雅思阅读基础班教案step2‘学生教案

雅思阅读基础班教案step2

教学目标：

1.坚定同义替换的概念：养成这样的习惯是修炼内功的第一步；

2.理解同义替换的手法：常见的手法并不多，一旦掌握，即可得心应手；

3.积累考点词：做过的阅读真题已经不具有测试意义了，但是可以帮你印证和

理解考点词的奥秘。同学们可以对照《剑桥雅思阅读考点词真经》体验“无招胜有招”的绝妙佳境。

4.熟悉填词题的出题形式和熟练典型题目。

教学步骤：

1.坚定同义替换的概念并通过真题理解同义替换的三种手法；

2.学习阅读真经原文标注法，养成好的阅读和做题方法；

3.熟悉单词填写题的命题规律与解题要诀；

4.通过做题来掌握填词题的做题步骤；

5.

教学过程：

I.莫夸境界高，无招胜有招

首先，请牢记：

无论什么招数，只要有招数，就有破绽。

无论什么题型，只要是题目，就有题干。

—刘洪波只要是题目，就有题干，而题干中的每一个单词必然来自原文或是原文的同义替换。题干中有first，原文中一定有first或是同义表达；题干中

most或majority；题干中有最高级，原文中一定有最高级或它的同义表达；

题干中有并列结构，原文中也一定存在并列关系。

如违反上述原则，题目表达的含义就会偏离原文，造成出题不严谨或有瑕疵。这显然不是英国剑桥严格学术之风范。

所以，雅思阅读考题只有一种命题方式—同义替换（Paraphrase）。

同义替换的三种手法

在题干中实现同义替换表达有三种常用手法：同义替换多单词有灵犀

手法1：同义词设计

真题示例A

production；increasing 来自soaring；due to 来自because of；primarily 来自mainly；improved来自expansion。考官很严谨而敬业，改写很仔细而辛苦，所以答案是TRUE。

手法2：双重反义词设计

真题示例A

没有做）的反义词是manage to do （成功地做了）；die out （灭绝）的反义词是survive（幸存）。所以题干是双重反义表达原文的同义的设计。

手法3：对原文思想归纳总结

真题示例A

没有出现，也没有明显的同义词。如果考生读懂C段大意，会发现“在许多文化中人们低估了嗅觉这种感知”就是一种common belief。common 一词=in many cultures; belief指的是嗅觉的low regard。

rejecting(反驳)一词是来自一个句型：While it is true that…, they are still…这是一个让步转折：“虽然（你说的有一定道理），但是（我还是要反驳你）。”雅思命题者通过这个句子归纳总结出了reject这个单词。

归纳题是难题。

以上三组例题分别对应三种不同的同义改写，同时对应了三种不同的雅思阅读题型。所以我们再次强调：不同的命题方式本质只有一种-----同义替换。

莫夸境界高无招胜有招

II.阅读真经原文标注法

示例：

①通过题目中带引号“echolocation”一词定位，找到原文出处。

②仔细阅读发现：因为它（word）等于它（term）;因为它（someone）等于它（Donald Griffin）;因为它（working as）等于它（zoologist）;因为它（first used）等于它（coined）所以答案是它（zoologist）。

在这个因果关系推导中，我们可以清晰地看到：原因越多，逻辑就越缜密，推导出的结果正确率就越高。同义替换多单词有灵犀

这种同义词原文标注习惯养成后，考生可以迅速提升正确率，并且便于错题检查，搞清楚错的原因；同时以便于将来的再次复习。因为你在原文中完整地记录了你当时的解题思路。

雅思考生做过的阅读教材原文上不应该是干净无笔记的，也不应该是乱勾

乱划没有规律章法的。每做一篇文章都应该采用这种阅读原文真经标注法来巩固境界，提醒自己。真实考场上也要采用此标注法，在考卷文章的原文上做标注，这是雅思阅读考试允许的，因为最后考官不会看你的阅读考卷，只看答题卡。

