托福培训丨新托福议论文写作难点如何一一攻克

托福培训丨新托福议论文写作难点如何一一攻克

朗阁托福培训吴玉

大部分中国学生有一个根深蒂固的观念，在语言考试的听说读写四门中，听力和阅读一定是容易拿高分的，写作和口语相对来说是比较难以攻克的。这带来的一个后果就是这些考生把大把的时间都分给了听力和阅读，题海战术发挥得淋漓尽致，而整个过程中没开口讲几句英文，没下笔写几篇文章。朗阁托福培训的专家认为，这种观念也好，以及伴随这种观念而来的行动也好，都是不适用于新托福考试的。

笔者每次在面对学生的第一次课上，都会对学生说的一句话是：新托福写作其实是四门里面最简单的，要想总分高，作文一定要练好，新托福写作不同于雅思写作，想拿高分一点都不难！

那么，问题来了，洋洋洒洒一篇400字左右的文章，到底应该从哪几方面入手去准备呢？到底简单在哪里呢？根据笔者多年的教学经验，总结了要想写好一篇新托福议论文，考生需要在平时通过训练搞定的几个方面。

一、审题

正确审题是写好一篇作文的基础，也永远是写作老师在课堂上要帮助学生解决的首要问题。笔者曾经在课堂上问学生，造成审题出问题的原因有哪些？根据学生的反馈，单词不认识、题目中限定词、特殊词没注意都是引起偏题、跑题的主要原因。

坦白来说，在新托福写作中，要想在题目中碰到不认识的单词，还真不是一件容易的事，因为新托福议论文的题目、话题或者说用词大都是“接地气”的，不会用一些高深的生僻词来出题，考生大可放心。当然，对于基础真的特别弱、词汇量匮乏的考生来说，这一点还是需要去重视的。那么，怎么解决这个问题呢？笔者给出的建议是，千万不要盲目去背各个话题的词汇，而是要有针对性地只背题目中应该会出现的词汇。到这儿，可能有读者会提出疑义了，你怎么知道哪些词会在题目中出现、哪些词不会出现呢？这里需要指出的是，所有的海外考

试都有一个共同的特点叫题库制，这个特点也催生了一个名词叫“机经”，即机考的经验。考生只需要去研究出题的规律即可大致知道每一场考试可能会考察的范围。当然，笔者在教学过程中从不大肆宣扬机经的重要性和神奇性，因为这个纯粹是概率学和运气的问题。回到问题的根本，怎样才能避免单词不认识，非常简单，既然考试的题是重复用的，那么考生只需要去总结近几年中国大陆和北美考过的真题，把这些题目过一遍就可以了，不认识的单词查一下背一下，都认识的话就不用花更多的时间了（注意这里考生只需要看题看单词，暂时还不用想这个题怎么写）。这样下来，首先就能保证考试中不会碰到没见过的单词。

另外，在笔者的教学过程中，也经常发现题目中的单词全都认识，但是学生还是写偏题的情况。分析下来了解到，根本问题还是出在看题不仔细，题目中的关键信息、限定词汇没有重视。例如：

In today’s world, the ability to cooperate well with others is more importan t than before. Do you agree or disagree?

这个题目中的核心词汇包括cooperate以及than before。笔者发现很多学生在行文过程中，都忽略了对before这个词的解读，全文都在谈如今合作有多么重要，而没有与过去为什么合作不那么重要进行对比。

再如：The car has had greater effect to society than the airplane has to. Do you agree or disagree?

以下对笔者的一位学生所写的段落进行分析：

First and foremost, there are more alternatives to cars. Automobile is a kind of short-distance transportation, which is used mostly in daily life but also cause some problem like traffic congestion. Therefore, in order to solve the serious traffic problem, the government implements a gamut of proposals, encouraging people to take other transportations, to name a few, railway ,bus and subway. Subway, for specific example, was quickly accepted by the public and spectacularly convenient. Intensively developing in recent decades, the subway attracts more people attributes to its cheap price and, especially, punctuality. To

compared, individuals should pay the cost of gasoline, parking and maintenance for their private cars, which is more ex pensive than a two dollars’ subway ticket. Also, another perk of subway is that passengers will never be saddle with the problem of traffic congestion because subway always has its own lane. As a result, more and more people have the tendency to choose subway over privet cars. On the contrary, as the only long-distance transportation, air-plane, as a monopoly in the sky, does not have any alternative recently and has a wider improving spectrum in the future.

