外文参考文献模板(最新)
本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译
原文：Applied research on IPC and PLC communication system based on Electronic Accelerator
译文：基于电子加速器的工控机与PLC通信系统应用研究
指导教师：王莹职称：讲师
学生姓名：张雨晴学号：0902120301
专业：电气工程及其自动化
院（系）：机电工程学院
2014年3月20日
Design promote frame parts machining process planning and process equipment
The content of this design can be divided into the machining process planning and machine special fixture design of two parts. First, by analyzing the B6065 planer drive frame, learn driving role in the B6065 planer processing. Use of mechanical manufacturing technology and some knowledge of the related courses, solve the driving frame in the processing of positioning, tightening and the arrangement of the process route and so on related issues, to determine the related process dimensions and choose the appropriate machine tools and cutting tools, guarantee the quality of parts. Secondly, based on the blank piece and the requirement of production platform and the processing scheme comparison, to develop a practical and feasible to promote processing technical process route. Finally, according to the requirements of the processed parts processing, machine tool fixture design reference manual and related books, by using the basic principle and method of fixture design, to draw up a plan of fixture design, design a high efficient, energy saving, economic and reasonable and can ensure the quality of machining fixture.
Mechanic process refers to change shape, size of blank by machining methods, the relative position and nature makes it a part of the whole process.
Machining process is the basic unit of process. Process and by the installation step, location, industry and feed
Products or parts manufacturing process and operation method of file, called process planning. The main purpose of the machining process planning are as follows:
1. The machining process planning is the main basis of production preparation work. According to it to organize the supply of raw material and blank, adjust machine tool, the design and manufacture of special process equipment, prepare production plan, the deployment of labor force, and the production cost accounting, etc.
2. The machining process planning and organizing production, on the basis of planning and scheduling. It can progress plan, to achieve high quality and low consumption.
3. The machining process planning is the basic technology of a new factory. According to it and production program, to determine the required amount and type of machine tool, the area of the factory, plane arrangement of the machine tool, the arrangement of each department.
Machining process card and machining process card, is a combination of the two main file. For the inspection process and inspection process CARDS; Automatic, semi-automatic machine to complete the process, and machine tool adjustment card.
Machining process card is to show how the process files of parts processing technology.
Machining process card is detailed for each working procedure, used to direct production directly, used for mass production parts and an important parts in batch production.
Making the machining process planning, must possess the following sources:
1. The product of a full set of technical documents, including a full set of drawings of products, product quality acceptance standards and production platform.
2. The blank drawing and blank manufacturing method. Technology personnel should study the blank drawing, understand the blank allowance, molding process, and parting surface of castings, the gate, the location of the riser, and the correct method of processing the clamping part and the parts.
3. The workshop production conditions. The understanding of the factory equipment, tools, jigs, performance, specifications and precision of the measuring condition; Production area; Workers technical level; Special equipment; Process equipment manufacturing performance, etc.
4. All kinds of technical data. Including the relevant manuals, standards, as well as the domestic and foreign advanced technology, etc.
According to data shows, the parts are the B6065 shaper drive frame, medium and small parts of can feed mechanism is the shaper, phi 32 mm hole used to install the workbench of feed screw shaft, a ratchet wheel near the phi 32 mm hole at the left, above the ratchet 16 mm hole to a pawl, namely the phi phi and 16 mm hole through the pin and rod connecting rod, the coming from the motor rotation by eccentric lever
to promote axis swing frame around the phi is 32 mm, plucked a ratchet wheel at the same time, drive screw rotation, realize automatic feed of the workbench.
The part drawing shows that the material for HT200, the material is gray cast iron has high strength, wear resistance, heat resistance and vibration resistance, suitable for wearing parts under high stress and requirements.
By the part drawing, 32, phi phi 16 centerline is the design of the main base and processing base. The main processing surface of the parts can be divided into two groups:
1. Phi 32 mm hole at the center of machining surface
This set of machining surface including: phi 32 mm of two end face and the hole and chamfering, phi 16 mm of two end face and hole and chamfering.
2. To phi 16 mm hole machining surface
This includes a set of processing surface, phi and 16 mm end face and chamfering and inner hole phi 10 mm, M8-6 h of internal thread, phi 6 mm hole and 120 ° chamfer 2 mm groove.
The two groups of processing surface has a certain position requirements, mainly:
1. 32 mm hole and the phi phi and 16 mm center line of the vertical degree of tolerance of 0.10;
2. 32 mm hole end face and phi phi 16 mm center distance of 12 mm.
Known from the analysis of the above, for the two groups of processing and surface processing first in the first group, and processing the second group. By reference in the surface and hole machining accuracy of machine tool can achieve the location precision of knowable, the above technical requirements can be reached, parts molding process is feasible.
