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从奥巴马当选总统看美国选举文化

从奥巴马当选总统看美国选举文化
从奥巴马当选总统看美国选举文化

从奥巴马当选总统看美国选举文化

学号:0801010223

姓名:田智超

摘要:美国实行总统制,总统选举每四年举行一次。总统选举的程序与过程极为错综复杂,包括预选、党的全国代表大会、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。

关键词:奥巴马选举制度选举文化

2008年11月5日,四年一度的美国总统选举终于落下帷幕,巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马正式当选为美国第56届总统。奥巴马作为美国历史上第一位非洲裔的黑人总统,他的竞选历程更能够全方位地展现出美国选举文化诸方面的特点,其深刻的内涵以及对美国乃至全世界所产生的重大影响,值得我们对此进行深入的研究。

美国选举文化的历史起源

18世纪中叶,北美的13个英国殖民地逐渐形成,他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会。这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异,造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。18世纪中叶,英国在美洲的殖民地与英国之间,已有了裂痕,殖民地萌生了独立的念头。

1773年,波士顿倾茶事件成为了美国独立运动的开始。1774年,来自12个州的代表聚集在费城,召开了第一次大陆会议,希望能寻出一条合理的途径,与英国和平解决问题。然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英王,并接受处分。1775年,独立战争的战火在马萨诸塞州莱克星顿点燃。1776年5月,在费城召开第二次大陆会议发表了著名的《独立宣言》。1787年,在费城举行联邦会议,会中华盛顿被推为主席。在独立战争结束之际,军官们曾“劝进”华盛顿,拥戴他“王袍加身”。华盛顿拒绝并加申斥,他的举动,使美国避过了君主制和军国制。1789年,华盛顿当选为第一任美国总统。

由此可见,美国民主选举文化的历史起源是与其独特的历史背景和地理条件息息相关的。在脱离英国统治的独立斗争中,美国人逐渐形成了“不自由,毋宁死”的民主文化观念。华盛顿拒绝君主专制,除他本人高风亮节外,也是民主选举文化的发展使然:18世纪后期的北美,君主专制在广大民众中已不得人心。

美国选举文化的发展

美国发展的历史背景、公民成份的组成和政治体制的特殊性,使得美国民主选举文化的发展十分复杂和曲折。美国诞生于与英国决裂的过程中,国家机制的创建和公民群体的创建

同时进行,民主选举文化的建立不仅深受英国文化的影响,而且与公民资格本身的界定也有密切的关系。虽然美国宣示的立国原则是自由与平等,但其民主选举权力从一开始就带有鲜明的排斥性。

美国民主选举文化的再一次重要转变开始于二十世纪二十年代。1920年,第19条宪法修正案使妇女获得了选举权。1965年,联邦政府又积极干预,通过新的宪法修正案和选举权法,帮助南部黑人重新获得了选举权。

可见,美国的民主选举文化是在曲折中不断发展的。民主选举权力的扩大,使得美国民主选举文化更加具有包容性。在本次美国总统选举中,奥巴马成为了美国第一位黑人总统,更是体现了美国民主选举文化的不断进步。

美国选举文化与选举制度的关系

美国的总统选举制度是西方所有民主政体中,耗时最长、最为独特的一个选举制度。美国的总统大选一般分三个阶段,第一个阶段是从大选年的每年2月开始初选,然后在初选之后,要经历美国两个主要政党,民主和共和两个政党的全国代表大会对党内的候选人进行正式提名,然后在全国代表大会结束之后,才开始有两党的主要候选人,进行正式的全国大选,所以整个美国大选年的总统大选耗时10个月,远远长于德国、法国、意大利、英国等西方国家。这些国家的平均政府首脑的大选的时间大概是在四到六个星期左右,而美国却要十个月。在今年的美国总统选举中,奥巴马就曾经到美国各地进行了长时间的巡回演说。

尽管有部分美国民众抱怨现有的总统选举制度耗时太长,过于繁琐,要求将总统选举方式加以改进、缩短,但大部分美国人对民主自由受到损害的担忧远甚于对大选耗时过长的担忧,因为在他们看来,在考虑清楚后做出正确的选择,维护好自己的民主自由权利才是最重要的。美国总统选举的较长耗时,是美国选举文化的一个独特体现。

