英汉拟声词对比翻译论文文献综述
Onomatopoeia is an important way of word-formation and a kind of rhetorical device. It uses the sound to reflect the sense, that is, the pronunciation of one word is the echo to the sense- the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (as buzz, hiss) or the use of words whose sound suggests the sense. The creations of onomatopoeias are very simple and original. People just imitate the sounds of the animals or other things that can produce sounds. There are great numbers of onomatopoeias in each language. Onomatopoeias are important figures of speech that enrich the language. There exist the differences and similarities between English and Chinese onomatopoeias from aspects of phonetics, part of speech, syntactic function and semantics. The similarities mainly exist in partial similar phonetics, the diversities of part of speech and syntactic function, the transference of semantics and its usage. The differences mainly arise in phonetics, part of speech, semantics and syntactic function. So it’s necessary to pay attention to the same aspects and difference of onomatopoeias between Chinese and English and to make an in-depth research. At the same time, in the translation of onomatopoeia between Chinese and English, people have figured out many effective ways, however, they are very scattered. Many researches are made to explore the translation skills of onomatopoeia, which includes the transliteration and complement method.
Hu Zhuanglin, in his famous book Linguistics, points out that words that sounds like the sounds they describe are called onomatopoeias, such as 叮咚，轰隆in Chinese. But in English, totally different words are used to describe the sound. For example, the dog barks bowwow in English but wang wang wang in Chinese. But there are some misunderstandings about the onomatopoeic effect. As a matter of fact, arbitrary and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. For example, Widdowson cites a line from Keats’Ode to a nightingale to illustrate: the murmurrous haunt of flies on summer eves. If you read it about, you may feel the connection between the sounds and the meaning. But the effect does not really result from the whispering sounds themselves, for you will have to know the meaning of the words murmurous, summer, before setting up such a connection. To test this, just think of using the similar sounding word murderous to substitute murmurous, and no connection whatsoever will be established between the sounds and the little noises of the flying flies. “It is only when you know the meaning that you infer that the form is appropriate.” This also applies to many cases of the so-called onomatopoeic words. Bloomfieild defined some onomatopoeia as secondary onomatopoeia, which refers to certain sounds and sound- sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship. In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement (dither, dodder, quiver, slink, slither, slouch, squirm, wriggle), or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable (gloom, grumpy, mawkish, slimy,
sloppy, sloth, wry). Some of these onomatopoeic terms have certain elements in common; in Bloomfield’s words, there is “a system of initial and final root-forming morphemes, of vague signification”, with which the “intense, symbolic connotation”of such termsis associated. For example, the sounds /sn/ may express three types of experiences: “breath-noise”(sniff, snuff, snore, and snort), “quick separation or movement”(snip, snap, snatch), and “creeping”(snake, snail, sneak, snoop). Final group have similar functions: -are suggests “ big light or noise” as in blare, flare, glare, stare；-ump suggests “protuberance” as in bump, chump, clump, dump, hump, lump, mump” and “heavy fall” as in dump, crump, flump, plump, slump, thump. Another interesting feature of onomatopoeic patterns is that they often work by vowel alternation; by substituting one vowel for another one can express different noises.
