文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 同济大学博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学安排及考试规定

同济大学博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学安排及考试规定

同济大学博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学安排及考试规定
同济大学博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学安排及考试规定

同济大学博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学安排及考试规定

2009年9月修订

为提高博士研究生公共英语教学质量,使教学安排和教学评估合理化、科学化,经研究特制定本课程教学安排及考试规定,并于2010年春开始实施。

一、博士研究生第一外国语(英语)教学总述

博士研究生第一外国语(英语)(以下简称“博士生英语”)学习时间为一学期,教学组织安排采用课程选修与英语综合水平考试相结合的形式。为有效提高博士研究生的英语运用能力,特别是用英语从事学术研究的能力,博士生英语开设具有较高要求的各类应用型和研究型课程。课程分3个模块,共6门子课程。博士研究生第一外国语(英语)成绩由课程考试成绩和英语综合水平考试成绩组成,期末根据教学要求组织各选修课程及英语综合水平考试。选修课程考试与综合水平考试均通过者,获2学分。综合水平考试不通过者须补考。补考不通过按学籍管理相关规定办理;课程考试不通过者须补考,补考不通过须重修。

二、教学组织与安排

博士生英语采用课堂教学与网上辅导、课堂面授与个别指导相结合,学业能力考核与综合水平考试相结合的方式组织教学。博士研究生必须参加两门选修课程的学习和考核,课堂教学每周4学时,每门课程每周2学时。学生在学期期末通过综合水平考试和两门选修课程考试,方可取得学分。为达到教学所规定的目标,博士生英语课程亦充分利用网络的优势,开展网络教学和学习,作为课堂教学的补充。

博士生英语课程设置以下三个模块:

博士学习阶段学生不得复选在硕士学习期间已修过的课程。复选者一经查实,学习作无效处理。

三、免修免考规定

符合下列条件之一的博士研究生可免修免考博士生英语课程:

1、获全日制英语专业硕士学位;

2、在英语国家学习一年以上,并获硕士学位;

3、TOEFL 纸考成绩620分或网考105分、机考260分(3年内有效);

4、IELTS 成绩7.0分(3年内有效);

5、PETS 5级考试笔试80分,口试3分(3年内有效);

6、 同济大学博士研究生入学考试英语成绩排名前5%内。

符合上述条件之一的博士研究生, 由本人提出申请,经外国语学院公共英语教学部审核同意,研究生院培养处备案,方可免修免考全部英语课程和英语综合水平考试。被批准免修免考的研究生,英语成绩登录为“免修”,并获得相应学分。

1.写作模块

2.听说模块

3.阅读模块

四、课程选修规定

博士生英语两门课程的学习必须分别从三个不同模块(跨模块)中选择。原则上一个模块内只允许选修一门课程;在同一模块内选择两门课程者,其中有效成绩为一门,另一门课程学习作无效处理,并须补修其它模块的课程。

五、综合水平考试细则

1.综合水平考试时间:期末考试周内。

2. 综合水平考试成绩占英语最终成绩80%。

3.综合水平考试内容:综合水平考试为英语基础技能考试,包括听力、口语、阅读和写作四部分。(含网上教学内容)

