立自己作威作福的权势。这种观念可能是导致撒旦堕落的根源。他对上帝权势的藐视逐渐由最初的反对专制和独裁变为他认为自己才是是衡量万量的标准，是宇宙的中心，从而认为对于他一切都可容许。从这个角度看，撒旦堕落于自己慢慢成为自己所反对的那种形象。在地狱里，他耗费大量精

《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析

An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析 [摘要]在约翰.弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。在《失乐园》中，撒旦的形象是最生动，逼真的，他的巨大影响力和矛盾的情感，以及其复杂性，掩盖了其他所有的形象包括上帝。作为《失乐园》中最重要的形象，撒旦显然是令人钦佩的，而且有着巨大的影响，这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。这篇论文将要把撒旦的双重形象分成三种类型进行分析：第一种类型是把撒旦作为革命者的形象；第二类是把撒旦作为魔鬼的形象进行分析；第三类是以评论家的观点，保持中立，认为撒旦的形象，除了是由人们构想的，是抽象的以外，撒旦带给我们更多的是好与坏的混合体。而且本论文还将要查明影响撒旦双重性格形象的因素，从分析正文看作者的写作意图；从十七世纪的社会背景看弥尔顿个人的经历和信仰。更多的是那些潜在的读者的背景和他们独特的欣赏力，也被作者考虑在内。所有的这些分析得出的观点是，撒旦是一个仅有的英雄和一个真正的恶魔，从他所有的看法和情感得到一个多方面的性格。他的矛盾情感鲜明的遍及整个诗篇。 [关键词] 《失乐园》撒旦革命者魔鬼清教徒

An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost [Abstract]All of John Milton’s great works. Paradise Lose is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. The image of Satan in Paradise Lost is supreme vivid, powerful, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters including God.As the main character of Paradise Lost, Satan is obviously impressive and powerful, whose ambivalence catches all critics’eyes and leads to centuries’disputes. This dissertation will analyze the dual character of Satan’s image into three groups: The first group that the image of Satan as a revolutionist, the second group that the image of Satan as a devil, while the third group of critics, stand in the middle, seeing both sides of Satan. They identify Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone who is an evil mixed with good. On the other hand, check the factors that influence his dual character of image, from the analysis of the text to the author’s intention, from the 17th century social background to Milton’s personal experiences and belief. What’s more, the potential readers’background and individual taste will also be taken into consideration. And all these analysis lead to the point that it is too simple and arbitrary to say Satan is a mere hero or a pure devil, since he is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. His ambivalence is obviously throughout the whole poem. [Key Words]Paradise Lose Satan revolutionist devil puritan

Paradise__Lost(失乐园中撒旦形象的分析)

Satan is comparable in many ways to the tragic heroes of classic Greek literature but, Satan's hubris far surpasses those of previous tragedies. 撒旦在许多方面相当经典的希腊文学的悲剧英雄,但撒旦的傲慢远远超过之前的悲剧。Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he's a tragic figure曾经最美丽的天使在天堂,他是一个悲剧性人物 The image of Satan in Paradise Lost is extremely complex and subtle. He seems to be almost heroic in the earlier portion of the poem, grand and majestic in appearance, fearless in character. 弥尔顿在《失乐园》中撒旦的形象是极其复杂和微妙。他似乎几乎英雄在前面部分的诗,和雄伟的外观,无所畏惧的性格。 but when facing with the god`s cruel punishment, although it so heavy a burden for him to bear, he got through it, he was not scared to quivered. Instead, he made his mind to oppose god. He soon recovering from defeat and he called on all his followers to regain their courage. He told them to do good reparation to the future fight. 这会让人感觉绝望,痛苦将深化在这样的环境中。但当面对上帝的残酷的惩罚,虽然为他承受如此沉重的负担,他通 过它,他不害怕颤抖。相反,他反对神。他很快从失败中恢复,他呼吁所有他的追随者重新获得他们的勇气。