大家可以看到，除了很多语言错误外，全段大篇幅在对subway进行描述，然而题目是需要考生将car和airplane进行对比。所以，写得再怎么多，都是不得分的，而因为这个问题失分，确实是特别可惜，又让人百思不得其解的。因此，建议考生拿到一个题目，先问自己一个问题，这个题目的话题词是什么？有没有对比信息？有没有限定词？并带着这些问题开始写作，这样才能避免写得多写得顺畅但是不得分的尴尬。

二、素材

关于素材，也就是文章中写点什么内容，很多考生最头疼的就是无话可说。新托福写作考察的话题包括教育、就业、个人成功、社会、家庭、环境、媒体、旅游、科技等。话题种类繁多，笔者一般会要求学生在平时多做素材的积累，比如每天看两个话题的范文，搜集出文章中的论点、论据，并用中文或者key words记录下来，形成自己的素材库，考前翻阅一下。即便是出现新题，考生也不用担心，因为平时积累的素材多了，思路就宽了，总能带来一些启发。

三、结构

谈到结构，笔者想到了之前去参加ETS官方培训时，有一位老师提出了一个问题，说学生在课上问到中国语文的作文是总分总的结构，托福还是这么写会不会太低端了啊？官方给出的回答是，总分总的篇章安排不叫低端(low)，而叫经典(classic)。我们都说一个写作题目没有标准答案的范文，但是有一个东西可以说是形成了不成文的规定的，那就是一篇好的作文一定是有头有尾、中间细分几段论证的，这一点可以从很多官方给出的范文或是学生的高

分文章中得到证实。

另外，很多考生还存在疑问的一点在于到底一篇文章是写四段还是五段，在之前的授课中，笔者也跟学生讨论写4段式或者5段式的原因以及各自的利弊。一般写4段式的学生都是因为主体段只能想出两条理由，实在是想不出第三条理由，只能以1+2+1的结构完成文章。大家都知道一般来说要想拿到不错的分数，一篇新托福议论文需要写到400字左右，那么，如果主体段只写两段，势必需要考生在这两个段落的论证细节上写出更多的内容，否则字数撑不到那么多，而这一点对于很多考生来说恰恰也是很有难度的。相反地，如果写成5段式，貌似就需要考生能想出3条理由进行论证，但事实是，很多考生根本想不到3点理由，能想出2点已经是绞尽脑汁了。在这种情况下，怎么做才是最简易、最轻松的应对办法呢？

笔者比较建议学生写5段式的文章，但主体段并不是上文所说的3个理由段，而是采用2+1的模式，即两个理由段，再加一个让步段。关于理由段的写法，将在下文详细分析，在此先重点解释一下让步段到底是什么意思。“让步”字面意思是退一步，那么放到我们作文里，意思就是承认一下反方的观点。西方的文章不太喜欢作者全篇一味强调自己观点的正确性，而是需要作者能适当回应并评价一下反方的观点，这样的文章看起来会更加有说服力。当然，广大考生需要注意的是，笔者这里提到的“承认反方观点”指的是“弱弱地承认”，承认过后必须再削弱回去或者说再驳斥回去，只有这样才能更强调出本文观点的准确性，否则读者看起来会有confusion, 也就是为什么一会儿支持自己的观点，一会儿又支持反方观点。

总结一下，笔者推荐的新托福议论文结构为1+3(2+1)+1的模式。第一段总起全文，导入话题并给出本人观点，主体段前两段为理由段，想出两条理由论证正方观点，主体段第三段为让步段，先承认反方观点的合理之处，再削弱此观点，最后一段为总结段，重申本人观点，再做适当的展望。