4.综合水平考试计分方法:综合水平考试满分为100分,及格分为60分。

不及格者须参加下一学期期末同类考试, 补考不通过按学籍管理相关

规定办理。

六、选修课程考试细则

1.课程考试时间:期末教学周内进行。

2.选修课程考试成绩占英语最终成绩20%,每门课程分别占10%。

3.课程考试内容:所设课程的教学内容。

4.课程考试要求与计分方法:课程考试满分为10分,及格分为6分。不及格者须参加下一学期期末同类考试。补考不及格者须重修。

七、博士研究生英语的成绩核定办法

1.博士生英语考核包括综合水平考试和选修课程考试。

2.博士生英语成绩由综合水平考试成绩(80%)和两门选修课成绩(20%)组成。最终成绩为百分制的实际得分。

3. 凡综合水平考试成绩未及格者或选修课成绩未及格者,最终英语成绩为

不及格。

4.综合水平考试及选修课补考通过,成绩为60分。

表一博士研究生第一外国语(英语)课程考核及成绩核定

八、博士研究生英语补考、重修和缓考规定

博士研究生应在中期考核前完成英语课程学习,并取得相应学分。

1.补考规定:综合水平考试、选修课程未通过者,须补考。综合水平考试补考次数为二次,选修课程补考次数为一次。

2.补考时间:下一学期期末同类考试。

3.重修规定:博士生英语选修课程补考未及格者须重修,允许重修次数为一次。重修成绩及格者,英语总成绩登录成绩为60分。

4.缓考根据《同济大学博士研究生课程学习管理规定》执行。

九、本规定自2010级(春)开始执行。

十、本规定由研究生院与外国语学院公共英语教学部负责解释。

2009年9月7日

2018年博士生入学考试英语参考答案

1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect. A amount to B conform to C contribute to D attach to 2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug. A most poisonous B most likely C most famous D most desirable 3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak. A with the favor of B find good jobs for C assume the responsibility for D accept the challenge of 4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned. A collapsed B disappeared C perished D scattered 5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly. A for benefits B by luck C for ever D at hand. 6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students. A idea B change C matter D policy 7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated. A extended B terminated C speculated D restricted 8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off. A was released B proved satisfactory C failed completely D won awards 9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt. A gravitation B fascination C seriousness D incurability 10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age. A utilize B handle C master D dominate Section B : Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels. A show off B keep off C break off D call off 12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A vicious B vigorous C vertical D voluntary 13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate. A thrown B flung C cast D tossed(upward) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f71428185.html,petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other local districts. A significantly B favorably C dramatically D superficially 15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e. A take hold of B get rid of C let go of D make fun of 16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously. A episode B epidemic C equivalent D eruption 17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before. A willingly B appropriately C confidently D readily =easily 18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troops are withdrawn. A process B line C way D course 19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad. A insulation B irrigation C integration D isolation 20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide. A by and large B once for all =forever C heart and soul D on the whole Part II. Cloze Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor Mitch

2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land... When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.

同济大学英语报刊选读复习资料(题型+重点+缩略词+网络版重点)

期末考试题型: 1.Re-organizing sentences for a news report (10%) 2.Matching headlines to lead paragraphs (10%) 3.True or False questions about English journalism (cf. Appendix I below) (10%) 4.Reading Comprehension (3 passages with 15 multiple-choice questions) (30%) 5.Abbreviations in News reports (complete forms +Chinese translation) (10%) 6.News Headline Analysis (10%) (Analyzing the stylistic features of 3 news headlines) 7.News comment writing (20%) (about 200 words) 1.Definition of journalism, medium, news 报刊(p1)、媒介(p2)、新闻(p4)的定义 2.Functions of mass communication vs functions of newspaper 大众传播工具(p2)与报纸(p1)的功能 3.News value; public interest; principles of newsworthiness 新闻价值;公众兴趣;衡量新闻价值的原则(p4) 4.Classification of news 新闻的分类(p6) 5.Five basic elements of news 新闻的五个基本要素(p6) 6.Legal concerns; codes of ethics 法律关系;道德规范(p7) (General knowledge is enough. No need for word by word memorization.) (一般知识就够了。不需要的逐词记忆。) 7.Tabloid and broadsheet 小报和报纸(p21) (the distinctions between tabloid and broadsheet) (区分小报和大报) 8.Major newspapers in the UK and US 英国和美国的主流报纸(p13-34) 9.Major magazines in the UK and US 英国和美国的主流杂志(p13-34)同上 10.Lexical features in headlines:small words; abbreviations; etc. 在标题的词汇特点:小词;缩略语;等。(p37)

博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲(可编辑修改word版)

