路桥工程专业英语第六课

第六课：Bridge Introduction桥梁概论

Text: Bridges

Read Material: Bridge Design Concept

Text

Bridges

A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a vally, road, railway, canal, river, without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, cannal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrains.

The branch of civil engineering which deals with the design, planning construction and maintenance of bridge is known as bridge engineering.

1 Components of a bridge

Figure 14-1a) shows the elevation while Fig. 14-1b) presents the plan of a bridge.Broadly, a bridge can be divided into two major parts: superstructure and substructure. The superstructure of a bridge is analogous to a single storey building roof and substructure to that of the walls, columns and foundations supporting it.

Superstructure consists of structural menbers carrying a communication route. Thus hanrails, guardstones and flooring supported by any structural system, such as beams, girders, arches and cables, above the level of bearings form the superstructure.

Substructure is a supporting system for the superstructure. It consists of piers, abutments, wingwalls and foundations for the piers and abutments.

The other main parts of a bridge structure are the approaches, bearings and river training works, such as the aprons, and the rivetment for slopes at abutments, etc. Some of the important components of a bridge are explained in this section.

Piers: These are provided in between the two extreme supports of the bridge (abutments) and in the bed of the river to reduce the span and share the total load coming over the bridge. Piers are provided with foundation which is taken below the bed of the river where hard soil is available.

Abutments: The end supports of a bridge superstructure are called abutments. It may be of brick masonry, stone masonry, R.C. or precast concrete block. It serves both as a pier and as a retaining wall. The height of a abutment is equal to that of the piers. The functions of an abutment

are the following:

(1) To transmit the load from the bridge superstructure to the foundations.

(2) To give final formation level to the bridge superstructure.

(3) To retain earth work of embankment of the approaches.

Wing walls: The walls constructed at both end of the abutments to retain the earthfilling of bridge approaches are called wing walls. Normally, the wing walls have steadily decreasing cross section. The design of wing walls is independent. Generally, water face of these walls is kept vertical.

Foundations: The lowest artificially built parts of piers, abutments etc. which are in direct contactwith the subsoil supporting the structure are called foundations.

The factors which affect the selection of foundation include the type of soil, the nature of soil, the type of the bridge, the velocity of water and the superimposed load on the bridge.

Well foundation is the most commonly adopted foundation in India. The foundation may consist of a single large diameter well or a group of smaller wells of circular or other shapes.

Approaches: These are the lengths of communication route at both ends of the bridge. Approaches may be in embankment or in cutting depending upon the design of the bridge. It is recommended (as per Indian Road Congress) that the approaches must be straight for a minimum length of 16 m on either side of the bridge. Its function is to carry the communication route up to the floor level of the bridge.

Hand Rails and Guard Stones: Hand rails are provided on both sides of a bridge to prevent any vehicle from falling into the stream. Footpaths are also provided for pedestrians to walk along without interfering with the heavy vehicular traffic.

In order to prevent a vehicle from stricking the parapet wall or the hand rails, guard stones painted white are provided along the edge of the footpaths at the ends of the road surface. Guard stones are also provided along both sides of the approach roads in filling to prevent the vehicles from toppling over the sides of the embankments.

Bearings for the Girders: The longitudinal girders have to rest over the piers which bears the thrust of the load coming over them. In order that the girder ends should rest on proper seats, the same are provided with bearing blocks made of cement concrete, so that the load may be uniformly distributed over the structure on which they rest. Due to the expansion and contraction of the longitudinal girders during severe heat and cold, rollers are provided on the abutment ends to allow the movements without causing the girder to buckle.

2 Types of bridges

2.1 Arch bridge

Arch bridge are often used because of their pleasing appearance. These are more graceful and suited for deep gorges with rocky abutments. Arch bridges can be economically adopted up to a span of 250 m. In this type of bridge, the roadway is constructed on an arch which rests on piers and abutments. An example of an arch bridge is the rainbow bridge across Niagara river over a span of 290m.

The advantages of an arch bridge are: There will be no bending anywhere in the arch, vibrations due to impact forces are minimum, and pleasing appearance.

2.2 Slab bridge

This is the simplest type of R.C. bridge and easiest to construct. Slab bridges are generally found to be economical for span up to 9 m. The thickness of slab is quite considerable but uniform, thereby requiring simple shuttering. Though the amount of concrete and steel required are more, the construction is much simpler and placement of material is easy.

2.3 T-beam and slab bridge

This consists of T-beams supported over piers and abutments. The deck slab is supported over the T-beams. This type of bridge is suitable for span between 9-20 m. T-beam bridge is cheaper and requires less quantity of materials. For example, the longest R.C. T-beam bridge in India is the Advai Bridge in Goa with a pier spacing of 35 m.

2.4 Bow string girder bridge

Bow string girder bridges are economical when sufficient head room is needed under a bridge. The main components here are resembling the bow and a tie beam resembling the string of the bow. As the major portion of the load will be borne by the beam, the thrust on the abutments from the arch will be limited. Hence, the abutments need not be too heavy. The roadway is actually suspended from the arch rib by means of vertical suspenders as presented in Fig. 14-2. These bridges can be adopted for spans of 30-45 m.

