英文论文写作常用词汇及句型
英文论文写作常用词汇及句型
英文论文写作常用词汇及句型
一、经典替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换 people.
2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good.
3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换
bad(如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。)
4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of,
a host of, if not most 替换 many.
5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换 some.
6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is
universally acknowledged that 替换 think.
7. affair, business, matter 替换 thing.
8. shared 替换 mon.
9. reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits.
10. for my part, from my own perspective, 等等替换
in my opinion.
11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换 more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用
increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly) 12. little, if anything或little or nothing 替换 hardly.
13. beneficial, rewarding 替换 helpful.
14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.
15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换 very.
16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.
17. indispensable 替换 necessary.
18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.
19. capture one’s attention 替换attract one’s attention.
20. facet, demension, sphere 替换 aspet.
21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换 indicate, suggest, fear.
22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.
23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换… reasons for sth.
24. desire 替换 want.
25. pour attention into 替换 pay attention to.
26. bear in mind that 替换 remember.
27. enjoy, possess 替换 have(注意process是过程的意
思)。
28. interaction 替换 munication.
29. frown on sth. 替换 be against , disagree with sth.
30. as an exle 替换 for exle, for instance.
31. next to / virtually impossible 替换 nearly /
almost impossible.
32. regarding / concerning 替换 about.
33. crucial /paramount 替换 important.
34. 第一(in the first place/the first and foremost);
第二(there is one more point, I should touch on, that…);
第三(the last but not the least).
35. assiduous 替换 hard-working.
36. arduous 替换 difficult.
37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换
poor(因为poor通常含有贬义).
38. demonstrate / manifest 替换 show.
39. invariably 替换 always.
40. perilous / hazardous替换 dangerous.
41. formidable 替换 difficult.
42. quintessential 替换 typical(举例时常用，例如：a quintessential exle should be cited that=for exle; for instance).
43. distinguished 替换 famous.
44. feasible 替换 possible.
45. consequently, accordingly替换 so.
46. 通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……
47. 最常见的引述别人观点的词汇
Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is geically correlated with another character under direct selection.(不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。) Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and good genes selection—state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are geically correlated with male traits that are under
direct selection; that is, the preferences themselves are
not under direct selection.(在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state 比show更加中立些。)
Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable.(suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。)
Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color.(argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。)
According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of plex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song plexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females.(根据…)
Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to
group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group.(带有小小的强调)
48.常见的连接词有，However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further,
although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For exle, pared with, ot her results, thus, therefore……
用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。比如，叙述有时间顺
序的事或文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time。接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that，再接下来，可用Afterwards，CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……
二、常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the
fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation
of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the
basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely
possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy
service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts
in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the …. is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of … is given with special regard to …
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the
difficulties posed by the plexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the …
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy
possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific exle of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the
implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an exle.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the tw o kinds of inference experiments…
This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic
terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the puter implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three ponents will be described in the next two section, and an exle of xx analysis of a puter information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0 Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using
fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to bine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an exle is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this
xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out
by …
16. This paper includes an illustration of the …
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting exles of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The patibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic exle is included to illustrate the putational procedure
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of … is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite
intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in … methodology
in accordance with the advent of …
8. A major concern in … today is to continue to improve…
9. A xx is a lateer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in mercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be
outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, puter aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit …
7. The objectives of the … operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a … system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of … can be pleted
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate…
16. for the sake of concentrating on … research
issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for exle, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on
this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many plex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied … techniques to
37. Characterized the … system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called … which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A prehensive study of the… has been under taken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these field
45. Proposed/Presented/State
that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on …was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published
by []
52. []’s model requires consideration of…
53. []’ model draws a ttention to evolution in human development
54. []’s model focuses on…
55. Little research has been conducted in applying … to
56. The published information that is relevant to
this research…
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of … can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been pleted to established
61. The …studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems
such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad
activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. … is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to
obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ….
72. Some important issues in developing a … system
are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to
dete rmine the …
75. There have been many attempts to
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高考英语get it 65个写作常用句型
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英文论文常用词汇-自己总结
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英文论文写作常用的句型
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型
大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型 1、Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that... 2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。” Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to... 3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。” Currently, the issue of ...has been brought to public attention. 4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。” Along with the rapid growth of ……,……has become increasingly important in our daily life. 5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。” Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health. 文章结尾句型 1、“所以，不难得出结论...” Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... 2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论……” From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...
英语四六级作文常用词汇
1. 完全：absolute, uncon diti on al, un limited, complete, un restricted, unm ixed, perfect, en tire 2. 好: extraord in ary, amaz ing, miraculous, marvelous, stupe ndous, excelle nt, good, well, wonderful, fine, nice, of high quality, pleasing, surprising, agreeable 3. 小: small, diminutive, puny, little, pocket-sized, petit, minute, tiny 4. 多: big , enormous, large, gigantic, vast, tremendous, gargantuan, huge, immense, a lot of, lots of, many, much, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of, an amount of, a great many, a good many, man ya, scores of, doze ns of, a great qua ntity of 5. 高兴，快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased, pleasing, charmed, pleasant, cheerful, cheering, merry, happy, gratified, glad, gay, agreeable, friendly, content, satisfied, light-hearted, joyful 6. 真的：True, truthful, veracious, faithful, accurate, loyal, staunch, genuine, hon est, real, trustworthy, con sta nt. 7. 全，都：all, whole, entire, complete, perfect, total, the whole number of , un broke n , gross 常见的连接词 连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类： a. 表示开场to beg in with , in the first place , in gen eral , gen erally speak ing b. 表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to con clude , in con clusi on , fin ally c. 表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of …is …, d. 表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now that e. 表示结果as a result , as a consequenee , consequently f. 表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in com mon , in the same way g. 表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , however h. 表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin with i. 表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actually j. 表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but ,yet 写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结 1. 有关“启”的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句） at first 首先 at present 现在;当今 currently 现在;最近 first 首先；第一 first of all 首先 firstly 首先 2. 有关“承”的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）