撒旦人物性格

弥尔顿在《失乐园》中把人类之母巅这一基督教史诗人物描绘成了一个极富人性的形象。研究弥尔顿的学者们普遍认为,诗人笔下的夏娃反映出他不但同意,并且还成功地采用了宗教上历来将人类之母人格化的传统。然而,在夏娃身上,弥尔顿除了令人信服地塑造了人类之母,他还写出了作为女人和妻子的夏娃的复杂特性,使她成为一个有着分裂且自相矛盾的性格特点的人物。研究弥尔顿的学者们在评论《失乐园》时曾指出夏娃的双重身份即是伊甸园的女王,又是丈夫的仆从。这种双重身份导致了她那庄严而又恭顺、神圣而又脆弱的对立心态和个性。正如汉密尔顿所指出的,夏娃钠形象通常依赖于许多显然是很微小的细节。他视夏娃为“捉摸不定、躁动不安的造物”,是个矛盾的、潜在不安定的因素,因此又称她为“人类的破坏者和保护者,蛊惑的荡妇和纯洁献母亲”。谈到夏娃在故事中的双重角色,汉密尔顿是这样写的危险和弱点所在,是分散并引诱他的坏影响,使他执迷、远离了真理。①夏娃是造就男人所必需的因紊,缺了她,男人就不成其为男人·旦她又是男人的在她完善亚当,使他幸福的同时,她也给亚当带来了毁灭的可能而一旦通过她使亚当毁灭以后,她又必然地成了亚当赎罪的一种手段。··德迈特卡普鲁斯则着重探讨夏娃作为女人的原始模式的特点,称她为“决定命运的女人”。他认为弥尔顿笔下的夏娃身上既显现出恭顺谦虚又包苦着妖妇的特点,她“富有邪恶的魅力和隐秘神奇的强烈情欲”。他指出,在弥尔顿笔下,我们人类的母亲也许是第一次被完整地、但肯定是被最壮观地用文学体现为一个命中注定要引导人类犯错误的女人②。然而在夏娃的个性中最重要、也是最普遍地表现出来的冲突就是,她有着既依赖亚当又寻求自我独立的双重欲望。在她与亚当关系的最初阶段,夏娃处于完全依赖的地位,她自己也在许多场合直言不讳地承认过这种依赖性。但早在他刚从亚当的身体分离出来的时候,她的行为和言谈就已经显示出她作为一个女人,在坚持不懈地寻找自我。她身上存在的接受从属地位和获取独立之间的抗争,在故事发展的几个阶段中都有所流露。这篇短文将就夏娃的自恋经历、梦中的诱惑、与亚当的分离、犯下原罪和夫妻间最后和解这样一个发展过程来试析弥尔顿女主人公的矛盾性格。当夏娃回想起她最初在讲甸甲中醒来,有了知觉的时刻,她对自己处境的认知与“仰慕天堂”的亚当就显得截然不同。她观察到自己周围这个被创造出来的世界的辉煌与美丽,并立刻推断出有至高无上的造物主的存在。