福州大学博士研究生入学考试 英语考试大纲 一、考查目标 本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能(本考试属水平考试,不 指定任何参考书)。具体要求如下: 1.词汇 要求考生掌握约 5000 个英语词汇和约 500 个常用词组。此外,还应掌握词汇间的词义关系,如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系,如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识,如词源、词根、词缀等。 2.语法 要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构,能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇,并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。 3.阅读 要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。要求能理解主旨大意,读懂细节,能理解上下文的逻辑关系,并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。 4.语篇完形处理 在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑 等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。 5.翻译 (1)英译汉 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语,能准确表达原文的意思,语句通顺,用词正确,无较大的语言错误。 (2)汉译英 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。要求译文忠实于原文,译文达意,符合英语表达习惯,无较大的语言错误。 6.写作 要求考生能根据命题或图表等在 30 分钟内写出一篇 200 字以上的短文,或根据所给文章(中文或英文)要求写出 200 字以上的英文摘要。写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。所写文章应切合主题,能正确表达思想,意义连贯,无较大的语言错误。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案

2018年考研英语(二)试题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested. Student’s willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced, this effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of finger nails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans. Much the same as the basic drives for_11_or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can _12_New Scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such_13_can backfire, the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however, in a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. ” Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity. Hsee says “in other words, don’t read online comments”. 1. [A]Protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore 2. [A]refuse [B] wait [C] regret [D] seek 3. [A]hurt [B] last [C]mislead [D] rise 4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose 5. [A]message [B] review [C] trial [D] concept

2013年 同济大学 考博英语翻译原文

同济大学2013年考博英语翻译 I am far from thinking, that all those, who have depreciated our species, have been enemies to virtue, and have exposed the frailties of their fellow creatures with any bad intention. On the contrary, I am sensible that a delicate sense of morals, especially when attended with a splenetic temper, is apt to give a man a disgust of the world, and to make him consider the common course of human affairs with too much indignation. I must, however, be of opinion, that the sentiments of those,who are inclined to think favourably of mankind, are more advantageous to virtue, than the contrary principles, which give us a mean opinion of our nature. When a man is prepossessed with a high notion of his rank and character in the creation, he will naturally endeavour to act up to it, and will scorn to do a base or vicious action, which might sink him below that figure which he makes in his own imagination. Accordingly we find, that all our polite and fashionable moralists insist upon this topic, and endeavour to represent vice as unworthy of man, as well as odious in itself. We find few disputes, that are not founded on some ambiguity in the expression; and I am persuaded, that the present dispute, concerning the dignity or meanness of human nature, is not more exempt from it than any other. It may, therefore, be worth while to consider, what is real, and what is only verbal, in this controversy.

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(附答案详解)

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before look ing into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from 2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price 4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare 8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to 9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle 10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters 11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic 12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight 13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over 14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted 15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside 16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered 17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked

2014年同济大学考博面试过程与技巧

2014年同济大学考博面试过程与技巧 2014考博面试经验及技巧 一些同学在初试复试前见过导师,或者已经很熟悉他了,于是以下的文字,送给那些不熟悉相关情况,而显得更无助的人。 大部分的同学,在初试和复试之间的时间,或者面试中,才会第一次见到导师,眼见着数个渊博或者半渊博的教授们一排坐在面前,就象面前立着一排大书柜,而且他们还会随便从这个书柜上的任意一本书上的任意一页来问你一个任意的问题。 有一点紧张,对不对? 没关系,我会尽力告诉一点点我所知道的,或许能帮助你些什么。 1:面试之前的时间。 在之前的1到2个星期,最好在下了复试线之后,就立刻和导师电话联系。 电话号码在各个院系办公室都可以查到。 先说清楚你的名字,告诉他你已经通过分数线了,现在很多情况都不是很明白,问了相关复试程序问题以后,就谈谈你对该专业的爱好程度,与关注程度,你看了些什么书,现在为了复试还该多看些什么等等。联系我们扣扣:四九三三七一六二六。电话:四零零六六八六九七八如果他语气很友善与平和,那么最后询问,是否能上门拜访,希望仔细了解相关情况,他答应了是最好的。 上门拜访的时候,适当的送一些小的礼品,导师给你讲课也很辛苦,何况是未来的导师,一点小小的礼品是应该的,不要很贵重的东西(如果你和他都没有不良企图的话),一些水果等就好了。 所做的这一切,都是为了加深导师对你的了解与印象。 在这个过程中,如果你在学术上,专业上很牛,那你就多谈专业方面的事情,如果,你不是特别牛,你最好象他表示你对该专业极大的热情与希望今后跟随于他的愿望,毕竟面试的人很多,他往往能印象深刻的不多,这样能非常深刻的加重他对你的了解。 2:注意 服装要简单朴素干净,要象个实在的学生样子。 一定要表现的稳重大方,千万要谨慎,对自己不了解的事情,不要胡夸乱吹,也不要随便贬低谁,或者负面的评价谁。千万不要夸夸其谈。 我父亲曾有一个很年轻的学生,刚刚当副教授,那一年第一次招研究生,该男生面试前上门拜访他,第一句话就是:**老师啊,你们系那些老教授怎么不招生,你怎么年轻却招啊。或许他不过想表示对该老师年轻有为的赞扬,可是那个老师认为这是对他的不削,认为他没有带研究生的能力。刚好那个男生有是专科,而且排名中间,于是复试就没通过,而收了一个笔试分比他低的人。 还有一个真实的例子,导师问他:你最近看了什么书啊。他说我看了***。 导师再问:相关内容的书你还看过谁写的呢? 我看了****,不过那本太差劲了,比不上我看的前一本,于是数落一通,以表示他对学术问题如何如何深刻的评价。谁知道,那本书正是该教授去世了的导师写的,而且是他审的稿。 于是~~~~~。总之就是第一印象不好了。 一定要作到谦虚,再谦虚,多谈对导师学术声明的仰慕与崇拜。之前最好多找些导师写的文章来看,可以去中国期刊网上搜索,一旦你对他的学术