According to parts material to determine the blank for gray cast iron, and query data by calculation, the blank weight about 0.72 kg. Type for medium and small batch production, can be used over a box of sand mold casting blank. Due to phi 32 mm hole needs to be forged, so you also need to put the core. In addition, to eliminate residual stress, casting should be arranged after artificial aging process.
About promoting process steps and machine tool fixture design method of concrete in this paper. Process design is in learning technology of mechanical manufacturing technology and machine tool fixture design, on the basis of production practice, the integrated use of learned knowledge of parts for the design of machining process planning and machine tool fixture design, in accordance with the requirements of parts processing, the feasible process route and reasonable fixture scheme, to ensure parts processing quality.
According to data shows, the push is shaper into small parts to the organization, its main role is to put the coming from the motor rotation by eccentric lever push around its axis swing, plucked a ratchet wheel at the same time, drive screw rotation, realize automatic feed of the workbench. When designing driving frame machining process by the look-up table method to determine the total allowance and allowance tolerance of each surface, reasonable selection of machine tool processing equipment and the corresponding processing cutting tool, feed, cutting speed, power, torque and so on to improve machining accuracy, ensure the quality of its processing.
Machinery manufacturing industry is the pillar industry of national economy, the modern manufacturing is changing people's mode of production, life style, management mode and social organization structure and culture. The development of production and products renewal speed up, the production efficiency and manufacturing quality put forward higher request, also put forward the requirement of machining process.
In actual production, the parts of the production condition such as type, shape, size and technical requirements, for a part, is not always alone on a machine tool with a kind of machining method can finish, but need to go through a certain process. Therefore, we should not only according to the requirements to the parts, choose the appropriate processing methods, to reasonably arrange processing order, step by step and make parts processing
The production process refers to the whole process of converting raw materials to finished products. It includes the transport, storage of raw materials in the preparation, the products of technology, production preparation, manufacturing, parts
machining and heat treatment, the assembly of parts and products, testing and debugging, paint packaging and product sales and after-sales service, etc.
设计“推动架“零件的机械加工工艺规程及工艺装备本设计的内容可分为机械加工工艺规程设计和机床专用夹具设计两大部分。首先，通过分析B6065刨床推动架，了解到推动架在B6065刨床加工中的作用。运用机械制造技术及相关课程的一些知识，解决推动架在加工中的定位、加紧以及工艺路线的安排等方面的相关问题，确定相关的工艺尺寸及选择合适的机床和刀具，保证零件的加工质量。其次，依据推动架毛坯件和生产纲领的要求及各加工方案的比较，制定出切实可行的推动架加工工艺规程路线。最后，根据被加工零件的加工要求，参考机床夹具设计手册及相关方面的书籍，运用夹具设计的基本原理和方法，拟定夹具设计的方案，设计出高效、省力、经济合理并且能保证加工质量的夹具。
机械工工艺过程是指用机械加工方法改变毛坯的形状、尺寸、相对位置和性质使其成为零件的全过程。
机械加工工艺过程的基本单元是工序。工序又由安装、工位、工步及走刀组成规定产品或零件制造过程和操作方法等工艺文件，称为工艺规程。机械加工工艺规程的主要作用如下：
1.机械加工工艺规程是生产准备工作的主要依据。根据它来组织原料和毛坯的供应，进行机床调整、专用工艺装备的设计与制造，编制生产作业计划，调配劳动力，以及进行生产成本核算等。
2.机械加工工艺规程也是组织生产、进行计划调度的依据。有了它就可以制定进度计划，实现优质高产和低消耗。
3.机械加工工艺规程是新建工厂的基本技术文件。根据它和生产纲领，才能确定所须机床的种类和数量，工厂的面积，机床的平面布置，各部门的安排。