她赞美太阳那艺箫丽的光”,阳光照耀的鲜美的大地、山谷,江河、树木和原野。然后,试图探究自己的来源,她问道第四卷,一行我是怎样来的,怎么到这儿来的我不会自己生出,一定是靠那具有至善和大能的、卓越的造物主。第八卷,一行③虽然,在生命初始夏娃便对自己因何而生,从何而来,如何而成的问题感到困惑不解,但她很快就被那冲刷湖畔流水的隅唱私语所吸引,湖面如镜,倒映着天空,她似乎看到了另一片天宇。夏娃生活的最初时刻是一种与世界融合的经历,她这时的体会暗示出她自身积极的心理基础。与整日思索造物主而无视其他的亚当不同,夏娃沉醉于欣赏自己映在池水中美丽的倒影我屈身窥视,看见发光的水里出现一个和我面对面的形象,屈身看我。我一惊退,它也惊退过一会儿,我高兴地再回头观看,同时,它也回头看我,眉眼之间似有回报我以同情和爱恋之意。夏娃对自身影像的沉迷引得许多读者把她和那西塞斯相比并断定她一被造出就立刻堕落了,因为此时她犯下了自爱与自负之罪。因此,自我陶醉这一节预示了她在第九卷终将发生的堕落。·布鲁克斯认为撒旦在他的诱惑中将迎合夏娃在本段里表现出的对美的敏感。④汉密尔顿也曾有类似的评说这段插曲使夏娃陷入了那西塞斯式的自恋情结,撒旦将以此为基础施行他的阴谋⑤。弥尔顿的描写用了那西塞斯的故事为模型,夏娃的自赏因此确实有年轻人虚荣和自恋的寓意。尽管她知道迷恋自己的影像是错误的,但她无视了召唤她从亚当身上去寻找自我完善的忠告而拒绝了亚当,回转身去倾慕自己池中的靓影。就这样,她的自爱被埋下了伏笔。然而,不可忽视的是,她的自爱倾向却表现出一种强烈追求独立自我的愿望。在夏娃发现自己独立于亚当的心理需求及进行自我选择的愿望方面,那西塞斯故事的典故显得异常重要。事实上,有两种选择摆在夏娃面前去追求自身之美或使自己清醒过来,学会走出自我,在亚当身上去找到更完美的自我。夏娃在自爱时期表达出一种分裂的意识在清醒理智的层面上,她寻求从另一个自我中得到完善,而另一方面她却本能地倾向于摆脱他性束缚,力求与自我认同。弥尔顿描绘的沉浸在周围环境和自己靓影中的夏娃,看上去似在进行某种程度的自我体验。她在湖中的这种映照经历,或说“原始的自我陶醉”,是夏娃认识自我的最根本来源。如果说夏娃听命于神抵的声音而追随亚当表明她与生俱来的依赖性的话,那么她首次看到亚当时的反应则传达了她对从属地位的自发的抵制。弥尔顿用优美的诗句刻画了夏娃寻找与亚当合一又本能地趋向分离的矛盾冲动。如我门读到那时,若不是一种声音的警告

