增词和减词的翻译.ppt.Convertor
Amplification vs. Omission
增词和减词
Amplification vs. Omission
Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation
Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation（内涵）.
Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text.
In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels：syntactic（句法）, semantic（语义）, and rhetorical（修辞）.
1. Syntactic amplification
To make syntactic amplification, two cases are quite often involved, filling out elliptical （省略的）expressions and adding more explicit（明确的）indication of relations.
In English there are more elliptical sentences by the omission of the subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier and the like. The purpose is to make the sentence succinct（简洁的）and stress the main points.
But in Chinese people may prefer to use explicit word to express implicit meaning.
So some redundant（多余的）information should be added in certain context in English-Chinese translation.
1). Addition of noun after the possessive case
Her tone was more friendly than Davi d’s (tone).她的语气要比大卫的语气友好。
2). Addition of noun after adjective
She sang her sweetest (song).她唱了最动听的歌曲。
3). Addition of noun after preposition
Shall I write my name on, above or below the line? 我把名字写在线上，还是线的上方或下方呢？
4). Addition of the main verb after auxiliary（助词）
They would stop if they could (stop).如果他们能停的话他们会停下来的。
5). Addition of verb after infinitive
At last he agreed to do What I asked him to (do).最后他们同意去做我要他做的事。
6). Addition of predictive after copula（连系动词）
I was scared as the children were (scared) too.我惊呆了, 孩子们也给吓住了。
7). Addition of subject and the main verb
By birth he was an Englishman; by profession, a sailor; by instinct and training, a rebel.
就出生说，他是英国人；就职业说，他是海员；就本性和教育说，他是背叛者。
2. Semantic amplification
Some borrowed terms are so semantically condensed浓缩in the source language that they are required to expand in the receptor language. For instance,
Jeep 吉普车pizza 比萨饼sauna桑那浴neon 霓虹灯
Some words have complete meanings in English sentences, such as intransitive verbs（不及物动词）, certain adjectives, abstract nouns.
However, when translated into Chinese literally, their meanings become incomplete, so they must be amplified in order to meet the demands of Chinese grammar so as to be understood easily by the target readers.
1) She could knit when she was seven. 她七岁时就会织毛衣。
(Addition of noun after the intransitive verbs)
2) Day after day he came to work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天干活--扫地，擦地板，收拾房间
(Addition of noun after the intransitive verbs)。
3) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这台打字机真是价廉物美。
(Addition of noun before the adjectives)
4) He is a complicated man----moody, mercurial with a melancholy streak.
它是一个性格复杂的人--喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
5) The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.
领导对我们的准备工作不满意。(Addition of noun after the abstract nouns)
6) We will help this region out of this backwardness.
我们要帮助这一地区摆脱落后状况。(persuasion说服工作, preparation准备工作, tension紧张局势, arrogance自满情绪，madness疯狂行为, antagonism敌对态度) (Addition of noun after the abstract nouns)
3. Rhetorical amplification
The particle of mood is a peculiar rhetorical device in Chinese, and is used in the middle and the end of sentences to indicate mood , such as, “呢，吧，呀，吗，罢了，而已”etc. Different one plays different role in the sentence, like affirmative, interrogative, imperative, pause, and so on. But there are no particles of mood in English.
Therefore, when the English text is translated into Chinese, the translator analyzes the original sentence carefully and adds the particles. The implication and rhetorical color of the original work has been transmitted to the readers faithfully.
For example,
Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
Ⅱ.Ellipsis in English-Chinese translation
Chinese, one of the concise languages in the world also has plentiful approaches to be terse and succinct.
Ellipsis is one of them. It functions enormously differently from that of the English language system. Chinese generally omits those self-evident words.
1. The omission of personal pronoun
According to the English grammar, the referential relationship must be clear. A standard English has complete subject, predicate and object. But in Chinese several predicates may share a common subject, so the personal pronoun as the subject may be omitted in Chinese translation.
For example,
I was very glad to have received your letter. 接到你的来信，非常高兴
As he lay awake, he realized that he was in trouble.他醒来躺在地上，明白自己的处境不妙。2．The omission of possessive pronoun
Compared with Chinese, English frequently use possessive pronoun. According to the psychological habit of Chinese people, most of the possessive pronouns are omitted in E-C translation.
For example,
We wash our faces with our hands.我们用手洗脸。
He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders
3．The omission of conjunctions(连词）or subordinators（主从连词）.
Conjunctions such as “and”, “or” may be neglected in E-C translation. Subordinators, such as, “when”, “because”, “whereas”, “until” may be neglected in E-C translation
e.g.
The day is short and the work is long. 时间短，工作多。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
I shall not go until he comes.他不来，我不走。
4. The omission of prepositions
Prepositions (prepositional phrases) are so widely and frequently used in English language that English is in some sense called “prepositional language.” ( There are about 286 prepositions in English).
Chinese is a verb-oriented language. (There are about 30 prepositions in Chinese). So very often prepositions are omitted in E-C translation to make what we call a good translation.
E.g.
Let’s meet at the station. 咱们车站见面吧。Do you work in the day time or at night?你是白天工作还是夜间工作？
5、The omission of articles
Articles exist in English but not in Chinese. In English–Chinese translation, generally artic les are omitted in Chinese version except that they carry various demonstrative meaning or function as the numeral meaning “one”.