2.5 Suspension bridge

Superstructure of a suspension bridge consists of two sets of cables over the towers,carrying the bridge floor by means of suspenders as shown in Fig. 14-3. This bridge is best suited for light traffic for large spans exceeding 600 m . These bridges are flexible and hence the vertical oscillations will be more than the other bridges. The entire load will be borne by the cables which

are anchored to the ground.

2.6 The cable-stayed bridge

Cable-stayed bridges are constructed along a structural system which comprises an orthotropic deck and continuousgirders which are supported by stays, i.e. inclined cables passing over or attached to towers located at the main piers. Modern cable-stayed bridges present a three-dimensional system consisting of stiffening girders, transverse and longitudinal bracing , orthotropic-type deck and supporting parts such as towers in compression and inclined cables in tension, The important characteristics of such a three-dimensional structure is the full participation of the transverse construction in the work of the main longitudinal structure. This means a considerable increase in the moment of inertia of the construction which permits a reduction in the depth of the girders and economy in steel.

2.7 Steel bridges

Steel bridges are commonly used for supporting highways, water, oil or gas pipes, a railway track, etc. They can be classified as follows:

2.7.1 Steel Truss bridges

Steel truss bridges are provided for long railway bridges, as they are less affected by wind pressure. It is easy to erect steel truss bridges since its component members are relatively light in weight. The primary forces in its members are axial forces. Steel truss bridges which are commonly used are the following.

2.7.2 Steel Rigid Frame Bridge

These type of bridges, carry the roadway at the top of the portal frames. No bearing and fixtures are required in such bridges. These bridges have more clearance below them and heavy abutments are not required.

2.7.3 Plate Girder Bridges

A plate girder bridge is used to carry heavier loads over longer spans. Hence, they are mainly used for railway bridges. These are used for spans up to 20 m. In order to increase the lateral stability, box girder which consists of four plates connected by angles are used.

2.7.4 Steel Arch Bridges

Steel arch bridges are constructed where it is not possible to construct intermediate pier. It can be used for a very long span , i.e. up to 150 m . Steel arches may either be of the spandrel

braced or trussed arch type as shown in Fig. 14-4.

2.7.5 Steel Bow String Girder Bridges

In steel bow string girder bridges, in order to bear horizontal thrust, a steel tie is provided which joins the two ends of an arch. In these bridges, suspenders are provided from the arch-ribs to carry the roadway.