美国选举文化与奥巴马身份的特殊性的关系

奥巴马当选成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统,是美国选举史上一个历史性的时刻。

黑人在美国社会上曾长期受到不公正待遇,1861年至1865年南北战争之后黑奴虽然获得解放,但美国黑人在政治、经济、教育、就业、居住等方面仍然受到诸多的歧视与限制,无法做到与白人真正的平等,仍处于社会的底层。奥巴马的当选,打破美国200多年历史中一直存在的严重的种族偏见,反映美国民众的思想正在发生深刻变化。这个新局面势将对美国国内政治生活产生深远影响。奥巴马获胜反映了美国选举文化的进步,标志着一个新时代的开始。

结语

我认为,导致美国人选举出首位黑人担任美国下届总统,是种族意识在起作用,不过这个种族意识不再是种族歧视,而是美国全民族的种族融合意识。

持这种观点的人认为,大多数美国白人和黑人都认为,是时候显示美国真正进步到种族平等时代了。奥巴马不仅赢得了绝大多数有色人种的选票,也赢得了原本是共和党天下的中部保守白人选票,这表明相当数量的白人选民接受了美国种族融合的共同价值观。奥巴马的当选,对美国选举文化的发展有着重大意义。

参考文献:科学文化教育网

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Thank you so much. 非常感谢。 Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward. 今晚,曾经的殖民国在赢得主权200多年后, It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people. 历史因为你们而走到了这里,因为你们坚信我们的国家能克服战争与萧条,能摆脱绝望深渊走向希望的峰顶,坚信我们每个人都能追求自己的梦,我们生活在共同的美国大家庭,同舟共济。 Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come. 今晚,在选举中,你们,美国人民,告诉了我们,虽然路漫漫其修远,但我们能挺直腰杆、峰回路转,我们都心中有数,美利坚合众国最美好的未来还未到来。 I want to thank every American who participated in this election, whether you voted for the very first time or waited in line for a very long time. By the way, we have to fix that. Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone, whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you made your voice heard and you made a difference. 我要感谢每一位参与选举的国人,无论你是第一时间就投上了票,还是排长队才投上了票。顺便说一声,这个问题我们要解决。无论你是去走去投票站投票,还是电话投票;无论你是给奥巴马投票,还是为罗姆尼投票,你们的声音我们听到了,有着非凡意义。

2013年奥巴马就任总统演讲2013.1.21(中英文版)

视频参考 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fd6038206.html,/p/news/w/v/2013-01-22/052261982905.html Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable r ights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a Republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed. For more than two hundred years, we have. Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free. We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together. Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers。 Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play. Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and misfortune. Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’s ills can be cured through government alone. Our celebration of initiative and enterprise; our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character.

美国总统奥巴马的演讲稿集(中英文对照)

美国总统奥巴马的演讲稿集(中英文对照) 奥巴马连任胜选的中英文演讲词 奥巴马连任胜选的中英文演讲词 Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much. 谢谢,非常感谢各位。 Tonight more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward. It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the sof hope. The belief that while each of us will pursue our own indivual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people. 今晚,是在一个曾经的殖民地在赢得自己主权200多年之后,我们来到这里,不断前行,这主要是因为你们坚信这个国家能够实现永恒的希望,实现移民的梦想。每一个人都可以独立的争取自己的未来,我们将会作为一个国家共同起落。 Tonight in this election, you, the American people, remind us while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that the united states of America the best is yet to come. 今晚,在选举的过程当中,你们——美国的人民,让我们记得我们的道路是非常艰辛的,我们的道路是漫长的,我们重新站了起来,我们也从内心知道,美国还没有迎来最好的时代。 [cheering] I want to thank every American who participated in this election [CHEERING] Whether you voted for the very first time or waiting in line for a very long time. By the way, we need to fix that. Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone. Whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you mad your voice heard. And you made a difference. I just got off the phone with Governor Romney and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. 我想要感谢每一个参与选举的美国人。无论你们是第一次投票,还是(排队)等了很长的时间才投上一票——顺便说一下我会解决这个问题。无论你是自己上门投的票,还是打投的票;无论你是投给奥巴马的人,还是投给罗姆尼的人,你都是为我们国家带来变的力量。我刚刚同罗姆尼通过,我祝贺他们这次竞选所取得的成绩。 [CHEERING] We may have fought fiercely, but it’s only because we love this country deeply. And we care so stronly about its future.