For example, I am reading a book. 我在读书。There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. 耳朵是用来听声音的器官。
6. The omission of non- personal pronouns
“It” is an omnipotent word in English. When it is used to substitute time, distance, weather, natural environment, formal subject, or for emphasis, etc., “it” is omitted in English-Chinese translation, e.g.It is 10:00 now.现在10点了。It is he who did it 是他干得这事。
增加动词
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué(公报）.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。
There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.
没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。
增加副词
As he sat down and began talking, word poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.
在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：那男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。
Marry washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia
玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。
增加名词
First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭讨饭。
In the summer the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.
夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。
He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼
I had known two great social systems.那时以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。
增加表达时态的词
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
原来是老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。
I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机
It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.
完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。
A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent（新月）moon.一轮新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，即不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。
Y es, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！
We don’t retreat, we ne ver have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower.
他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。
Better be wise by the defeat of other than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.
我可以对你说-我这样说没有任何奉承之意-中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有效果。
A professor of mine once said:教过我的一位教授曾说过：…
Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.
人们要掌握科学知识，必须作出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。
He said he’d come to the discussion.他说他要来参加讨论。
The sports meet is scheduled for April 16.运动会定于四月十六日举行。
The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
声音的频率、波长和速度三者是密切相关的。
The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards nigh heat loss.
大气层能缓和白天气温的上升和阻止夜间热量的损耗。
It seems that s successful scientist is full of curiosity.
成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。
I didn’t know that computers had been used so widely.
我还不知道计算机却原来被这么广泛地应用。
1．They are leading a happy life.
他们现在过着幸福的生活。
He was the late president’s alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.
他过去是已故总统的化身，而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。
Since the industrial revolution began the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific movement.
自从工业革命开始以来，物理学总的说来一直处于科学运动的前列。（时态）
Then the whole course of my life might have been different.
如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许是另一番景象。（虚拟语气）
Had we known it in time, we would have prevented the accident.
要是我们及时知道那件事，事故本来是可以防止的。（虚拟语气）
After watching for years, he discovered important phenomena.
观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。（数）
重复译法
重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、强调或生动，却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。例如：
（一）为了明确重复
1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.让我们来修订安全规则和卫生条例吧。
2. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。
3. He became an oil baron---all by himself.他成为一个石油大王---一个白手起家的石油大王。
4. This has been our position---but not theirs.这一直是我们的立场，而不是他们的立场。5．The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
（二）为了强调重复
为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。
英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语时可以保持同样的词的重复。
1. He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.
他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了盘算。
2. Gentlemen many cry peace, peace---but there is no peace.先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。
3. Blood must atone for blood.血债要用血来还。
4. They would read and re-read the secret notes.他们往往一遍又一遍反复琢磨这些密件。（三）为了生动重复
英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用各种重复手段。1．运用两个四字词组成或四字对偶词组。
汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。
But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.
多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。
great contribution丰功伟绩gratitude感恩戴德ingratitude 忘恩负prosperity繁荣昌盛arrogance 骄傲自大careless 粗心大意in chaos乌烟瘴气street gossi街谈巷议rumor流言蜚语
I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.
我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。
His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。
Exercise in class.
1. We have to analyze and solve problems.我们必须分析问题，解决问题。
2. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。
（原文省略了定语和谓语译成汉语时应补上）
3. The letter “I” represents I, “O” owe, and “U” you.字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠”，U代表“你”。（将省略的动词译出来）
4. All bodies consists of molecules and these of atoms.
所有物体都由分子组成，而分子则由原子组成。（原文中第二个of前省略了，并用these 代替，汉译时补上了动词，还原了代词。）
5. We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule, so have they.
我们提前完成了我们的工作，他们也提前完成了他们的工作。（省略句型中省略的部分汉译时要译出来）
6. He had met with great difficulties in writing his term paper.
他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。
（英语中并无重复，但在译成汉语时，合理使用重复这一修辞手段，却能更准确、更生动地表达原意。）
7. Rain or shine, I’ll go there.雨也罢，晴也罢，我都要去那。（使译文生动流畅）。
8. If you go to Beijing, don’t forget to see my younger brother.你要是去北京的话，别忘了去看一看我弟弟。
9. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.让我通过您最忠心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。
10. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.
水可以有能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。
11. Is he a friend or an enemy?他是朋友还是敌人？
12. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other---of everything but our host and hostess.
我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况，---谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。
13. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满的泪水。
14. Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福家庭有幸福家庭的苦恼。
15. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。
16. Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.上大学的上大学了，下乡的下乡了。
17. He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.
他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。
18. He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行，又善于导航。
一、语法角度上的省略
英语和汉语在语法方面有很大差异，翻译时要根据各自的语法特点适当地进行删减，使译文更为符合译语的表达习惯。例如：
１．A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼的力气远不如大象。（省略不定冠词）２．The earth is round.地球是圆的。（省略定冠词）
３．The flowers are beautiful.这些花很美。（省略系动词）
４．Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.早睡早起使人身体健康。（省略连词and 和不定冠词a ）
５．As it is late, you’d better go home.时间不早了，你该回家了。（省译原因的从属连词as）６．Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.金属热胀冷缩。（省译从属连词when）７．I won’t go if you are not going.你不去，我也不去。（省译连词if）
8.It was very quiet at the moment.当时很安静。（省译it）
９．Don’t put your hands in your rocket.别把手放在口袋里。（省译两个物主代词）10．Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.赞成的请举手。（省译指示代词、关系代词和物主代词）
11．Suddenly, there came a knock at the door.突然响起了敲门声。（省译介词）
12．I’m warning you for the last time.我最后一次警告你。（省译介词）
注意：英语介词用的比汉语多，译成汉语时可译成相应的介词或转译成动词，其他情况下一般不译出来。
13．The cars produced in our factory are good in quality and low in price.我们厂制造的小车物美价廉。14. Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。（省略表地点的介词）二、意义或修辞角度上的省略
意义角度上的省译是指在能用汉语完全表达原文的意义时对原文某些词的省略，但不可能对原文的内容任意删减。英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。
1. It has been three years since he began to smoke.他抽烟三年了。
（“自从他开始抽烟以来已经有三年了。”这样译虽然照顾了形又照顾了义，可却不是地产的汉语了。）
2. Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.