失乐园撒旦形象

2．有人认为弥尔顿把撒旦描绘成反抗权威的英雄，也有人认为弥尔顿通过撒旦演示了不信上帝的种种表现。你赞成哪种看法？请以文本为依据论述。 撒旦的故事主要取材于《创世记》第2、3章和《启示录》。在《创世记》中，他化身为蛇引诱夏娃偷吃禁果，是一个狡猾的欺骗者。在《撒迦利亚书》中他被称为“指控者”，到《旧约》的后期经卷又以试探者身份出现：在《约伯记》卷首说服上帝去试探义人约伯；在《历代志上》则被描绘成蛊惑大卫清点以色列人数的邪恶者。 在《失乐园》中，撒旦形象高大、英俊，并且足智多谋、不畏强暴、不甘失败。他不惧强压，召集众魔东山再起，带着天使的余晖和帝王般的尊严，慷慨激昂地独白：“什么都不能／叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷，／虽然外表的光彩改变了，／但坚定的心志和岸然的骄矜／决不转变”(I:96-100) 。接下去，他身先士卒，舒展双翼，穿过混沌界，飞往伊甸园。 弥尔顿在文中说明了人类和撒旦的不同之处。当面临可能的抉择时，亚当和夏娃选择了希望而撒旦选了“孤注一掷的报复”。弥尔顿极力认同意志自由。“万魔宫”中的一个魔鬼这样为撒旦的反叛辩护：“我们被判决，被压迫，命中注定了要遭受无穷无尽的苦难”(II：160-161)。但上帝对这一概念进行诡辩，说：“如果我能预见到, 预见也不会影响他们的犯罪；如果我没有预见到，他们的犯罪也已形成，丝毫不减／同样，他们的犯罪也没有丝毫命运/他们背叛，一切由于他们自己的判断和选择，他们必须保留自由”(III：118-128)。后来撒旦逐渐了解了他的自由，但他无法衍生出悔恨和谅解，他无法接受因为“亵渎上帝而恐惧在精灵们当中羞愧” (X：82-83)。这是由于撒旦所处情形的极端混乱和不和谐造成的。魔鬼贝利尔用一个隽语更好的总结了这一点：“我们最终的希望就是彻底的绝望”：“我们最终的希望就是彻底的绝望” (II：142-143)。 人和撒旦的不同随着情节的铺开而逐渐显露出来。亚当和夏娃否定了撒旦关于应该绝望和永世沉沦于无知无觉的观点，他们决定在上帝的安排下采取顺从的态度。和撒旦要跟那些“受侵犯的神”进行的报复计划所截然不同的是：“人决定顺从与无所不能的上帝以求和平，因为他无所不能。他们希望“上帝所允诺和已经给予的精神/能赐予所有他的信徒”(XII：519-520)。在绝望中的撒旦绝对无法悔改或祈求宽恕。尽管魔王精神坚强，但他还是在跟神的意志的较量中被打败了，被上帝赐予了“精神和力量”的圣子打败了。 尽管革命失败了，革命者遭到血腥的镇压，弥尔顿的革命斗志丝毫未减。撒旦也说：“战场上虽然失利，怕什么？这不可征服的意志、报复的决心、切齿的仇恨和一种永不屈膝、永不投降的意志----却都未丧失。”他的革命斗志与斗争信念，通过这部史诗充分地表现了出来。为了表达这一主题，上弥尔顿不惜把上帝描写成一个残暴统治者，来影射当时查理二世对清教徒的残酷镇压；把上帝最大的敌人、最邪恶的魔鬼撒旦塑造成一个英俊高大、智勇双全、坚强不屈的革命领袖，以歌颂革命者。撒旦的造反虽然被上帝镇压，魔鬼党人被打入地狱火湖中受煎熬，但他没有丧失斗志，而是积极地组织力量，想方设法东山再起。“打败了又有什么？并不是一切都完了！不屈的意志，复仇的决心，不灭的仇恨，决不低头认输的勇气，都没有被压倒，还有什么比这更难战胜的呢？”( I:, 104-108) ,在这里，虽然撒旦打了败仗，但被刻画成了一个叱咤风云的英雄。“可是，那威力，那强有力的胜利者的狂暴，都不能叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光鲜改变了，但坚定的心志和岸然的骄进决不改变，由于真价值的受损，激励了我，决心和强权一决胜负。”这个集“罪”与“死”于一身的魔头和万能的上帝做着殊死的抗争，他制造出了“罪恶”，并与其幽会，生下“死”作为他开启地狱之门的钥匙。他在地狱里建造了“万魔宫”另立王国，公然与上帝的天国抗衡。“治理地狱要胜过天国服侍”，他宁可在地狱为王，也不愿在天堂称臣，表现出撒旦对神、对权威、对最高统治者的蔑视、傲慢与不屈不挠的斗争精神。

Paradise Lost(失乐园中撒旦形象的分析)

