chapter 6 sentence

Chapter 5 Meaning

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis

D. Grammatical analysis

6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent

relation to the physical world of experience.

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.

26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Reference

32. Semantic triangle

33. Componential analysis

34. Propositional logic

35. Predicate logic

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. What are the three kinds of antonymy?

36. Give examples to explain whatisthe relationship between sentence meaning

and word meaning ? 37. Explain 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech.

Chapter 8 Language in Use

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

A. pragmatic

B. grammatical

C. mental

D. conceptual

3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.

A. constative

B. directive

C. utterance

D. expressive

4. Which of the following is true?

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.

B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.

C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.

D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.

5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.

A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century

B. in the early 1950’s

C. in the late 1960’s

D. in the early 21st century

6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. A locutionary act

B. An illocutionary act

C. A perlocutionary act

D. A performative act

7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.

A. to get the hearer to do something

B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case

C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs

8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.

A. in their illocutionary acts

B. in their intentions expressed

C. in their strength or force

D. in their effect brought about

9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice

A. Cooperative Principle

B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar

D. Adjacency Principle

10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness

B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding

D. conversational implicatures

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.

12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the

context of language use was left unconsidered.

13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.

15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.

16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.

17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.

19. Speech act theory started in the l ate 50’s of the 20th century.

20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.

23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.

24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.

29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.

30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Conversational implicature

32. Performative

33. Illocutionary act

34. Q-principle (Horn)

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. What is your understanding of Relevance Theory?

36. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.

“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?”

37. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.

A: When is the bus coming? B: There has been an accident further up the road.

37.Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant informatio n, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”Chapter 7 Language, Culture and

Society

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. _______ is concerned with the

social significance of language

variation and language use in different

speech communities.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. General linguistics

2. The most distinguishable

linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.

A. use of words

B. use of structures

C. accent

D. morphemes

3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.

A. Regional variation

B. Language variation

C. Social variation

D. Register variation

4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.

A. Geographical barriers

B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech

C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change

D. Social barriers

5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.

A. Language interference

B. Language changes

C. Language planning

D. Language transfer

6. _________ in a person’s speech

or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A. Regional variation

B. Changes in emotions

C. Variation in connotations

D. Stylistic variation

7. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

A. Slang words

B. Address terms

C. Registers

D. Education varieties8.

8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.

A. vernacular languages

B. creoles

C. pidgins

D. sociolects

9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.

A. female; male

B. male; female

C. old; young

D.

young; old

10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.

A. slang

B. euphemism

C. jargon

D. taboo

11. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in and vocabulary.

A. structure

B. grammar

C. usage

D. pronunciation

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.

12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.

13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect

or pidgin.

14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. 15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.

16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.

17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.

18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.

19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.

20. The designation of the standard language variety is due to the fact that the standard language is correct, logical, pure and thus superior.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________. 22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.

23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a

__________ variety of a language.

24. Language standardization is also called language __________.

25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.

26. __________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.

28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.

29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages.

30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

2. Ethnography of Communication

3. V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

1. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?

2.What is the linguistic features of Women Register?

3.Why should language instructors look to sociolinguistics?

American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems

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