那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。
(如加上“打我并且使我挨饿”就不能够精练。）
3. It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals.机器需要定期维修。（意思在汉语中已暗含，译出反显累赘。）
4. Williams Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O. Henry, is one of the best known writers of America.
威廉.悉尼.波特尔，笔名欧.享利，是美国最著名的作家之一。
5. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.天未下雪，但叶落
草枯。
Exercises in class.
I. Put the following into Chinese, paying special attention to omission.
约翰做了全部工作，而且干得不错（省略人称代词）
2. He received a warm welcome from his family.
1. John did all the work, and he did it well.他受到家人的热烈欢迎。（省略物主代词）
3. It’s stormy out at sea.海上有暴风雨。（省略非人称代词）
4. It was Mr. Johnson who had taught us English in middle school.
在中学教我们英语是约翰逊先生。（省略引导词it）
5. Y ou can’t help me and I can’t help you, either.你帮不了我，我也帮不了你。（省略并列连词and）
6. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略从属连词if）
7. B ecause I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied.我不发怨言，人们就以为我满意了。（省略从属连词8. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词）9. All passengers got off the bus as the bus pulled into the station. Tom also stood up slowly.
汽车时站，所有的乘客都下了车，汤姆也慢慢站起来。（省略定冠词）
10. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength.
自由的国家中将一直存在矛盾的思想，这是力量的源泉。（省略不定冠词）
(1)英语中的某些抽象名词、不及物动词或代词，若单独译出，有时意思不够明确，可分别在其后增加“状态”、“工作”、“过程”、“现象”、“方式”、“情况”、“作用”、“部分”、“化”等词。
例：Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
Care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions.
应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。
⑵英语中的名词为复数形式时，根据情况可增加适当的表示复数概念的词。如：“们”、“之类”、“一些”、“许多”、“一批”、“这些”、“那些”、“
各种”、“大量”、“几个”、“几次”等。
例：The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。
In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over well.
虽然有各种困难，但我们的任务已顺利完成。
⑶如果分词短语或独立分词结构含有时间、原因、条件、让步等状语意义，翻译时可增加“当……时”、“……之后”、“因为……”、“由于……”、“如果……”、“假若……”、“虽然……但……”等词。
例：Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage.
如果使用变压器，低压电就能转换成高压电。
The velocity increasing, the acceleration of a body is positive.
速度增大时，物体的加速度是正的。
Being stable in air at ordinary temperature, mercury combines with oxygen if heated.
虽然常温下水银在空气中是稳定的，但给它加热的话，就与氧化合。
⑷当动词不定式和不定式短语表示目的或结果状语时，通常就可在其前面加：“为了”，“要”，“以便”，“就”，“从而”，“结果”等词。
例：We made transistors by different means only to get the same effect.
我们用不同的方法制造晶体管，结果得到相同的效应。
Many lathes are equipped with multistage speed gearboxes to get different speeds.
为了得到不同的速度，许多车床装有多级变速齿轮箱。
⑸当动词不定式的被动形式作定语时，通常表示按计划或要求表示的动作，含有“将来”的意思。翻译时要增加“要”，“将”，“待”，“应”，“须”等词。
例：The cutting tool must be harder than the material to be cut.
刀具必须比待切的材料硬。
The chief difficulty to be overcome in aviation is
that of renewing supplies of petrol while in the air.
航空上要克服的主要难题是空中加油问题。
⑹当被动语态句中的谓语是由表示“知道”，“了解”，“看见”，“认为”，“发现”，“考虑”等意义的动词来担任时，译时通常可在其前面增加“人们”，“我们”，“大家”，“有人”等词，变为主动语态句。
例：All matter is known to possess weight.
大家都知道，所有物质都具有重量。
Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.
人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。
⑺当句中有几个成分并列时，可根据并列成分的数量增加数词，并在其后加入量词，如“个”，“者”，“种”，“方面”，“领域”等，使译文确切明白。
例：The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长和声速三者是密切相关的。
This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes, semiconductors and components.
本报告总结了电子管、半导体和元件三方面的新成就。
⑻英语中的动词时态，在译成汉语时，可视不同情况增加“正”，“正在”，“过”，“了”，“曾”，“曾经”，“已经”，“一直”，“将要”，“会”，“能”等词。
例：Contemporary natural sciences are now working for new important breakthroughs.
当代自然科学正在酝酿新的重大突破。
Before 15th century it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
15世纪前，曾普遍认为地球是宇宙的中心。
⑼英语中，用倒装语序表示的虚拟条件状语从句，译成汉语时，往往可增加“如果……便……”、“假如……就……”、“万一……就……”、“只要……的话，就……”等连词。例：Hard there been no electronic computers, there would have been no artificial satellite or rockets.
如果没有电子计算机，就不会有人造卫星或火箭。
Should a DC system be used, the losses in
transmission would be very great.