四、论证

结构定下来之后，接下来要考虑的问题就是理由段到底怎么写了。很多学生都很头疼中间到底写点什么，甚至经常有学生跟我抱怨：老师，那些范文的作者怎么有那么多有的没的可以扯，我就是想不出那么多话那么多内容往文章里搬啊。面对这样的问题，笔者一开始也很困

惑应该怎样去帮助他们，因为这是确实存在的一个事实，暂且不谈英文，即便是说中文，也有一些人是能“扯”的，有一些人是“不能扯”的。经过多年的研究，笔者发现，“能不能扯”在方向上来说就已经错了，或者说已经偏了，偏离了简单写作的轨道。原因在于，内容是无止尽的，非要一个高中生脑子里装很多内容素材也确实强人所难。即便经历了长期的准备积累，在考场上要把这些信息想到，再敲到文章里也是很耗费时间的，所以说关于论证细节，如果从内容下手进行思考，反而会让写作看起来更复杂。那么，笔者一再强调的简单写作到底是什么呢？那就是考生一定听说过的“论证方法”。大部分考生对这个词不陌生，知道主体段需要运用各种论证方法进行支持。在此，我想强调的是，考生大可不必从内容上去思考写点什么，而是直接可以从论证方法入手，因为论证方法是有止尽的，最常用的也是最好用的论证方法包括因果论证（分析原因、说明结果）、举例论证、引证以及对比论证。我们随便看几个范文段落就可以发现，文章段落中的每一句话都是有存在的目的的，所谓目的就是论证的方法。

例如：

1. Firstly, the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.（中心句）

2. In the times without the Internet, the main way to be well-educated was attending schools.

3. But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.

4. Thanks to the Internet technology, the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.

5. For example, Khan Academy, an innovative online educational company, offers high-quality and free-of-charge cramming courses involving mathematics, physics and other high school subjects.

6. Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.

整个段落一共6句话，第一句话是中心句，第二句到第四句是对比论证（没有网络的时候VS有了网络的时候），第五句和第六句是两个例子。

再如：

1. In the first place, job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.

2. Due to the fierce competition and social pressure, whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work, which also determines how many profits the company will get.

3. My brother can be cited as a good example.

4. At first, he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.

5. He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissatisfaction.

6. As a result, he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation, better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.

7. Now, my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.

整个段落一共7句话，第一句仍然是中心句，第二句用的是因果论证，第三句开始举了具体的个人例子。

因此，当中心句写完之后，到底写点什么来支撑一个段落的字数，考生可以从论证方法这个概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果论证，带一下原因，再将结果层层递进写几句话，结束之后字数肯定不够，那就想一下还有一种论证方法叫举例论证，能不能编一个例子出来。同理，Body 2还是先写中心句，接下来写一句因果，写一句对比（正反假设），最后再来一组例子。简而言之，我们在思考的时候从论证方法出发，但是呈献给考官看的还是内容。论证方法只是便于我们快速想到写的内容的方向，总比绞尽脑汁直接想内容要简单得多。

在了解了怎样以最快速度想出理由段写点什么内容之后，还需要注意的一个问题是，有些人能“条理清晰地扯”，有些人“扯出了一团浆糊”。那么怎样才能让考官看着觉得这个段落逻辑清晰呢？笔者在看了很多官方范文及学生的高分文章后，发现了一个规律，好的文章段落有一个共同的逻辑层次，即由抽象到具体，具体安排见下图：

上文两个段落的层次安排也是按照上图来进行的，中心句结束后进行解释，最后搬上例子。这样看来，文章理由段的写法也非常简单，按照上面的图来操作即可，根据论证方法配以具体的内容，一个段落就能轻松完成了。在此要强调的是，新托福作文中，主体段的例子是非常重要的，笔者要求学生每一个段落都要有例子支持，当然并不一定是具体某个人的例子，可以是引用的研究结果，也可以使用排比的句式写出一组列举的例子。