Guo Zhuzhang, in his A Practical Course in Translation between English and Chinese, points out that there are a lot of skills to translate onomatopoeia, which includes three ways. (a). Literal translation. If there are onomatopoeias in the original article, we should use onomatopoeias in the target languages when we translate them. For examples: 1)Two heavy guns went off in the woods－Brump! Brump! 两门重炮在森林里开始发射了－轰隆！轰隆！(2)Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly“鸣-！鸣-！”警笛突然响了。3）Thump! A table was overturned!“哗啦！”桌子被推翻了。(b). Translating the o nomatopoeias of English to Chinese:”…的叫or …的声”. For examples: 1) we heard the machines whirr. 我们听到了机器声。2）.The cock in th yard crowed its first round. 院子里的雄鸡已经叫头遍了。3).He felt as if he must shout and sing, he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and innumerable wings. 他感到简直要大喊大唱，耳际仿佛传来无数翅膀的拍击声。 (c) Adding onomatopoeias into the target language in order to make it vivid. According to it, when we translate the English into Chinese, even there are no onomatopoeias; we can still add some proper onomatopoeia in the target language, which can make it more infectively. For examples: 1) The stone fell on his head.石头“吧嗒”落在他的头上。2）The child fell into the water.小孩“扑通”落到水里去了。3）.Then a dog began to howl somewhere in a farm house far down the road--a long, agonized wailing, as if from fear. 接着，路尽头一所农舍附近响起狗的汪汪声，那是一声长长的哀鸣，似乎是因恐惧而发出的惊恐之声。4）There is some sentences from Thoreau’s Walden :
I seldom opened my door in a winter evening without hearing it; Hoo hoo
hoo, hooner hoo, sounded sonorously, and the first three syllables accented somewhat like how dear do; or sometimes hoo hoo only.
冬季傍晚，我一打开门常常听到“唿——唿——唿，唿——唿”的鸟叫声，声音哼悦耳，前三个音节听起来有点象英语的“你好哇！”In all these examples, there are no onomatopoeias in the original languages. In order to enhance, however, the effectiveness of expression of the target language, we add these onomatopoeias such as: “吧嗒”, “扑通”, “汪汪”, “唿——唿——唿，唿——唿” into the target language respectively.
Based on their studies, this paper finds its own way. In this paper, it includes introduction, what are onomatopoeia and the characteristics of onomatopoeia, comparison on Chinese and English onomatopoeia, the translation of English and Chinese onomatopoeia.First, it talks about the definition of onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is an important way of word-formation and a kind of rhetorical device. It uses the sound to reflect the sense, that is, the pronunciation of one word is the echo to the sense. Then this paper analyzes the origin of onomatopoeia，aiming at revealing the differences and similarities between English and Chinese onomatopoeias from aspects of phonetics, part of speech, syntactic function and semantics. The similarities mainly exist in partial similar phonetics, the diversities of part of speech and syntactic function, the transference of semantics and its usage. The differences mainly arise in phonetics, part of speech, semantics and syntactic function. Finally, the article makes a study of the translation skills of onomatopoeia, which includes the transliteration and complement method.