精选-奥巴马竞选总统演讲稿-word范文

奥巴马竞选总统演讲稿 【第1篇】奥巴马竞选总统演讲稿 Hello, Chicago! 芝加哥,你好! If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 如果有人怀疑美国是个一切皆有可能的地方,怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们这个时代依然燃烧,怀疑我们民主的力量,那么今晚这些疑问都有了答案。 It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. 学校和教堂门外的长龙便是答案。排队的人数之多,在美国历史上前所未有。为了投票,他们排队长达三、四个小时。许多人一生中第一次投票,因为他们认为这一次大选结果必须不同以往,而他们手中的一票可能决定胜负。

奥巴马所有竞选演讲及相关视频下载

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3 forging a new future for American 4 south carolina victory speech 5 amrican stories(美国公民讲述自己的故事来支持推选奥巴马) 6 Democratic National Convention 2004 Keynote(2004.7.27,查看中英文对照文稿) 7 Biden VP announcement 8 Orlando, Fla VFW Address 9 Yes We Can, Nashua NH 10 Boston Students(波士顿大学学生和奥巴马电话交谈,会见奥巴马,还有他们对大选的一些看法) 11 Bronx Students(一所中学的学生谈论大选,并各自发表自己的演讲yes we/I can) ......... 更多奥巴马竞选相关视频下载

奥巴马总统9月8日开学演讲(中英文对照)

奥巴马总统9月8日开学演讲(中英对照) 早晨偶然在报纸上看到了9月8日美国开学日的时候,奥巴马总统给全国从幼儿园到高中生做的一个开学演讲,非常感动.想把这个东西与大家分享一下,于是上网找到了中英文全文两个版本.我对照了一下,翻译得基本上做到了信、达、雅。奥巴马总统讲演的风格很口语化,讲道理深入浅出,很有感染力. 论坛里的朋友相信有很多都是已经为人父母了,我的孩子上周也进入小学一年级,踏上了漫长的求学之路.如何教育孩子,激励孩子,可能是每个家长最头痛的问题.我建议你亲自给你的孩子读一下这篇讲演,跟他(她)讨论一下,让孩子理解一下他(她)身上所承担的对自己,对国家的责任. 发这个贴之前,踌躇再三,毕竟讲教育的主题跟股市的主旨有些不合,但我觉得从投资角度而言,教育上面花费的时间、精力,金钱的投资,不管是投向自己,还是孩子,都是我们一生中所能做出的最好的,永远都不会后悔的投资选择之一.毕竟,一个更好的未来,一个更强大的国家,一个更美,更和谐的世界愿景都要依靠我们的孩子们去实现. 弗吉尼亚州,阿林顿市,2009年9月8日 嗨,大家好!你们今天过得怎么样?我现在和弗吉尼亚州阿林顿郡韦克菲尔德高中的学生们在一起,全国各地也有从幼儿园到高三的众多学生们通过电视关注这里,我很高兴你们能共同分享这一时刻。 我知道,对你们中的许多人来说,今天是开学的第一天,你们中的有一些刚刚进入幼儿园或升上初高中,对你们来说,这是在新学校的第一天,因此,假如你们感到有些紧张,那也是很正常的。我想也会有许多毕业班的学生们正自信满满地准备最后一年的冲刺。不过,我想无论你有多大、在读哪个年级,许多人都打心底里希望现在还在放暑假,以及今天不用那么早起床。 我可以理解这份心情。小时候,我们家在印度尼西亚住过几年,而我妈妈没钱送我去其他美国孩子们上学的地方去读书,因此她决定自己给我上课——时间是每周一到周五的凌晨4点半。 显然,我不怎么喜欢那么早就爬起来,很多时候,我就这么在厨房的桌子前睡着了。每当我埋怨的时候,我妈总会用同一副表情看着我说:“小鬼,你以为教你我就很轻松?” 所以,我可以理解你们中的许多人对于开学还需要时间来调整和适应,但今天我站在这里,是为了和你们谈一些重要的事情。我要和你们谈一谈你们每个人的教育,以及在新的学年里,你们应当做些什么。 我做过许多关于教育的讲话,也常常用到“责任”这个词。 我谈到过教师们有责任激励和启迪你们,督促你们学习。 我谈到过家长们有责任看管你们认真学习、完成作业,不要成天只会看电视或打游戏机。 我也很多次谈到过政府有责任设定高标准严要求、协助老师和校长们的工作,改变在有些学校里学生得不到应有的学习机会的现状。

美国总统奥巴马第一次就职演说

My fellow citizens: 我的同胞们: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 今天我站在这里,看到眼前面临的重大任务,深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任,也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献,以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。 Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. 迄今为止,已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣,但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中,支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见,也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰,以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。 So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. 前辈们如此,我们这一代美国人也要如此。 That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. 现在我们都深知,我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗,对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨;国家的经济也受到严重的削弱,原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任,但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误,同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人

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