五、语言

谈了这么久的内容，最后我们来说说语言。之所以放到最后再说就是因为虽然新托福是语言考试，但是在写作这一块，考官并不太在意考生使用的词汇有多高难度、句式有多复杂，这就是新托福写作和雅思写作的差异。美国人在意的是你写出来的文章能不能让他看明白，逻辑通不通。当然，虽然不要求语言的复杂性，语言的多样性还是有要求的。词汇上来说，要注意不重复用词，那么考生平时需要积累常用的替换词。句型来说，更为简单，因为英文中的句式也就那么多种，考生只需要把每一种句子的形式整理一下，考试时有意识地安排进文章即可。语言这一块对于英语功底还可以的学生来说绝对是没有问题的。

（本文来自朗阁教育托福培训考试教研组，供广大考生学习使用，转载请注明出处）

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托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏（１） Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice? As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shinin g compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village. Asking o thers’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other. Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do. 托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏(2) Case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others' advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and 1

托福考试：新托福写作满分作文范例11个

托福考试：新托福写作高分满分作文范例11 If you could ask a famous person one question, what would you ask? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. If I had the opportunity to sit down and meet one of my idols or heroes, I could come up with hundreds of questions to find out what they did to get where they are, but in particular I like to have asked Helen Keller, what would she have made of the technology available today to blind and deafblind individuals? When Helen Keller was nineteen months old, a serious illness almost took her life. She survived the disease had left her both blind and deaf. Her education contributed to her first teacher, Anne Sullivan. Anne taught Helen to finger spell, and manage to let her understand the meaning of words. Imagine how hard it is for a person both blind and deaf to relate words with real world objects, although she never had a chance to see those objects! Another teacher Mary Swift Lamson who over the coming year was to try and teach Helen to speak. This was something that Helen desperately wanted and although she learned to understand what somebody else was saying by touching their lips and throat, her efforts to speak herself proved to be unsuccessful. However, Helen moved on to the Cambridge School for Young Ladies and later entered Radcliff College, becoming the first deaf blind person to have ever enrolled at an institution of higher learning. After World War Two, Helen spent years traveling the world fundraising for the American Foundation for the Overseas Blind. They visited Japan, Australia, South America, Europe and Africa. Her hard work and achievements was widely recognized throughout the world, and she was acknowledged as "the Miracle Worker". If Helen Keller were born today her life would undoubtedly have been completely different. Her life long dream was to be able to talk, something that she was never really able to master. Today the teaching methods exist that would have helped Helen to realize this dream. What would Helen have made of the technology available today to blind and deaf blind individuals? Technology of today has enabled blind and deaf blind people, like Helen, to communicate directly, and independently, with anybody in the world.

托福作文范文

写作真题(2017/4/23) Some young people are free in the evenings or have days off at school, which way can bring them the most benefit? 1. to accumulate work experience by a part-time job or volunteering in a community 2. learning to play a sport 3. learning to play a musical instrument 写作范文 It seems that everyone in the world aspires to achieve something so as to live life to the full, especially the young who have a glorious future before themselves. Although a vast majority of people agree with this notion, opinions on how to achieve one's ambitious dreams or realistic goals are diverse. As a broadly-disseminated idea goes that the other 8 hours of free time determine one's success, an increasing number of young people are pondering a problem of how to maximize their "free" time—the 8 hours in the day when they are not studying, working or sleeping. As far as I am concerned, from the three above-mentioned