机械加工工艺过程卡片和机械加工工序卡片，是两个主要的工艺文件。对于检验工序还有检验工序卡片；自动、半自动机床完成的工序，还有机床调整卡片。
机械加工工艺过程卡片是说明零件加工工艺过程的工艺文件。
机械加工工序卡片是每个工序详细制订时，用于直接指导生产，用于大批量生产的零件和成批生产中的重要零件。
制订机械加工工艺规程时，必须具备下列原始资料：
1.产品的全套技术文件，包括产品的全套图纸、产品的验收质量标准以及产品的生产纲领。
2.毛坯图及毛坯制造方法。工艺人员应研究毛坯图，了解毛坯余量，结构工
艺性，以及铸件分型面，浇口、冒口的位置，以及正确的确定零件的加工装夹部位及方法。
3.车间的生产条件。即了解工厂的设备、刀具、夹具、量具的性能、规格及精度状况；生产面积；工人的技术水平；专用设备；工艺装备的制造性能等。
4.各种技术资料。包括有关的手册、标准、以及国内外先进的工艺技术等。
据资料所示，可知该零件是B6065牛头刨床推动架，是牛头刨床进给机构的中小零件，φ32mm孔用来安装工作台进给丝杠轴，靠近φ32mm孔左端处一棘轮，在棘轮上方即φ16mm孔装一棘爪，φ16mm孔通过销与杠连接杆，把从电动机传来的旋转运动通过偏心轮杠杆使推动架绕φ32mm轴心线摆动，同时拨动棘轮，带动丝杠转动，实现工作台的自动进给。
由零件图可知，其材料为HT200，该材料为灰铸铁，具有较高强度，耐磨性，耐热性及减振性，适用于承受较大应力和要求耐磨零件。
由零件图可知，φ32、φ16的中心线是主要的设计基准和加工基准。该零件的主要加工面可分为两组：
1.φ32mm孔为中心的加工表面
这一组加工表面包括：φ32mm的两个端面及孔和倒角，φ16mm的两个端面及孔和倒角。
2.以φ16mm孔为加工表面
这一组加工表面包括，φ16mm的端面和倒角及内孔φ10mm、M8-6H的内螺纹，φ6mm的孔及120°倒角2mm的沟槽。
这两组的加工表面有着一定的位置要求，主要是：
1.φ32mm孔内与φ16mm中心线垂直度公差为0.10；
2.φ32mm孔端面与φ16mm中心线的距离为12mm。
由以上分析可知，对这两组加工表面而言，先加工第一组，再加工第二组。由参考文献中有关面和孔加工精度及机床所能达到的位置精度可知，上述技术要求是可以达到的，零件的结构工艺性也是可行的。
根据零件材料确定毛坯为灰铸铁，通过计算和查询资料可知，毛坯重量约为0.72kg。生产类型为中小批量，可采用一箱多件砂型铸造毛坯。由于φ32mm的孔需要铸造出来，故还需要安放型心。此外，为消除残余应力，铸造后应安排人工时效进行处理。
有关推动架工艺步骤的说明和机床夹具设计方法的具体阐述。工艺设计是在
学习机械制造技术工艺学及机床夹具设计后，在生产实习的基础上，综合运用所学相关知识对零件进行加工工艺规程的设计和机床夹具的设计，根据零件加工要求制定出可行的工艺路线和合理的夹具方案，以确保零件的加工质量。
据资料所示，推动架是牛头刨床进给机构中的小零件，其主要作用是把从电动机传来的旋转运动通过偏心轮杠杆使推动架绕其轴心线摆动，同时拨动棘轮，带动丝杠转动，实现工作台的自动进给。在设计推动架机械加工工艺过程时要通过查表法准确的确定各表面的总余量及余量公差，合理选择机床加工设备以及相应的加工刀具，进给量，切削速度、功率，扭矩等用来提高加工精度，保证其加工质量。
机械制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，现代制造业正在改变着人们的生产方式、生活方式、经营管理模式乃至社会的组织结构和文化。生产的发展和产品更新换代速度的加快，对生产效率和制造质量提出了越来越高的要求，也就对机械加工工艺等提出了要求。
在实际生产中，由于零件的生产类型、形状、尺寸和技术要求等条件不同，针对某一零件，往往不是单独在一种机床上用某一种加工方法就能完成的，而是需要经过一定的工艺过程。因此，我们不仅要根据零件具体要求，选择合适的加工方法，还要合理地安排加工顺序，一步一步地把零件加工出来
生产过程是指将原材料转变为成品的全过程。它包括原材料的运输、保管于准备，产品的技术、生产准备、毛坯的制造、零件的机械加工及热处理，部件及产品的装配、检验调试、油漆包装、以及产品的销售和售后服务等。
平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文参考文献标准格式
英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范 也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格，但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
中英文参考文献格式
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
环境设计城市与景观毕业设计外文翻译中英文
I. City and The Landscape (1) Overview of Landscape Design Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city. (2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage,
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规范。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：CharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutinthe irsourcesofinspirationforwriting(Taylor,1990). 2.作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirperso nalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting(1990). 3.如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如： Ina1990article,TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,noto nlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting. 4.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文着作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang,2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用内容在一页内，如： EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whet hersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988：11). （2）引用内容在多页上，如： Newmark(1988：39-40)notesthreecharacteristicallyexpressivetext-types:(a)seriousimaginativel iterature注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：APA的规范是(1988,。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：TaylorwritesthatEmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanre lationships,whethersexualorsocial”(1988：11).