III.填词有规律，前后找规律

不要说答案词汇不认识，词汇量不够，所以卷子上才四大皆空，空空如也。“空格前后动词名词处，才是醉翁之意。

（我们从这种题型学起，是因为它主要考查单词理解，不像

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN是理解判断一个句子；而选Headings则是理解归纳自然段。因此该题型难度居适中，阅读6分水平的考生应控制该题型错在两道题以内。其实单词填写题还可以包括填表格、填图题；但填表格、填图题更为简单，而且出现概率不高，因此我们将在最后一种题型来归纳总结。）

单词填写题命题规律与解题要诀

单词填写题可细分为：

①原文选词填空完成摘要；

②从题目后面的单词列表中选词填空完成摘要；

③从原文选词填空完成句子；

④从原文选词回答问题。

概率：真实考试40个题目中平均10个题

难度：前三种★★★☆☆

第四种（从原文选词回答问题）★★☆☆☆

难度为中等，变换四种题

单词填写题中出现概率最大的是填空完成摘要，简称Summary。

再此，我们再次强调：第一，先看题，再读文章；阅读先看题，定位快寻觅第二，单词填写题是细节题，优先做。两种题后做，优先细节题

原文选词填空完成摘要

1.答案空格有字数限制，如：Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS,解题前

要看清楚。

2.空格答案大多数情况下符合原文顺序原则，有可能出现1~2个倒序。

3.一个Summary题型中会设置1~2道难题。

4.空格答案有可能需要变换原文单词的词性。

5.空格答案经常是高难词或生词。生词不用疑

6.该题型重点考查空格前后的单词对应原文中的同义词理解。填词有规律，前

后找痕迹

真题示例A

《剑桥雅思7》第90页Test 4 Reading Passage 1第8段

…

Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.

…

Questions 8-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

Additional evidence for theory of kite-lifting

The Egyptians had 8 , which could lift large pieces of 9

and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10 . The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11 suggests they may have experimented with 12 . In addition, over two

thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 真题示例B

《剑桥雅思6》第27页Test 4 Reading Passage 3 C、D段

…

C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships

facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around f7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.

…

Questions 33-40

Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.

If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33.................... as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years

they have had to rely on catching 34.................... and 35.................... as a means of sustenance.

The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The 36.................... people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37.................... In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38.................... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39.................... for their food and clothes. 40.................... produce is particularly expensive.

从单词列表中选词填空完成摘要

这种Summary 的解题方法与从原文选词填空是一致的，只多了一个步骤：从原文中找出心目中的答案单词后，还要在题目后面的单词列表中选一选，看看哪一个选项单词是原文答案，或原文答案的同义表达。

所以从这个角度来说，这种题型可能需要考生多做一次同义替换理解：原文答案单词和正确选项的同义替换。这样就增加了难度。

但是从另外一个角度来说，因为限定了单词选项，也提供了考生通过词性词义选择或通过排除法来正确解题的可能性。

真题示例A

《剑桥雅思8》第65页Test 3 Reading Passage 1 第5~6段

…

And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.

The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.

…

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 ………………………… in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….

真题示例B

《剑桥雅思7》第68页Test 3 Reading Passage 1 第3~6段

…

They(ants) have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.

Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.

Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves — but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.

It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.

…

Questions 7-13

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-0, below.

Write the correct letter, A-0, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Ants as farmers

Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8 as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9 .Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 methods, they do not affect the 12 and do not waste 13 .

A aphids

B agricultural

C cellulose

D exchanging

E energy

F fertilizers

G food

H fungi

I growing

J interbreeding

K natural L other species M secretions N sustainable0 environment

原文选词填空完成句子

填空完成句子解题方法和从原文选词填空Summary一致。可理解为一句话Summary题型。

真题示例A

《剑桥雅思7》第18页Test 1 Reading Passage 1 E段

…

E The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn't know it then, but all the world now knows

that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their “radar” achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat 'radar', since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar.But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar,and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats,coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

…

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for

each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer

sheet.

10 Long before the invention of radar, had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats.

11 Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because are not used in their navigation system.