如果使用直流系统的话，输电线路上的损耗就会很大。
⑽不用连词，而以不变化的“be”开头的让步状语从句，英译汉时，往往增加“不论”、“不管”、“无论”等连词。
例：Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.
不论物体的形状如何复杂，总可以求出它的体积。
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
所有磁体，无论大小，其性质都一样。
⑾英语中无连词的并列句，只用一定的标点符号分开，翻译时，如果语气有突然的转折，可增加“但”，“但是”，“而”等词。
例：Liquids contract in freezing; water is an important exception to the rule.
液体冻结时收缩，但水却是这一规则的重要例外。
Adding heat does not make the molecules any larger; it makes the average distance between them larger.
增加热量不能时分子变大，而是使分子间的平均距离增大。
⑿英语中的祈使语气句，汉译时根据句子的不同情况，分别增加“要”，“请”，“应”，“须”，“试”，“千万”，“一定”，“务必”等词。
例：Remember that science requires the effort of a lifetime.
要记住，科学需要人们付出毕生的精力。
Compare the melting point and freezing point of a substance.
试比较一种物质的熔点和冰点。
⒀为使句子前后连贯、意思通顺、逻辑严密，英译汉时可增加某些适当的词，包括语气助词、概括词、承上启下的词等。
例：Atomic cells are very small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.
原子电池和普通干电池相比，体积小，重量轻。
Speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer.
速度快和可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。
小结：
增词讲起来很多，归纳起来是4个方面的要求：词汇要求，语法要求，逻辑要求和修辞要求。其原则是增加原文中虽无其词，然有其意的词，不是随心所欲地任意增加。
⒉汉译英时的增词情况
汉译英也有增词法，称“词的增补”。概括起来，汉译英需要增补的有下列9种情况。
⑴汉语无主语视情况补出主语
例：接到你的来信，非常高兴。
I was very glad to have received your letter.
⑵增补物主代词
汉语里物主代词用得少，而且常常不用出现，但英语里凡说到一个人的器官和归他所有的或与他有关的事物时，总要在前面加上物主代词。
例：我们响应政府号召。
We respond to the call of our government.工人们带午饭到工厂吃。
The workers take their lunches to the factory.我用手蒙住脸。
I cover my face with my hands.
⑶增补作宾语的代词
按习惯，汉语常常可省略宾语，但英语里，凡及物动词都得有宾语。
例：请原谅，打断你一下。
Excuse me for interrupting you.
⑷增补连词
汉语有意合特点，即词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系可以通过上下文及语序来表示，较少用连词，但英语注意形合，连词不能少。
例：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
⑸增补介词
英语句子十有八九都少不了介词。汉语中不需要介词的地方，它也要。所以，汉译英时注意补介词。
例：这些书，你们五个人分。Divide these books among the five of you.
⑹增补冠词
汉语里无冠词。有冠词是英语的特点之一，名词前一般都有冠词，汉译英时要增补冠词。例：我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。
We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before we solve it properly.
⑺增补暗含的词语
由于习惯问题，汉语中有些词不需明言，意思都很清楚，但译成英语时，如果不补则意思不明，甚至会引起误会，这是应视情况补上适当的词。
例：要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.
⑻增补概括性的词语
例：黄金白银，坚甲利兵，并非构成大国的要素。
Gold and silver, a strong army and powerful weapons---these are not the elements that constitute a great nation.
⑼增补注释性词语
汉语中的典故、谚语、政治名词、术语和简化说法，译时往往要适当加注释性词语。
例：三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.
⒊重复法
英译汉时，有时把句中的重要词或关键词重复一下，称为重复法或重复词意法。重复法的使用是由于汉语的表达习惯引起的。汉译英时，没有这种方法。重复法用得好，可以达到使译文更明确、生动或强调的目的。重复法也是增加了词，但它不是增加新词，而是重复原有的词，是增词法中的特例。常见的重复有：动词的重复、名词的重复和代词的重复。
⑴动词的重复
例：We shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way.
只要我们学习努力，而且学习得法，我们就能克服学习中的困难。
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude and so does the density of the atmosphere.
大气压力随高度增加而降低，大气密度也随着高度增加而降低。
⑵名词的重复
例：The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid.
气体的性质和液体的性质大不一样。
We must do our best to develop the student’s ability to analyse and solve problems.
我们必须尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。
⑶代词的重复
例：The electric resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.铁的电阻不象铜的电阻那样小。Wherever there is matter, there is motion.哪里有物质，哪里就有运动。
我们观察一下，觉得下列情况使用重复法较多：
①并列句后一句省略的和前一句相同的成分，复合句的从句中所省略了的与主句中相同的成分。
例：All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物质都是由分子组成，而分子又是
由原子组成。It goes without saying that work does not include
time, but power does.不言而喻，功与时间无关，但功率与时间有关。
②某些由几个词共有的成分，如几个动词共有宾语，几个宾语共用动词，几个形容词或介词短语共用一个名词，几个介词短语共用一个动词等。为了使译文清楚明白，可把共有部分重复译出。
例：For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use natural science to understand, conquer and change nature and thus attain freedom from nature.
人们为着要在自然界里得到自由，就要用自然科学来了解自然，征服自然和改造自然。This chapter has clarified the relation between electric charges and matter and the nature of the forces that unite atoms and molecules into solids.
文章阐明了电荷和物质的关系，阐明了使原子和分子结合成固体的力的性质。
We call this field of force, the electric or electrostatic field.