同济大学英语语言学考研:基本功很重要

同济大学英语语言学考研:基本功很重要

凯程考研,中国最权威的考研辅导班 同济大学英语语言学考研:基本功很重 要 首先说一下楼主的基本情况,楼主毕业于很普通的二本院校,毕业后一年决定考同济的英语研究生,苦于网上对此的资料极少极少,所以楼主几乎是黑暗中摸索。一战由于政治差一分失败了,等调剂的时候也是非常提心吊胆,最后也可能是因为当时高分太多,楼主最终也没有被其他学校看中。所幸找了一份薪水还可以的工作,但是工作了一段时间还是想考研,完成自己的梦想。于是,楼主辞了工作,全身心二战。。 二战真的是很辛苦,一点点小事都可以影响你的心态,那些坚持不下去的夜晚都变得好清晰(相信各位都一样),还好最终熬过来了,也在复

凯程考研,中国最权威的考研辅导班 试中取得了不错的成绩。由于当时备考时关于同济语言学的资料很少,特此来说一下自己的复习经验,也愿意和各位研友一起交流、讨论。 初试的内容相信大家都知道,楼主也不多说了。关于同济初试,楼主参加了两次也算有点发言权,特别想说的是:基本功很重要。 一、综合英语 13年的综合英语不难,尤其阅读比较基础的,比较重逻辑性,学有余力的童鞋做做冲击吧的专八即可,不需要太多研究星火的专八阅读,感觉那个难了,有的也不对思路。翻译的两篇比较生活化,不太像专八有一些那么文学。至于作文,13的题目是和星火专八作文的一篇一模一样的,楼主当时没看过,好在不难,还蛮有思路的。14年明显感觉综合英语有变动,翻译从两

凯程考研,中国最权威的考研辅导班 篇变成了四篇,篇幅变短了。作文的题目乍一看就傻眼了,一点没思路,好在阅读没变,还是很基础。所以15年想考同济的童鞋,综合英语一定要注重作文的积累,开阔思路,还有托福作文那种比较校园的就不要准备了,感觉同济不是那思路。 推荐书:专八的都OK,官网推荐的那两本翻译书可以不细看。做一下专八的历年题目比较有帮助,不要做太难的题,但是作文要花下工夫的。 二、语言学 这个相信很多童鞋在本科阶段就已经有一定了解了。同济的语言学很注重胡爷爷的书,论坛里也有专门整理的笔记,大家可以去看看。楼主当时是自己整理的笔记和考题,花了蛮多功夫

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题_附答案

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题_附答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartia l. Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political —which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust. The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making

同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析 Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档