英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄

I.Literature文学

i)English Literature英国文学

I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学

Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。

I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。

i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。

"Down off the moorlands' misting fells came

Grendel stalking;God's brand was on him.

大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。"

II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期

In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服

Middle English中世纪英语

III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期

The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争

Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。

英国诗歌之父（Father of English Poetry）；代表作坎特伯雷故事集（The Canterbury Tales）-作品中首次运用英雄双韵体（the heroic couplet）,奠定了英

语诗体（English prosody）形式。其他作品：1悼公爵夫人(The Book of the Duchess)2玫瑰传奇(The Romance of Rose)3特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德(Troilus and Criseyde)

IV）The 15th Century(1400-1550)

The War of the Roses玫瑰战争

II.The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期（于英起步较晚，约15世纪后期-17世纪中期）

I）The 15th Century(1400-1550)

II)The English Renaissance(1550-1642)Shakepeare莎士比亚

ii）American Literature美国文学

I. Literature of Colonial America殖民地时期的美国文学

18世纪40年代新英格兰地区出现了一次被称为“大觉醒”（the Great Awakening）的宗教运动,重新唤起人们对清教主义(puritanism)的信仰，乔纳森.爱德华兹(Jonathan Edwards,1703-1758)使这一运动的主要思想家。

I）Benjamin Fanklin 本杰明.富兰克林

Benjamin Fanklin(1706-1790) was a universal genius who did not realize that his Autobiography would eventually become a classic of its kind.

*Poor Richard's Almanac《穷人理查德年鉴or穷查理历书》

II)Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文

III)Philip Freneau 飞利浦.弗瑞诺

II.Literature Between the War of independence and the Civil War独立革命到南北战争时期

Background:新生的美利坚合众国政治独立，经济蓬勃发展，与此相应，美国文学进入了一个新的发展时期。

IV)Willian Cullen Bryant 威廉.柯伦.布赖恩特

V）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.艾伦.坡（1809-1849）

VI)Nathaniel Hawthorne纳桑尼尔.霍桑

VII）Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

VIII)Henry David Thoreau亨利.大卫.梭罗

IX）赫尔曼梅尔维尔

X）亨利华兹华斯朗费罗

XI）沃尔特惠特曼

XII）艾米莉狄金森

III.Literature Between the Civil War and World War I南北战争到第一次世界大战时期

XIII）萨缪尔朗荷恩克莱门斯（马克吐温）

XIV)Stephen Crane

XV)亨利詹姆斯

IV.Literature Between World War I and World War II第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战时期

XVI)Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞

XVII)Edwin Arlington Robinson

XVIII)Carl Sandbrug

XIX)辛克莱刘易斯

XX）Henry.L.Mencken

XXI)F.Scott Fltzgerald菲兹杰拉德

XXII）约翰斯坦贝克

XXIII）海明威

XXIV）威廉福克纳（1897-1962）1949年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。他的创作分为四个时期：A，1926-1929学艺阶段，《军饷》、《蚊群》、《沙多里斯》。

B,1929-1936顶峰时期，《喧哗与骚动》、《我弥留之际》、《八月之光》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》。

C，1936-1948成熟时期，《斯诺普斯》三部曲的第一部《村子》。

D，1948-1962暮年时期，《坟墓的闯入者》。

他绝大部分作品的地理背景位于虚构的密西西比河北部的约克纳帕塔法县，因此其作品又被称为《约克纳帕塔法世系》。其主要脉络是该县杰弗逊镇及其周围农村不同社会阶层的若干家族中几代人的故事，围绕家族之间错综复杂的关系以及命运的浮沉，展现了一幅复杂的美国南方社会图景。《喧哗与骚动》是福克纳最具代表性的一部作品，写的是一个世家的没落与家中各个成员的遭遇和精神状态。该书广泛运用了多角度的叙述手法、意识流、蒙太奇、并列对照、闪回、象征、神化模式等许多现代主义的手法。

XXV）罗伯特福斯特（1874-1963）

XXVII)威廉卡洛斯威廉斯&Langston休斯

XXVIII)Katherine Anne Porter安妮.波特

XXIX）Eugene O'Neill尤金.奥尼尔（1888-1953）

从殖民地时期直到20世纪初美国文学在戏剧方面一直没有突破。一战后小剧场运动的出现是美国戏剧成熟的重要标志。在这场戏剧革新运动中，最突出的剧社有邻里剧场、普罗温斯敦剧社和戏剧公会。他们在推动美国戏剧现代化的进程中起了极大的作用。一次真正的戏剧繁荣到来了。在这场运动中，欧洲戏剧流派的影响为美国戏剧开辟了新的艺术天地，如超现实主义、表现主义等。尤n金.奥尼尔是出现的众多新一代美国剧作家中的佼佼者。他是1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表剧作有：《天外边》、《琼斯皇帝》、《榆树下的欲望》、《长昼的安魂曲》/《长夜漫漫路迢迢》/《漫长白天进入黑夜的旅程》、《卖冰的人来了》等。《天外边》是奥尼尔的成名作，讲述了充满幻想的男主人公罗伯特理想破灭的故事。作品用简洁的语言引发了深刻的哲学思考，揭示了生活的真正悲剧性。《琼斯皇帝》是一出描写心灵扭曲的黑人的悲剧。同时，从表现手法上也是奥尼尔第一部有代表性的表现主义戏剧，比如用活生生的鬼魂

You've just told me some high spots in your memories. Want to hear mine? They're all connected with the sea. Here's one.

你刚才跟我讲了你记忆中最得意的事情，想听听我的吗?我得意的事情都和海有关。我就给你说一个吧。

It was a great mistake, my being born a man,I would have been much more successful as a sea gull or a fish.

我生而为人，真是个大错。要是做只海鸥或做条鱼，我一定会生活得更好。

As it is, I'll always be a stranger who never feels at home, who does not really want and is not really wanted, who can never belong, who must always be a little in love with death!

像现在这样，我将永远感到自己是个局外人，无处为家。我真的不需要别人，别人也不真正需要我。这样的人永远找不到归属，永远对死亡抱着一丝眷恋！

Full moon in the trades.信风中一轮满月当空。

I became chunk with the beauty and singing rhythm of it, and for a moment I lost myself——actually lost my life.

眼前的美景和帆船悦耳的节奏使我沉醉，一时间我迷失了自我————真像灵魂出窍一样。

I dissolved in the sea,became white sails and flying spray,became beauty and rhythm.

我消融在大海里，变成了白帆和飞溅的浪花，变成了美景和悦耳的节奏。

I belonged, without past or future, within peace and unity and a wild joy,within

something greater than my own life,or the life of Man,to life itself!To God,if you want to put it that way.

我不再牵挂过去和未来，只感到宁静与和谐，只感到一阵阵的狂喜。我似乎超越了自己渺小的生命，超越了人的生命而达到生命本身，也可以说达到了与神同在的境界。————尤金.奥尼尔《漫长白天进入黑夜的旅程》

V.Literature after World War II第二次世界大战以后

Exercises:

1.Which of the following is NOT true about The Canterbury Tales?

A.In this book,a comprehensive realistic picture of the Middle English society is presented for the first time in English literature.

B.It is influenced by Boccaccio's Decameron,but is more carefully structured.

C.It is a long epic.

D."The wife of Bath" parts,is one of its best,in whichh a bold,impertinent and independent wooman is impressively presented.

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一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have