我们称这种力场为电场或静电场。
The unit of work is in joules, if the force is measured in newtons and distance in meters.
如果力用牛顿计量，距离用米计量，则功的单位为焦耳。
③在英语里，为了使文字简明生动，常常对重复部分予以省略或用词（如do so 和代词等）代替。英译汉时，为了明确或便于表达，对省略或代替了的部分加以重复。
例：Does the sun ever get dark during the day? It does so when the moon hides it.
白天太阳会变暗吗？当月亮遮住太阳时，太阳会变暗。
The positive charges do not move about; but the electrons do.
正电荷不能到处移动，可是电子却能到处移动。
Our basic unit of electrical charge is that of electron.
电荷的基本单位是电子的单位。
在重复法中，有时采用两字重叠，四字重叠或四字对偶等修辞手段，使译文更生动：
Few people realized how hard Edison worked, often twenty hours a day.
很少有人知道，爱迪生是如何辛辛苦苦地工作，常常一天工作20个小时。
词的省译
⑴省译冠词
例：The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substance. 化学反应的速度和反应物的浓度成正比。
The basic function of the triode is as an amplifier.三极管的基本功能是作电流放大器。
⑵省译介词
例：The first electronic computer was produced in our country in 1958.
1958年我国生产了第一台电子计算机。
The critical temperature is different for different kinds of steel.
不同种类的钢，临界温度各不相同。
⑶省译连词
英语中连词用的也很多，一般不能省。汉语句子结构通常是按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列的。语序固定，关系明确，所以连词用很少，英译汉时一般可省略不译，比如并列连词即从属连词中
表示原因、条件、时间等的连词，常省译。
例：As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高，水的体积就增大。Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.智者爱好真理，愚者躲避真理。
The average speed of all molecules remains the same, as long as the temperature is constant.
温度不便，所有分子的平均速度也就不变。
⑷省译代词
例：It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌迟。
Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.钢铁制品常常涂上一层保护物，以免生锈。By analysis, we mean analyzing the contradictions in the thing.所谓分析，就是分析事物的矛盾。
If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength.如果知道频率，就可以求出波长。Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves?扇扇子时，我们为什么感到凉快些？
⑸省译动词
①谓语动词的省译。
例：The charged capacitor behaves as a secondary battery.充了电的电容器，就像一个蓄电池一样。Friction always opposes the motion whatever its direction may be.不管运动方向怎样，摩擦力总是同运动方向相反。
②重复动词的省译。
在复合句中，如果从句中的谓语动词与主句中的相同，往往省略不译。
例：When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts.
气体受热时所发生的变化与液体完全一样。
⑹引导词的省译
①在there+be+主语句型中，引导词there本身没有任何词汇意义。汉译时一律不译。
例：There are many students in the classroom.教室里有许多同学。
②英语中，常用引导词it作为先行主语或宾语，而把实际主语或宾语（动词不定式，动名词或从句）放在后面。这种结构中的it没有实际意思，可省译。
例：It is a common knowledge that the weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.
众所周知，重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。
③强调句中的it，本身无词义，省译。
例：It is a man’s social being that determines his thinking.是人们的社会存在，决定人们的思想。⑺同义词或近义词的省译
英语中，特别是科技英语中，有些同义词或近义词连在一起用，或者表示强调，使意思更加明确，或者表示一个名称的不同说法。英译汉时，往往只译其中的一个，或把意思综合起来译即可。
例：Semi-conductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating power or warmed up time.
半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需加热功率或加热时间。
It is essential that the technician understand well the characteristics of battery circuits.
技术人员很好的了解电池的电路特性是必不可少的。
⑻名词复数形式的省译①形式上的复数名词的省译。glasses眼镜
②英语复数名词与汉语名词一致时的省译。Mass群众contents目录③表示类别的复数名词的省译。mineral oils矿物油
⒉汉译英时的省译⑴省译汉语中重复出现的词语
例：我们要忠于党、忠于人民、忠于祖国。We should be loyal to our party, to our people and to our motherland.⑵省译汉语中表示范畴的词语汉语中表示“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”等意义的词语常省译。
例：我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time.
增词译法和减词译法
Chapter 1 增词译法和减词译法 1.1 增词译法（amplification/adding words） ?英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增减。 ?增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。 1.1.1 ? e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an intervie w. ? e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers. 1.1.2 ? e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! ? e.g. What a day/life! 1.1.3 ? e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! ? e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. 1.1.4 1.1.4.1 ? e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. ? e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. 1.1.4.2 ? e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.4 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1.1.4.5 ? e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. ? e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 1.1.5 1.1.5.1 ? e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. ? e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. 1.1.5.2 ? e.g. The lion is the king of animals. ? e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. ? e.g. The crowd made a way for him. 1.1.6 ? e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday.