A new image of Satan 失乐园撒旦新形象 P a r a d i s e L o s t i s a n e p i c p o e m i n b l a n k v e r s e b y t h e 17t h-c e n t u r y E n g l i s h p o e t J o h n M i l t o n.T h e p o e m c o n c e r n s t h e C h r i s t i a n s t o r y o f t h e F a l l o f M a n: t h e t e m p t a t i o n o f A d a m a n d E v e b y t h e f a l l e n a n g e l S a t a n a n d t h e i r e x p u l s i o n f r o m t h e G a r d e n o f E d e n. J o h n M i l t o n (9 D e c e m b e r 1608– 8 N o v e m b e r 1674) w a s a n E n g l i s h p o e t,p o l e m i c i s t,a n d c i v i l s e r v a n t f o r t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h o f E n g l a n d.[1] I n t h e p r o c e s s o f d o i n g m y t a s k,I r e a d t h e t e x t o n t h e b o o k f i r s t a n d l o o k e d u p t h e n e w w o r d s.T h e n r e a d i t o n c e a g a i n a n d g o t t h e g e n e r a l i d e a o f t h e t e x t.a f t e r t h a t r e a d t w o C h i n e s e r e f e r e n c e b o o k s i n w h i c h i n t r o d u c e d j o h n M i l t o n a n d t h e p a r a d i s e l o s t m o r e s p e c i f i c a n d t h e t r a n s l a t i n g o f t h e p o e m r e a l l y d i d m e a g o o d w e l l t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p o e m,I g o t t o k n o w m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n j o h n M i l t o n’s l i f e,e x p e r i e n c e a n d h i s w o r k s.I n a d d i t i o n t o r e a d b o o k s, I a l s o s e a r c h e d t h e i n t e r n e t a n d g o t m u c h i n f o r m a t i o n o n l i n e.P a r a d i s e L o s t i s s c h e d u l e d t o b e m a d e i n t o a n a c t i o n f i l m i n2012, d i r e c t e d b y A l e x P r a y s a n d s l a t e d f o r r e l e a s e s o m e t i m e i n2013.B r a d l e y C o o p e r h a s b e e n c o n f i r m e d t o b e p l a y i n g t h e r o l e o f S a t a n. B e n j a m i n W a l k e r i s s e t t o p l a y t h e a r c h a n g e l M i c h a e l,a n d D i j o n H o o k n o s e i s c a s t t o p l a y t h e s e r a p h A b d e l.A d a m a n d E v e w i l l b e p l a y e d b y D i e g o B o n i t a a n d C a m i l l a B e l l e.C a s e y A f f l e c k w i l l b e G a b r i e l.[2] S a t a n i s t h e f i r s t m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e t e s t.F o r m e r l y t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l o f a l l a n g e l s i n H e a v e n,h e's a t r a g i c f i g u r e b e s t d e s c r i b e d b y t h e n o w-f a m o u s q u o t e"B e t t e r t o r e i g n i n H e l l,t h a n t o s e r v e i n H e a v e n".H e i s i n t r o d u c e d t o H e l l a f t e r h e l e a d s a f a i l e d r e b e l l i o n t o w r e s t l e c o n t r o l o f H e a v e n f r o m G o d.S a t a n's d e s i r e t o r e b e l a g a i n s t h i s c r e a t o r s t e m s f r o m h i s u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o b e s u b j u g a t e d b y G o d a n d h i s S o n,f a l s e l y c l a i m i n g t h a t a n g e l s a r e"s e l f-b e g o t,s e l f-r a i s e d",t h e r e b y d e n y i n g G o d's a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e m a s t h e i r c r e a t o r.S a t a n i s c o m p a r a b l e i n m a n y w a y s t o t h e t r a g i c h e r o e s o f c l a s s i c G r e e k l i t e r a t u r e b u t, S a t a n's h u b r i s f a r s u r p a s s e s t h o s e o f p r e v i o u s t r a g e d i e s.T h o u g h a t t i m e s h e p l a y s t h e n a r r a t i v e r o l e o f a n a n t i-h e r o,h e i s s t i l l c o m m o n l y u n d e r s t o o d t o b e t h e a n t a g o n i s t o f t h e e p i c.H o w e v e r,t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f h i s r o l e i n t h e p o e m h a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f m u c h n o t o r i e t y a n d s c h o l a r l y d e b a t e. T h e i m a g e o f S a t a n i n P a r a d i s e L o s t i s e x t r e m e l y c o m p l e x a n d s u b t l e. H e s e e m s t o b e a l m o s t h e r o i c i n t h e e a r l i e r p o r t i o n o f t h e p o e m,g r a n d a n d m a j e s t i c i n a p p e a r a n c e,f e a r l e s s i n c h a r a c t e r.H e b e g i n s t h e p o e m a s a j u s t-f a l l e n a n g e l o f e n o r m o u s s t a t u r e t h a t s h i n e s l i k e a c o m e t. T h i s s e q u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s a s s u m e d b y S a t a n i s n o t o n l y t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n h i s o u t w a r d i m a g e b u t a l s o r e f l e c t t h e s t a t e o f h i s s o u l. T h e i m a g e o f S a t a n i n P a r a d i s e L o s t i s e x t r e m e l y c o m p l e x a n d s u b t l e.I n t h e t e x t b o o k,i t b e g i n s w i t h t h e r e c o v e r i n g o f S a t a n, o n l y w h e n h e r e c o v e r e d f r o m f a i n t d i d h e r e a l i z e d t h a t h e a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s w e r e c o n d e m n e d i n u t t e r