Words and Expressions

passage：通道；Obstacle：障碍；

Closing：封闭；Beneath：在……之下；

Pipeline：管线；cycle track：自行车道；

Pedestrain：徒步的，行人；Elevation：高程、海拔，正视图；Superstructure：上部结构；Substructure：下部结构；

Analogous：类似的；be analogous to 类似；

Storey：层；Foundation：基础；

Thus：如此、像这样、如下，于是；Hanrail：护栏；

Guardstone：护石；Beam：梁；

Girder（大）梁；Arch：拱；

Cable：缆索；Bearing：支座；

Pier：桥墩；Abutment：桥台、拱座；

Wingwall：翼墙；Approach：引道、引桥；

Apron：围裙；rivetment：锚固、铆钉；

Support：支承；provide with：提供、装备、供给；Masonry：砌体；Precast：预制的、预浇筑的；

retaining wall：护壁、挡墙；Transmit：传递；

Formation：构成、队形；earth work：土压力；

Artificially：人工地、人造地；Contact：接触；

Subsoil：底土、天然地基；Velocity：速度；

Superimpose：把…放在另一物上面，加上；Well：井；

up to：直到；Footpath：人行道；

Interfere：干涉、妨碍；Vehicular：车辆的、车载的；

Parapet：护墙、女儿墙；topple over：倒塌、倒下；

Longitudinal：纵向的；thrust：插、刺、戳，推力；

the same：相同的、同样的；Uniformly：一致的、一样的；Contraction：收缩、缩短；severe：严肃的、剧烈的；

Roller：滚筒、辊子；Buckle：弯曲；

Arch bridge：拱桥；Gorge：峡谷；

Bend：弯曲；Vibration：振动、颤动、摆动；

Slab bridge：板桥；Considerable：值得注意的、相当大的；Shuttering：模板；T-beam：T梁；

deck：甲板、桥面；Quantity：量、数额；

Bow：弓、虹；Bow string girder ：系杆拱桥；resemble：像、类似；tie beam：系梁；

String：线，一串，弦；Borne：bear的过去分词，出身于，天生的；Rib：肋骨、拱肋；Suspenders：吊杆；

by means of：依靠；Suspension：悬吊、悬浮；

Oscillation：振动、振幅；Anchor：锚固、抛锚，桩；

Cable-stayed bridges：斜拉桥；comprise：包含、由…组成；Orthotropic：正交的，Stay：支柱、支撑物；

Stiffen：硬化、加强；Transverse：横向，横切的；

Bracing：使拉紧的、支柱；Orthotropic：支架桥面合一的；compression ：压力；Tension：拉力；

Participation：关系、参与、合作、分享；Moment：矩；

inertia：惯性、惯量；moment of inertia：惯性矩；

Reduction：减少；classify：分类；

truss：桁架；Erect：架设；

Rigid：坚硬的、刚性的；Frame：构架；

Rigid Frame Bridge：刚架桥；portal ：入口、门；

portal frame：门架；Clearance：净空；

Plate：板、用板加固，镀；lateral：侧向的；

Angle：角；Intermediate：中间的、居间的；

spandrel ：拱肩、拱上建筑；Brace：支撑、张、拉紧；

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Specialized English for The Measurement and S i li d E li h f Th M t d Control Technology and Instrumentation 测控技术与仪器专业英语 授课教师：郝勇 邮箱：haonm@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe13548870.html,

Introduction引言

1.1 什么是专业英语 普通英语（Common English, Ordinary English ）?????科技英语（English for Science and Technology ） ??（English for Special Science and Technology ） 专业英语E g f p gy 1. 专业英语与普通英语 (1). 专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。 pl nt bus rr r p rf rm nc h rs p r micr chip plant, bus, error, performance, horsepower, microchip, semiconductor

1.1 什么是专业英语 11 {例1：If a mouse is installed in a computer,then the available memory space for user will reduce. {错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。 {专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用内存空间就会减少。 例2：Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在（高频高压电源）屏罩上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在（高频高压电源）屏罩上

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Lesson 1 Accuracy 精确性、精度Amplitude 振幅，幅度Channel 信道，频道Coefficient 系数Convergence 收敛Differentiate 求……的微分Expansion 展开式Harmonic 谐波的 Instant 瞬时，时间Integrate 求……的积分Linear 线性的 Order 次序，阶 Peak 最高的，最高峰Periodicity 周期 Phase 相位 Polynomial 多项式的，多项式 Resistor 电阻器 Series 展成级数，级数Taylor series 泰勒级数 Set 集合 Sinusoidal 正弦的 Time domain 时域frequency-domain 频域integrand 被积函数 Lesson 2 decay 衰减 duration 持续时间exponential 指数的multiplier 乘数，乘法器oscillatory 振荡的frequency density function 频率密度函数 Fourier series 傅立叶级数Spectrum 频谱 Imaginary part of complex 复数的虚部 Real part of complex 复数的实部 Conjugate pairs 共轭对Lesson 3 algorithm 算法 decaying oscillatory function 衰减振荡函数 power series 幂级数 shift operator 移位算子 product 乘积 electrical disturbance 电干 扰 sampled-data signal 数据采 样信号 be proportional to 与…成正 比 Lesson 5 dead-band 死区 hysteresis 滞后 linearity 线性度 measurand 被测量 oscilloscope 示波器 performance 特性 precision 精确度 resolution 分辨率 static friction 静态摩擦 sensitivity 灵敏度 calibration 校准 loading effect 负载效应 slop 斜率 platinum 铂 thermometer 温度计 in cascade with 与…串联 in parallel with 与…并联 lever 杠杆 displacement 位移 indicated value示值 true value 真值 deflection 偏转 possible error 可能误差 probable error 概率误差 root-sum-square error 方和 根误差 Lesson 6 overshoot 过调量，超调量 transient response 瞬态响应 variable 变量 ramp 斜坡 resonance 共振 step input 阶跃输入 step response 阶跃响应 transient 瞬态的 first-order system 一阶系统 static error 静态误差 dynamic error 动态误差 time constant 时间常数 frequency response 频率响 应 damping ratio 阻尼比 under-damp 欠阻尼 over-damp 过阻尼 mass-spring system 质量-弹 簧系统 steady-state 稳态 rise time 上升时间 settling time 建立时间（过 渡过程时间） specification 性能指标 tolerance 容差 Lesson 7 capacitance 电容 deformation 变形 distortion 变形，扭曲 electromagnetic 电磁的 gauge 表，仪器，计 strain gauge 应变计 crystalline material 晶体材 料 voltage 电压 current 电流 harmonics 谐波 inductance 电感，感应 infrared 红外的 linearize 线性化 natural frequency 固有频率 mutual-inductance 互感 photoconductive cell 光电 导管 photoelectric effect 光电效 应 piezo-electric 压电的 potential divider 分压器 potentiometer 电位计，电位 器

研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词

研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词 Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020

单词 Lesson 1 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion运动不精确 inertia惯性 particle 质点 rigid body刚体 deformable可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体 Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass质量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度 Moment力矩，弯矩 Momentum动量，冲量 Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Work：功 muscular action肌肉动作 mechanical motion机械运动 stretch an object拉伸对象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：压力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shearing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲对象 Slide滑，脱落 Slip滑动，滑移 in compression受压 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 lathe dog车床夹头 centrifugal force ：离心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮 bonding agent ：粘合剂 abrasive particle：磨料颗粒 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回转运动 rectilinear motion：直线运动 hand tool手工工具 power tool动力工具 feed：进给 shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动