英语六级 翻译常用词
剪纸paper-cuts 除夕the eve of the lunar New Year 守岁stay up late on the New Year’s Eve 放爆竹let off firecrackers 拜年pay a New Year visit 团圆饭family reunion dinner 敬酒propose a toast 红包red packets (cash wrapped up in red paper) 舞狮lion dance 舞龙dragon dance 灯笼lantern 灯谜riddles written on lanterns 灯会exhibit of lanterns 表示主要的，重要的词primary, major, main, chief, important, essential, significant 表示充足的enough, sufficient, plenty, abundant 表示适当的appropriate 表示提升，改善，加强enhance, improve, strengthen 表示合法valid, legal, lawful, rightful 表示卓越不凡extraordinary, excellent, uncommon, remarkable, outstanding. 表示很有名气well-known, noticeable, famous 表示义务，有责任去做compulsory, required, obligatory 表示积极，主动positive, proactive 表示合理sound, rational, correct, sensible, logical,
增词和减词
第2章增词和减词 增词 1,根据句法结构增词 (1)增补主语 不加持就会失败 One will fail unless one preserves. (2)增补非人称的或强势中的it 一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day. 我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problem. (3)增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越会暴露。 The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice. (4)增补物主代词 别把手搁在口袋里。 Don’t put your hands in your pockets. (5)增补并列连词 男女老少都参加了战斗。 Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
(6)增补丛属连词或关系代词 不努力，不会成功 One will not succeed unless one works hard. 凡是在科学技术上有建树者，都是工作最勤奋，并且勇于创新的人。 Those who made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground. (7)增补连系动词 我们应当虚心 One should always be modest. (8)增补介词 公共场所不准吸烟。 Smoking is prohibited in public places. (9)增补冠词 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 2. 为了明确表达原文的含义而增词 (1) 增补在汉语中不言而喻的词语 A班学习成绩很好 The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record. (2) 为了使上下文衔接，增补连接词语
英语四级翻译常用词汇及基本句型
英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化 京剧Peking opera 秦腔Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏shadowplay 折子戏opera highlights 杂技acrobatics 相声witty dialogue comedy 刺绣embroidery 苏绣Suzhou embroidery 泥人clay figure 书法calligraphy 中国画traditional Chinese painting 水墨画Chinese brush painting 中国结Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China 火药gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 青铜器bronze ware 瓷器porcelain; china 唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化Confucian culture 道教Taoism 墨家Mohism 法家Legalism 佛教Buddhism 孔子Confucius 孟子Mencius 老子Lao Tzu 庄子Chuang Tzu 墨子Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字pictographic characters 文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning
翻译技巧 减词
减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。 一、从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如： （1）I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 （2）Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。 （3）John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 （4）But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. 但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。 （5）He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble. 他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。 （6）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers… 史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。 （7）The city has a dense manufacturing population. 这个城市有稠密的工业人口。 （8）The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 （9）The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about
翻译技减词
翻译技减词 2007-8-29【大中小】【打印】【我要纠错】 减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。 一、从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如： （1）I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 （2）Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。 （3）John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 （4）But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. 但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。 （5）He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble. 他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。 （6）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers… 史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。 （7）The city has a dense manufacturing population. 这个城市有稠密的工业人口。 （8）The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 （9）The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about near his mother, plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts. 母亲和大女儿在除垄上的草，把旁人甩在后面……二儿子十二岁，从老远的地头把海滩上的沙子装进鱼篮，赶着毛驴驮了回来。他们把黑土掺上了沙子。老四还是个小不点儿，在母亲身边遥遥晃晃转悠着，慢吞吞地拔起杂草，当礼物送给母亲。 （10）Come if you like.高兴来就来。 （11）As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦，睡吧！ （12）I framed the words in my mind: "Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?"
简析英汉翻译中的增减词翻译方法
龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b5313022.html, 简析英汉翻译中的增减词翻译方法 作者：马祎凡 来源：《当代旅游（下旬）》2017年第10期 摘要：由于英漢两种语言在表达方式、表达习惯上存在很多差异，在翻译过程中我们需要对原文进行适当的增减以求达到“信、达、雅”的标准。在忠实于原文的基础上使译文更加通顺流畅，符合目的语的表达习惯。 关键词：英汉翻译；增词法；减词法 在翻译学习过程中，经常会看到一些译者会在翻译时增加或删减一些词。这样的改动不但不是错的，还有利于译文达到“信、达、雅”的标准。这是因为英汉两种语言并不是一一对应的这样的，所以我们在翻译过程中需要灵活处理。本篇文章通过总结翻译学习经验，总结出翻译过程中的“增减词”用法。以帮助我们的译文更加流畅而富有文采[1]。 一、增减评论性的词 例： He wished that he had asked her to dance， and that he knew her name. 试译：他希望他当时请她跳了舞，那他就能知道她的名字。 改译：他多么希望自己当时请她跳了舞，现在还知道了她的芳名，那该有多好啊！ 分析：这个句子选自于《德伯家的苔丝》，其中讲到了三个兄弟中的二哥第一次看见苔丝时，并没有上前和她跳舞，后来走到山上的时候回头看见苔丝在跳舞，心生爱慕，才说了这样一句话。“那该有多好啊”一句是增加出来的，其目的是为了表达出当时那种很后悔的心情。但是这样的增词一般都出现在文学作品中，对于我们翻译学习者来说，这都是些大师的作品，只能处于鉴赏的阶段，我们一般很少使用[2]。 二、增减对象词 例如：1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展。 试译：1998 was the International Ocean Year settled by the UN， Chinese Government will take this opportunity to introduce the development of China's marine affairs. 改译：1998 was designated as the International Ocean Year by the United Nations， and the Chinese Government would like to take this opportunity to make an introduction of the development of China's marine affairs to this world.