外文参考文献下载
外文原文 Introduction to Java autor：Martin Ngobye. source：Computing Static Slice for Java Programs Java is designed to meet the challenges of application development in the context of heterogeneous, network-wide distributed environments. Paramount among these challenges is secure delivery of applications that consume the minimum of system resources, can run on any hardware and software platform, and can be extended dynamically. Java originated as part of a research project to develop advanced software for a wide variety of network devices and embedded systems. The goal was to develop a small, reliable, portable, distributed, real-time operating platform. When the project started, C++ was the language of choice. But over time the difficulties encountered with C++ grew to the point where the problems could best be addressed by creating an entirely new language platform. Design and architecture decisions drew from a variety of languages such as Eiffel, SmallTalk, Objective C, and Cedar/Mesa. The result is a language platform that has proven ideal for developing secure, distributed, network based end-user applications in environments ranging from network-embedded devices to the World-Wide Web and the desktop. The design requirements of Java are driven by the nature of the computing environments in which software must be deployed. The massive growth of the Internet and the World-Wide Web leads us to a completely new way of looking at development and distribution of software. To live in the world of electronic commerce and distribution, Java must enable the development of secure, high performance, and highly robust applications on multiple platforms in heterogeneous, distributed networks. Operating on multiple platforms in heterogeneous networks invalidates the traditional schemes of binary distribution, release, upgrade, patch, and so on. To survive in this jungle, Java must be architecture neutral, portable, and dynamically adaptable. The Java system that emerged to meet these needs is simple, so it can be easily programmed by most developers; familiar, so that current developers can easily learn
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建筑景观语言(英文翻译)
Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样 材料类： aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构
毕业设计英语参考文献
C++ [1] Gordon Hogenson. C++/Cli The Visual C++ Language For .Net [M]. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2007. [2] Motor Industry Software Reliability Association. MISRA-C: 2004: guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems.[M]. MIRA, 2008. [3] Jeff Cogswell, John Paul Mueller. C++ All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies [M]. Wiley publishing.Inc 2009. [4] Stephen R. Davis. C++ for Dummies [M]. wiley publishing.Inc 2008. [5] Harvey Dietel, Paul Deitel. C: How to Program [M]. Pearson Education,Inc 2010. [6] Bruce Eckel. Thinking in C++[M]. Prentice Hall, 2000. [7] Herbert Schildt. C++: a beginner's guide Beginner's Guides[M]. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. [8] Mark Lee. C++ Programming for the Absolute Beginner For the Absolute Beginner[M]. Course Technology, 2009. MIS参考文献 [9] Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon . Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm[M]. Publisher Prentice Hall, 2007. [10] Raymond McLeod, George P. Schell. Management information systems[M]. Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. [11] James A. O'Brien, George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems[M]. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008.
(整理)参考文献规范格式
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外文参考文献
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RFID basic principle What is the RFID RFID is the abbreviation for Radio Frequency Identification, called electronics label . What is the RFID technology RFID recognition is a non-contact automatic identification technology, rf signal through its automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, identify work without manual intervention, it can work in various environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags, the operation is fast and convenient. Accenture laboratory's chief scientist sir alex ferguson feels RFID is a breakthrough technology: "first, can identify a very specific objects, rather like the code that can identify class objects; second, the use of rf, can read data through external materials, and bar code must rely on laser to read information; third, can also read on to multiple objects, and bar code can only read one by one. In addition, store of information is also very big." What is the basic component of RFID The most basic RFID system consists of three parts: ·Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target; ·Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it can be designed for portable or fixed; ·Antenna:Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader. The basic principle of RFID technology is what The basic principle of RFID technology is not complex:Label into the field, Receive radio frequency signals from reader collision, with all the energy stored in a chip of the product information （passive tag, there is no source label or labels ）, Or actively to
企业文化外文参考文献
企业文化外文参考文献 Corporate Culture The concept of enterprise culture Enterprise culture is formed in the long-term of the venture and development process among the enterprise staf. They cultivate the common goal, the highest value standard, basic beliefs and behavior. It contains a very rich content, including business philosophy, value concept, the spirit of enterprise, enterprise morality, group consciousness, enterprise image, enterprise system. Its core is the spirit of the enterprise and values. The value of enterprise culture 1.Enterprise culture affects the enterprise’s life Culture is informal. But it exist everywhere and every time. In the developing of an enterprise, things informal is more important than that of formal, software is usually more important the hardware. This is not only the character of modern economy, but also the outcome of enterprise culture’s effect in long time. Enterprise culture is the spirit of the enterprise, is the power that drives the enterprise developing, and is the best way for the enterprise to get the growth of its economy. The development needs culture and the culture can support the development. In any case, there will be no long time development without culture’ support. 2.Enterprise culture builds the enterprise’s core competence
环境艺术设计外文翻译—城市景观设计中的生态规划
城市景观设计中的生态规划 Ecological planning in the urban landscape design 城市景观设计中的生态规划 Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design. key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、Humanization I. City and The Landscape (1) Overview of Landscape Design Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city. (2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city. Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is