12 Radar and sonar are based on similar .

13 The word “echolocation” was first used by someone working as a .

从原文选词回答问题

题目为what, which, why, where, when 等引导的疑问句，要求从原文中选词以作为该疑问句的答案。与其他填词题一样，该题型答案字数有限定。

解题时注意疑问词本身：问道who回原文找人名；where 找地名；when找时间；how/why找due to, thanks to, based on, by 等介词后的名词；问道what找名词。

真题示例A

《剑桥雅思4》第23页Test 1Reading Passage 2

What Do Whale Feel?

雅思阅读段落标题解题技巧

雅思阅读段落标题解题技巧 段落标题题，又称List of Headings，是雅思阅读部分的常考题之一。此类题型主要考查考生段落的概括能力以及对全文整体的把握能力，这两样技能，除了考生要有良好的英文阅读功底之外，还需要培养阅读中的逻辑思维。因此它是雅思阅读考试难度颇大的一类题型。 段落标题题的常规思路是在段落中寻找主旨句然后与标题配对，主旨句一般为首尾句，含观点的宾语从句，带标志词比如表转折的句子等等。这些方法，坊间已讨论颇多，故不再此赘述。这里主要针对当前此类题型出现的一些新情况进行一下分析。从最新的出题形式来看，常规的解题思路似乎已不能应付，所以在这里有必要提出一些新的方法以飨读者。 趋势之一：总体把握 此类情况是按图索骥找到了段落中的主旨句却发现无济于事，因为选项没有包含主旨句信息的标题。然后考生转而去寻找段落的话题词（即重复的具体名词），结果仍一无所获，陷入绝望。其实答案所选标题里的任何单词都没有在段落中出现过，仅仅依靠定位自然是白费工夫。作为答案的标题非常隐蔽，是原文段落的高度概括，确实不太好找，但出题者在这里其实是考查考生对作者写作思路的把握，标题超越了段落的具体内容。在阅读时，考生不仅要知道这段讲了什么，更要清楚这一段在全文所起什么作用。换言之，读文章时，脑子里一

定要有一条贯穿始终的逻辑主线。而不能像以往那样见木不见林，单句阅读代替整体阅读的做法再也行不通了。 解题策略 虽然段落标题题可以采用边做题边看文章的做法，但我认为鉴于目前出现的新情况，推荐先浏览一遍文章，然后开始做题的方式。浏览的时间必须控制在五分钟内，浏览的目的主要有这样两个：1. 记录各段主题；2. 把握文章结构（如时间顺序，cause-effect-solution 顺序，论证式等等）。读完一遍之后，再回去做题，仿佛高屋建瓴，感觉就完全不同了。做题时可先用常规的方法。如能找到主旨句，万不可生搬硬套，与选项牵强附会。一般说来，只有主旨句与选项存在替换改写关系，才能证明是正确答案。若无法替换或找不到主旨句时，可先搁臵不做，待其余段落基本选定之后，再对未选标题进行比较排除，最后搞定。这是一整套的做题步骤，下面以实例辅之。 请看剑5 P66。此题中B，D，F三段较为难选。但分析文章后我们发现，这篇文章是描述一种现象的说明文。此类题材的文章，通常先会针对现象进行一番介绍，然后分析其产生的原因，引发的后果以及解决措施等。由此可见，F段最为明显，因为此段为全文的末段，通常讲解决方法或展望未来，并根据第一句According to Siegel, international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region…可知这段不是探讨消失的三角洲本身，而是在讲人们的行动，所以很明显选viii，因为所有选项里只有这个和人为的东西有关。然后看D段，也找不到主旨句，