汉语中没法用英语翻译的词
请大家看看这一句怎么译成英语：“他铅笔盒里有五支笔。”别小看这么一句简单的话，实在没有办法翻译，因为英语里没有相当于汉语“笔”的词。英语里倒是可以找到各种具体的“笔”的名称： 铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan 圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush 画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen 蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk 只有弄清楚那五支具体是什么笔，才能翻译出来，如：He’s got two pencils, two ball-point pens and one pen in his pencil-box. 人们在认识事物的过程中，往往把性质或用途一样或类似的东西归为一类，表示某一类事物的总名称被叫做“上义词”(superordinate)，一个“上义词”的概念包含许多“下义词”(hyponym)。汉语中的“笔”就是前几行所列各种笔的“上义词”。有些分类是各种语言基本一样的，如世界上的东西分成生物(living things)和无生命物(non-living things)，或者有机物(organic matters)和无机物(inorganic matters)，而生物里有植物(plants)和动物(animals)，但有些分类是某种语言特有的。“笔”在英语里就构不成一类。再比如汉语中的“车”(包括各种汽车、自行车、人力车、手推车、童车等)、“牛”(包括水牛、黄牛、牦牛、奶牛等)、“果品”(包括鲜果、干果、蜜饯等)、“皮”(包括各种兽皮、树皮、果皮等)之类的词在英语里都没有对应的说法，因为它们在说英语的人心目中并不构成一个“类”，所以翻译时必须弄清具体东西用不同的下义词代替，有时也可用上义词取代。 就连She is my sister. 这样的句子，如果不了解说话人指的是“姐姐”还是“妹妹”，也无法译。这里也有文化上的原因，因为西方强调家庭成员的平等，兄弟姐妹的地位是平等的。因此，西方人在介绍自己的兄弟姐妹时一般说He/She is my brother/sister. 并不分长幼。而英语里sibling这个词在汉语里没有对应的词。有些分类和名称和汉语不一样，如half brother/sister可以指同父异母也可以指同母异父的兄弟姐妹。至于cousin可以指“堂/表兄/弟/姐/妹”；而长一辈中男/女的亲戚除了父/母亲之外都是uncle/aunt.。这些都会造成翻译的困难。 难办的是，有时候分类是交叉的。例如，英语的table和desk在汉语里都是“桌子”，但这并不等于“桌子”所含的概念(semantic range)一定比table大，例如coffee table和end table 都是table，但在汉语中却是“茶几”，当然不能归在“桌子”一类里。汉语里的“绿”、“蓝”、“青”是三个颜色，相对而言，英语里只有green和blue两个词，所以“青”字到底应该译为green还是blue要看情况而定(如“青天”是blue sky，“青菜”却是green vegetables，而the Blue Nile习惯上译为“青尼罗河”。)。 不光是名词有这样的情况，从某种意义上说，动词分类粗细也有不同，如汉语中的“切”、“割”、“截”、“剁”、“斩”、“砍”、“劈”、“剖”、“剪”、“裁”、“刻”等都可以用一个cut翻译(要区分动作可以加上介词短语表示工具，如“剪”是cut with scissors，或加上补语表示
翻译中的增词和减词
有人误以为，所谓合乎翻译标准，就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时，做到“不增不减”。翻译实践告诉我们，由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异，翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点，在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”，就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减，是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯，在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词，或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是，词量增减必须防止两个倾向：一是添枝加叶，任意发挥；二是避难就易，肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词，从理论上说可以增加任何词，但在什么时候增加什么样的词，才能恰到好处，而不超出一定界限，则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例： 1）A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。 译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。 译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。 译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文，可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一，与原文似乎丝丝入扣，但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足；译文二，增加了“如果……不读”，意思明白无误，只是觉得言犹未尽；译文三，又增加了一个废字，这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字，是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字，说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处，就是行文拖沓累赘；而译文四则简明扼要，笔酣墨浓了。 2）Success is often just an idea away. 译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三：成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙；译文二改变说法，但仍让人似懂非懂，而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”，但却使人豁然开朗！原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。 如同文学翻译一样，经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1）All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利，均须缴纳所得税。（根据汉语行文习惯，增加动词。）
翻译技巧：加词法和减词法
翻译技巧（二）：加词法和减词法 加（增）词法 英汉两种语言，由于表达方法不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象；还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整，但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n（从句法结构上考虑的增词） This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词（classifier） 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星！ The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality)
翻译专用词
全国人民代表大会National People's Congress (NPC) 主席团Presidium 常务委员会Standing Committee 办公厅General Office 秘书处Secretariat 代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee 提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee 民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee 法律委员会Law Committee 财政经济委员会Finance and Economy Committee 外事委员会Foreign Affairs Committee 教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 法制工作委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs 特定问题调查委员会Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution 2、中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China 3、中央军事委员会Central Military Commission 4、最高人民法院Supreme People's Court 5、最高人民检察院Supreme People's Procuratorate 6、国务院State Council (1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council 外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs 国防部Ministry of National Defence 国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission 国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission
增词译法
第三章词法翻译 四、增词译法(Amplification) 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。 不是无中生有的随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。 一、根据句法上的需要增词 （一）增补原文答句中的省略部分 1. Is this your book? Yes, it is. 这是你的书吗？是我的。 (Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.) 2. Do you love him? Yes, of course I do. 你爱他吗？我当然爱他。 (Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.) （二）增补原文句子中所省略的动词 1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife. 他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起来了。 2. I believed it too. But I don’t now. 过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。 3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不后退。 4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。 5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。 7. Many people can bear adversity, but few contempt. 很多人能够忍受逆境，但很少人能忍受被人轻视。 （三）增补原文比较句中的省略部分 1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。 2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 3. The Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive than others. 中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色。