Despite the research has already done and achievements are already made on the subject, many frontiers are still waiting to be explored. On the basis of the previous researches by forerunners and adopting new approaches, we are to make a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this subject. We don’t mean to suggest that other ways of the translation of onomatopoeia are wrong. In fact, one of the things that are so great about this exploring is that there are so many different ways of defining, comparing and translating onomatopoeias.
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《中国翻译》论文格式及文献格式 为规范本刊体例，与国际及国内学术期刊的出版惯例接轨，今后作者向本刊投稿请统一按照以下要求撰写。 1、本刊只受理电脑打印文稿。来稿希力求精炼，论文一般以5000-8000字为宜，长文应控制在12000字以内； 书评及人物介绍等应在5000字以内为宜。4000以上的论述性文稿请附中英文摘要、关键词和英文标题。 2、本刊实行专家匿名评审制度，编辑部对来稿初审后，以匿名方式转送专家审读，以决定取舍。如果需要，本 刊编辑有权酌情修改来稿。 3、请在文稿前专页附上有关作者信息的内容，包括： (1)中英文作者姓名、中英文工作单位/通讯地址、邮编、电话等。 (2)作者简介及电子信箱：主要包括姓名、性别（男性略）、单位、职称、学位以及研究方向，要求简洁，以不 超过50字为宜。如有电子信箱，请在简介后附电子信箱地址。 4、文稿构成依次为：论文中文标题、中文摘要、关键词；论文英文标题、英文摘要、关键词；论文正文；注释； 参考文献。中英文摘要以150-200字为宜，中英文关键词之间用分号隔开。 5、夹住：文内引文所据文献，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓）、出版年和引文页码。例如：（王 佐良，1982:138）或（Newmark,1988:26-33）。文献详尽信息另在“参看文献”项下列出。 6、参考文献：引据或参考文献按汉语拼音或英文字母顺序列出，中文文献在前，英文文献在后，并依次排上序 号[1]、[2]、[3]……与论文内容无直接关联或未公开发表的文章或著述一律不列。 各类参考文献著录标识为：专著[M]，论文集[C]，期刊文章[J]，从专著或编著中析出的论文[A]([C]//)，学位论文[D]，报纸文章[N]及其他标识不明文献[Z]。主要示例如下： a.专著 [序号]主要责任者. 文献题名(外文文献用斜体)[M]. 出版地：出版社，出版年. 起止页码(任选). 例：[1]刘国钧，陈绍业，王凤翥. 图书馆目录[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1957. 15-18. [2]Elliott, Emory. Eds. Columbia Literary History of the United State [M]. New Y ork：Columbia Univ. Press, 1988. b. 论文集、编著中的析出文献 [序号]析出文献主要责任者. 析出文献题名[A]. 原文献主要责任者(任选). 原文献题名(外文文献用斜体)[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码(任选). 例：[1]方梦之. 加强对比语言学的研究[A]. 杨自检，李瑞华. 英汉对比研究论文[C]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1990. 79-85. 【曹按】析出文献又可如下例： [1]方梦之. 加强对比语言学的研究[C]// 杨自检，李瑞华. 英汉对比研究论文. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1990. 79-85. [2]Carter, R...Is There A Literary Language? [A]. Steel & Threadgold. Language Topics Vol. 2. [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia：John Benjamins Publishing Company，1989. c. 期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者. 文献题名(外文文献用斜体)[J]. 刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码(任选). 例：[1]王东风. 论翻译过程中的文化介入[J]. 中国翻译，1998，(5)：6-9. [2] V igil, F. & J.Oller. Rules of fossilization: a tentative model [J]. Language Teaching，1976，(26)：281-295. d. 译著 [序号]原著者姓名. 原著名(斜体)[Z]. 译者姓名. 译著名. 译著出版地：出版社，出版年, 起止页码. 例：Faulkner, W. The Sound and the Fury [Z]. 李文俊. 喧哗与骚动. 上海：上海译文出版社，1984, 81-82. 7、注释：确需对论文中某一特定内容进一步解释或说明的，本刊采用尾注形式，尾注序号采用圆圈数字，置于 正文之后参考文献之前，并在正文相应位置加注上标①②③……。对标题、作者或全文的说明，也采用尾注形式，但用“﹡”号表示。 8、请勿一稿两投并请自留底稿。本刊恕不退稿，如三个月后未收到刊用通知，作者可自行处理。 9、本刊不受理寄至个人的稿件。 10、来稿刊登后版权归本刊所有，任何转载，须经本刊同意。