托福作文范文3篇

Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. In the past decades, a growing number of people have been rushing into big cities in pursuit of better chances for jobs and higher qualities of life, thus caused a tremendous development of urbanization. A prevalent view is it that bigger city equals better life, yet I can hardly make myself to be an advocator for the big-city life. In the very first place, I am not a person to bear a fast-paced life. Everything in the big city seems to have been programmed to rush, cars and people, even the innocent dogs. What is extremely weird is that no one can stop or just slow down in spite of the fact that they are eager to do so. Of course it’s not God’s business. Instead, it is the high-level consumption as well as working pressure that push people so much. Ironically, these two aspects are also usually recognized as the main features of high quality life. On the contrary, however, everything works in an opposite way in a small town. Peace and harmony will replace rush and pressure. People are satisfied with the foods and clothes which are far from superb and classy as those in the developed cities. Simply, life is enjoyable if one chooses to do so. Furthermore, both the seriously polluted air and contaminated water in the big city drive me far away, which can severely destroy one’s physical fitness in a long run. In the smaller town, on the contrary, natural environment has been comparatively less polluted and sure to be a better habitat for human beings. Besides, insufferable noise or light pollution hardly exists in the small town while being a non-ignorable health killer in the big city. Consequently, I will definitely choose to live peacefully in a smaller town rather than rush and be tortured both mentally and physically in a big city. However if someone is desperately eager to seek challenges and accomplishments, I may well recommend him to go to the big cities with no hesitation. Which is more important, book knowledge or experience? It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Experience and book theory are commonly considered as the twin towers when it comes to acquiring knowledge. Essentially, book theory comes up from experience which has been scientifically and systematically organized, and these theories, which may provide useful instructions for practice, will in turn contribute to a further experience-gaining process. And before we draw the conclusion that which is more significant, it is better to first look at the merits and demerits on both sides. One may recognize the importance of book knowledge at once when referring to the current educational system------in the fundamental schools, kids are taught how to read books, and when entering a higher-level school, they simply read more. Admittedly, by learning from books, we can acquire knowledge in a systematical and effective way, which also leads to better grasp and deeper

托福满分作文范文第七篇

Can two people be good friends if one person has more money than the other? 不能 1. 物以类聚，人以群分，穷人的朋友都是穷人，富人的朋友都是富人，为什么比尔盖茨认识 巴菲特，而不认识你？ 2. 有钱人关心的是如何享受生活，而穷人关心的是如何节约用钱和如何赚钱。思想观念都不 同怎么做朋友 3. 就算穷人和富人成为朋友，哪一天穷人问富人借钱，是借好还是不借好？借了不能指望还， 不借么伤感情 Different people in the society have different fortune, different prosperity and different level of knowledge. Can two people be good friends if they are not equally in fortune? My answer is negative. As far as I’m concerned, the basis of the friendship is the similar sense of value, which comes from the similar amount of fortune they owe. Initially, as an old saying goes: birds of feather flock together, people of a class fall into the same group. It is easy to note that the majority of the friends of poor people are major, and vice ve rsa. Why doesn’t Bill Gates know you, nor me, but Buffett, the richest person in the world now? The reason is simple: we do not have as much money as Bill Gates. Another example is that usually, there are some places called wealthier suburb, where live many rich people. Comparatively, poor people also concentrate on some limited regions called slum. Why is that? Because rich people only make friends with those who are rich and poor people only can associate with poor. Why is that? Why poor people cannot make friends with rich people?As I mentioned above: they have the different value. As we know, if two people want to be close friends, they should have similar views about the world. However it cannot be achieved between the rich and poor. The example is that the rich cares more about enjoying their lives.In their spare time they would play gulf, or go to the concert. Many of them are well educated: they graduated from famous universities, like Harvard, Stanford. They prefer to talk about Shakespeare, Mozart, stocks, and so on, which are far away from the poor. In contrast, the poor usually are not well educated. According to a survey by Harvard, two thirds of the 20% poorest people in the US didn’t have the chance to go the university. When it comes to the entertainment, they care more about watching TV, surf on Internet, or play basketball. You see, there is no intersection between them. Therefore, different education background leads to the difference between conceptions, which in turn lead to the hardship in communication. So there’s no doubt that they cannot be close friends. To say the least, even if the two people, one rich and one poor, become good friends. What if the poor is in short of cash, and would like to borrow some money from the rich. Should the rich one give the money to the poor? Now here comes a dilemma: if the rich person lend some money to poor, it is less likely to get the money back because the poor earns the money slowly compared with rich. However if the rich person refuses to lend the money, they may not be as close as before. Thus money is most likely to ax the friendship between two friends.