不能直接翻译的英语常用词汇及句子
1.词汇类 busboy 餐馆勤杂工（不是“公汽售票员”） busybody 爱管闲事的人（不是“大忙人”） dry goods （美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是“干货”） heartman 换心人（不是“有心人”） mad doctor 精神病科医生（不是“发疯的医生”） eleventh hour 最后时刻（不是“十一点”） blind date （由第三者安排的）男女初次会面（并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”）dead president 美钞（上印有总统头像）（并非“死了的总统”） personal remark 人身攻击（不是“个人评论”） sweet water 淡水（不是“糖水”或“甜水”） confidence man 骗子（不是“信得过的人”） criminal lawyer 刑事律师（不是“犯罪的律师”） service station 加油站（不是“服务站”） rest room 厕所（不是“休息室”） dressing room 化妆室（不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”） sporting house 妓院（不是“体育室”） horse sense 常识（不是“马的感觉”） capital idea 好主意（不是“资本主义思想”） familiar talk 庸俗的交谈（不是“熟悉的谈话”） black tea 红茶（不是“黑茶”） black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”） black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生的黑人”） white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是“白煤”） white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”） yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”）red tape 官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） green hand 新手（不是“绿手”） blue stocking 女学者、女才子（不是“蓝色长统袜”） China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”） Chinese dragon 麒麟（不是“中国龙”） American beauty 红蔷薇（不是“美国美女”） English disease 软骨病（不是“英国病”） Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年（不是“印度的夏日”） Greek gift 害人的礼品（不是“希腊礼物”） Spanish athlete 吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”） French chalk 滑石粉（不是“法国粉笔”）
笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法
英汉互译中的增词法和减词法 （一）语法增减词 A．英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异； B．英语有冠词，汉语没有； C．英语多用代词，相较汉语； D．英语介词丰富，汉语介词很少； E．英语多用关联词语，汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子，强调意念的连贯性；F．汉语多用助词表示各种语气。 例如： a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor —and I tell you , rich is better. 富裕也罢，贫穷也罢，我都经历过。说实话，富裕当然胜过贫穷。（省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词） b.活到老，学到老。 One is never too old to learn .（增加人称代词） c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region .（增加介词） d.Is more growth really better ? 经济发展得越快越好吗？（增加语气词） （二）词义增减词 A.很多情况下，英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分，并非一一对应； B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽，英译汉时要采取增词法，使原文隐含的 意思得以充分表达； C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄，英译汉时要则要采用减词法。 例如： a.It is pointed out that the sheer（纯粹的，一味地）increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form（方式，形式）of pollution ,crowding , proliferation（激增）of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating（使虚弱，使衰弱）psychological and social effects. 一味地追求产品数量的增长 已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。 比如环境污染，交通拥挤，需特殊处理废物的激增， 以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。（增词法） b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness. 对于普通人而言，治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐，然而困难在于，嫉妒本身就是快
增词法和减词法 translation
Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法 翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。那么，忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢？实际上并非如此。美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”，在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思，而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异，一味拘泥于原文的形式，有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词，恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。 1．增词法 增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来，增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上，但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况： (1)增加表示时态和复数的词 英语具有某些综合形语言的特征，可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。而汉语则是典型的分析形语言，词形本身没有变化，要表示时态和复数需要通
过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词，如： 例1：His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are. 译文：他父亲过去是个渔夫。那时候他和我们现在一样穷。 例2：The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文：协议将于明年生效。 例3：Lion is the king of animals. 译文：狮子是百兽之王。 例4：As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文：众所周知，空气是许多种气体的混合物。 (2)增加语义表达中需要的词 增加语义表达中需要的词，是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。经常增加的语义表达中需要的词有动词、名词、形容词、副词和量词。 1) 增加动词 汉语句子中动词占优势，使用的频率很高。因此英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词，使译文表达更加清楚、通顺，如： 例5：He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
英语专业用词翻译
英语专业用词翻译 *课程代码Course Cod *课程名称Course Name *学分Credits *学时Hours *思想道德修养Morals and Ethics *毛泽东思想概论Introduction of Mao Zedong Thought *马克思主义政治经济学原理Marxist Political Economics *邓小平理论概论Introduction of Deng Xiaoping Theory *马克思主义哲学原理Marxist Philosophy *法律基础Fundamentals of Law *军事理论Military Theory *大学语文Chinese *汉语写作Chinese Writing *高等数学Advanced Mathematics *大学体育Physical Education *计算机文化基础Introduction of Computer Technology *艺术鉴赏(音乐)（选）Art Appreciation (Music） *综合英语Integrated English *高级英语文选Advanced English Reading *英语泛读Extensive English Reading *英语口语English Speaking/Oral English *英语写作English Writing *英美文学选读British and American Literature
*英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation *汉英翻译Chinese-English Translation *英语口译Interpretation *英语视听Audiovisual English *高级英语视听Advanced Audiovisual English *高级英语语法Advanced English Grammar *英美报刊选读Selected Readings of English Newspapers *英语综合技能Integrated English Skills *日语（第二外语）Japanese (as a second foreign language) *论文报告Thesis Presentation *计算机应用Computer Application *外贸函电International Business Correspondence *国际金融International Finance *微观经济学Microeconomics *国际营销学International Marketing *西方会计学Accounting *国际贸易International Trade *英美近代文学作品赏析Modern British and American Literature *美国企业经营管理American Business Management *美国经济概况Introduction to American Economy *国际商法International Commercial Law *英语语言学概论Introduction to English Linguistics *军训Military Training (来源：英语论坛https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b5313022.html,) *翻译实习Translation Practice *毕业设计（论文）Undergraduate Project (Thesis)