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https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f712329195.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
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英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
(完整版)汉英拟声词对照表
汉英拟声词对照表 走兽叫声 1、狮子（lion）: roar, howl; 2、老虎（tiger）: roar, howl; 3、豹子（panther）: howl 4、大象（elephant）: trumpet; 5、豺（jackal）: howl 6 、狼（wolf）: howl 7、狗（dog）: bark,yap,yelp,bay,howl,growl,snarl,whine 8、狐（fox）: bark,yelp 9、猫（cat）: mew,miaow,miau,meow,meou 10、鼠（mouse）: squeak,cheep,peep 11、猪（pig）: grunt, whick, aqueak 12、野猪（swine）: grunt 13、公猪（boar）: girn 14、熊（bear）: bruzz, growl 15、无尾猿（ape）: gibber,gueriet 16、猴（monkey）: screech, gibber, chatter, snutter, jabber, howl 17、骆驼（camel）: nuzz, grunt 18、鹿（deer）: call, bell, bellow 19、牛（cattle）: cow,bleat 20、公牛（bull）: bellow,low 21、母牛（cow）: low 22、小牛（calf）：bleat 23、水牛（buffalo）: boo 24、羊（sheep,goat）: baa, bleat 25、马（horse）: neigh,whinny,nicker 26、驴（ass,donkey）: bray, hee-haw 27、兔子（rabbit）: mumble 虫子怎么叫，^_^^_^。 虫子声音 1、青蛙（frog）: croak 2、蟾蜍（toad）: shriek 3、蛇（snake, serpent）: hiss 4、蜜蜂（bee）: buzz,hum,bumble,drone 5、黄蜂（wasp）: hum 6、蟋蟀（cricket）: chirp(chirup) 7、甲虫（beetle）: drone,boom 8、蚱蜢（grsshopper）: chirp 9、蚊子（mosquito）: hum,buzz,drone 10、苍蝇（fly）: hum,buzz,drone
英汉翻译学期论文
英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师： 学号： 姓名： 外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
英语拟声词大全
英语拟声词大全 ———————————————————————— 走兽怎么叫: 1、狮子（lion） roar, howl; 2、老虎（tiger） roar, howl; 3、豹子（panther） howl 4、大象（elephant） trumpet; 5、豺（jackal） howl 6 、狼（wolf） howl 7、狗（dog） bark,yap,yelp,bay,howl,growl,snarl,whine 8、狐（fox） bark, 9、猫（cat） mew,miaow,miau,meow, 10、鼠（mouse） squeak,cheep,peep " 11、猪（pig） grunt, whick, aqueak 12、野猪（swine） grunt 13、公猪（boar） girn 14、熊（bear） bruzz, growl 15、无尾猿（ape） gibber,gueriet 16、猴（monkey） screech, gibber, chatter, snutter, jabber, howl 17、骆驼（camel） nuzz, grunt 18、鹿（deer） call, bell, bellow 19、牛（cattle） cow,bleat 20、公牛（bull） bellow,low 21、母牛（cow） low 22、小牛（calf）： bleat 23、水牛（buffalo） boo 24、羊（sheep,goat） baa, bleat 25、马（horse） neigh,whinny,nicker
26、驴（ass,donkey） bray, hee-haw 27、兔子（rabbit） mumble 虫子怎么叫: 1、青蛙（frog） croak 2、蟾蜍（toad） shriek 3、蛇（snake, serpent） 4、蜜蜂（bee） buzz,hum,bumble,drone 5、黄蜂（wasp） hum 6、蟋蟀（cricket） chirp(chirup) 7、甲虫（beetle） drone,boom 8、蚱蜢（grsshopper） chirp 9、蚊子（mosquito） hum,buzz,drone 10、苍蝇（fly） hum,buzz,drone 飞禽怎么叫: 1、公鸡（cock） crow 2、母鸡（hen） cackle,cluck 3、小鸡（chicken） cheep 4、火鸡（turkey） gobble 5、鸭（duck） quack 6、鹅（goose） cackle,hiss,creak,gaggle 7、鸽子（dove,pigeon） coo,crood,croud,croodle, 8、鹌鹑（quail） curkle 9、鸠（stock-dove） murmur 10、斑鸠（turtle-dove） wail 11、天鹅（swan） chant,cry 12、乌鸦（crow,raven） caw,croak 13、白嘴鸦（rook） caw 14、鹧鸪（partrige） call
文学翻译论文