雅思阅读长难句

英语的基本句式结构其实很简单：主谓宾和主系表。主谓宾是“谁-做-什么”，例如：比如“羊吃草”;“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着鲜嫩碧绿的青草”一样也是主谓宾，只不过多了一些修饰的词，句子的核心意思还是“羊吃草”。主系表是“谁-是-什么”，同主谓宾一样。在阅读中我们要很快的找出核心句子，不用每句话的意思都懂，但要知道这句话要表达的核心意思，即找到主谓宾或主系表的主体。 并列平行结构 在一个较长的句子中，并列平行的部分可能是几个独立的句子，也可能是几个并列的短语成分或者从句。如果并列平行的部分是几个独立的句子，也叫“并列句“。所以说，“并列平行结构”是一个更广泛的概念。本篇主要讲解并列平行的部分是几个并列的短语成分或者从句的这种情况。 中文：进一步展望未来，通过这个新时代所产生的巨大财富和新技术的结合.人类可望在太空建立一个浩大的可供千万人居住的世界。 英文：Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power. 结构分析：Combination of中的of有两个宾语:一是the great wealth，受定语从句this new age will bring的修饰，另一个是the technology,受定语从句it will provide的修饰:主句中的home to thousands or millions of people为world的同位语。

雅思阅读基础班教案step3'

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区分下列句式： (1) Xiaoming finds food bitter. (2) Xiaoming finds food bitterly. (3) Xiaoming finds his little sister some bitter food. 造句并说明句型 1.汽车使交通变得方便。 2.我给你找了个房子。 3.人们认为猴子很奇怪。 (三)长难句：1.加入复杂修饰成分：形容词，介词短语等 2.加入复杂结构：插入语等 3.合并多个句子：并列句& 主从句 (四)从句概念：八大句子成分中，除谓语动词和补语外，当一个句子充当某成分 时，该从句就叫做某某从句。如一个句子做主语，则该从句叫主语从句。 1. ________从句+动词 2. 实义动词+________从句主干性从句 (五)六大从句判断标准 3. 系动词+________从句 4. 具体名词+________从句 5. 抽象名词+________从句修饰性从句 6. ______从句，去掉不影响句子完整度 (六)六大从句共同特点：1.有连词（可省略）且置于从句句首 2.连词在句中做成分，有意思（that除外）

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Part 2：Reading 1.Read the following text and then look at the questions on the next page. The value of friendship Recent research into the world of teenagers has suggested that they value friendship above everything else. Children aged between 12 and 15 were asked what was important to them. Their answers included possessions such as money and computer gadgets but also relationships with people. The teenagers questioned said that friends were the most important to them, more even than family, or boyfriends and girlfriends. We wanted to find out more about the results of this research so we asked our readers what they thought about the value of friendship. Here are some examples of what they said about their friends: Ben, 15: Every time I have a fight with my parents, I need some time on my own. But after that, the first thing I do is meet up with my friends. After playing football for a while, or skateboarding, I usually feel much happier again. Rory, 13: When I moved to a village in the countryside, I thought that it would be the end of my friendships. But my old friends have kept in touch and they come and visit in the holidays. There's a lake nearby, so we often go sailing, water-skiing or windsurfing. And I have made some new friends here too, at school, and since I joined the rugby club. Carlos, 11: Last year, I broke my arm on a skiing holiday. Unfortunately, it was my left arm and I am lefthanded. My school friends all helped and copied their notes for me. It seems that our readers value their friendships very highly. From what they told us, they spend a lot of time with their friends, just hanging out, or sharing hobbies and interests. They seem to need their friends for advice, help, chats, and for having fun. Clearly, friends make each other feel better. Looking at what our readers told us, the results of the recent research are not really surprising. 2.Try to answer this question yourself first, before reading the explanation. Choose the best answer from the letters a-d. To teenagers, money is ... a)not important. b)as important as computer gadgets. c)as important as relationships with people. d)less important than friendships. 3.Look at the questions in Exercise 4, without reading the answer options. Underline the question words (e.g. where, when, what) and the key words in each of the questions (1-3) and sentence stems (4-5). 4.Now answer these multiple-choice questions. Choose the appropriate letter a, b, c or d. i.Why are Ben, Rory and Carlos mentioned in the article? A.They know why teenagers value friendship. B.They gave information about themselves. C.They read magazines, D.They are teenage boys.