从形合与意合辩证法角度观古诗翻译策略 (潘静20084033042 英语师范三班) 摘要：形合( hypotaxis ) 和意合（parataxis）是英语和汉语篇章组织的常用手段，也是英汉两种语言的重要区别所在。本文提出应当运用哲学中的辩证法原理看待语言中的形合与意合，真正做到学术研究全面、客观、严谨以及科学。一方面，要重视句子及其以下层面的语言特点：英语侧重形合，汉语侧重意合；另一方面，更要研究英汉语的意合与形合在句子层面以上（段落、篇章）所具备的不同作用：英语篇章使用词汇手段等意合组织方式，而汉语篇章中则采用重复和骈偶等形合手段【1】。本文利用对《枫桥夜泊》这首古诗的英译研究分析，强调辩证地、动态地看待英汉语中的形意合问题，改进汉语古诗翻译策略，使译作体现并契合原诗作者的思想与内容，使译作读者明白并理解原诗的内涵与文化。 关键词：形合意合辩证法古诗翻译 Abstract: The very common means of English and Chinese discourse are hypotactic and paratactic, as well as the important differences. This paper argues that hypotaxis and parataxis in a language should be researched in a dialectic way. Only in this way, can academic research become more complete and objective. On the one hand, our attention should be paid to the characteristics of English and Chinese sentences and structures below the sentences leve l–English is more hypotactic while Chinese is more paratactic. On the other hand, it is very important and necessary to study the different functions of hypotactic and paratactic structures at the level of paragraphs in the two languages. Lexically paratactic structures are often found in English paragraphs, and hypotactic structures in the form of repetition and parallelism are frequently employed in Chinese. The author attaches the high importance to research languages in a dialectic way by the analysis of Mooring at night by Maple Bridge. So that we can find some strategies about the poem translation and make the successful exchange of two kinds of people with various background. Key words: hypotaxis, parataxis, dialectic way, poem translation 1.引文 形合与意合是英汉对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一，也是英汉语篇组织的重要手段之一。所谓形合就是依仗形式（包括词的变化形态，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（组织乃至语篇）的语言组织手段，具有外显性和刚性；而意合则是依仗意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段，具有内隐性和柔性。
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
中英文拟声词翻译对比
中英文拟声词翻译对比 王 秀，陈 倩 （兰州理工大学外国语学院，甘肃兰州 730050） 摘 要：本文就中英文两种语言的拟声词翻译做了对比，即英文拟声词的汉译以及汉语拟声词的英译。由于汉语里一般采用直接摹写声音的拟声词，而在英语里一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声的特点，融音与意为一体，引起音与音之间的联想。因此本文论述了拟声词在翻译时需要考虑的这些差异和两种语言互译时对拟声词的处理方法。 关键词：拟声词；翻译；对比 1. 引言 把人、动物或自然物所发出的声音如实地加以描摹，这种修辞方法称为拟声。汉英皆有，但是有着较大的区别。在汉语里一般采用直接摹写声音的拟声词，而在英语里，一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声的特点，融音与意为一体，引起音与音之间的联想。因此拟声词的翻译需要考虑这些差异，本文就英文拟声词的汉译与汉语拟声词的英译做简单论述。 2. 英文拟声词的汉译 2.1 英文中的拟声词可以直接翻译为汉语拟声词 e.g.(1) The sweet trilling of a murmuring stream and the melodious notes of nightingales formed altogether the most enchanting harmony. 悦耳的潺潺流水和夜莺的婉转娇啼，奏出令人神往的和谐曲调。 (2) All you can do is keep on clack-clack-clacking. 你老是叨叨叨，叨叨叨。 2.1.1 英语拟声词往往同感叹词一样，独立使用，不作为所在句中的任何句法成分。汉语拟声词有同样的情况，因此汉译时较为简便，把英语原文中作独立成分用的拟声词相应地译成汉语中作独立成分的拟声词即可。 e.g. (1) She drew one out. R-r-atch! How it sputtered and burned. (Hans Christian Anderson: The little match girl!) 她抽出一根火柴，哧！啪一下子燃着了。 (2) Thump! A table was overturned! “哗啦！”桌子推翻了。 (3) Two heavy guns went off in the woods—Bump! Bump! 两门重炮在森林里开始发射了——轰隆！轰隆！ 2.1.2 英文中的拟声词通常是动词、名词或者动词派生词（分词、不定式、动名词），而汉语的拟声词通常是动词或者名词的附加成分。因此，英文中拟声的动词、名词和动词派生词在汉语中常常被翻译成动 【作者简介】 王秀（1971－），女，硕士，兰州理工大学外国语学院讲师；研究方向：外国语言学与应用语言学。 陈倩（1977－），女，兰州理工大学外国语学院讲师；研究方向：外国语言学与应用语言学。 59