语法修改

Nayar and Narasimh [1] expressed the complicated atmospheric scattering model into two parts. Attenuation model, in the process of transmission to the imaging device the light on the object surface is attenuated; Airlight model, atmospheric light shining on the suspension particle, after scattering and reflex reach imaging equipment take part in the imaging. Narrow-band camera obtained images’ gray values can be expressed as follow by the Lambert-Beer model:

I(x)=A ?(x)e ?ˉd(x)+A 31?e

?ˉd(x)′, (1) where I(x) is the observed foggy image; x is two-dimensional spatial coordinates expressed as (i ;j), A is atmospheric light, ? is the scene albedo, d is the distance between the camera and the scene, ˉ is the atmospheric attenuation coefficient. The essence of the method based on the physical model is a use of atmospheric scattering model or it’s deformation to solve the scene albedo. This kind of method often needs to estimate the additional information of imaging system or scene, including the depth of the scene and the sky prior information, etc. Recently, single image haze removal [2-8] has achieved significant progresses as a result of its physically effects and flexibility. But they depend on the reasonable assumption or strong prior information and some shortcomings, so these methods all need to be improved. He ’s [7] work is based on the statistics of the haze-free outdoor images and the key observation: most local patches in haze-free outdoor images contain some pixels which have very low intensities at least one color channel. This approach is physically valid to handle distant objects even in the heavy haze image and the result contains few halo effect. But He refined the transmission function using soft matting algorithm, its time complexity and space complexity are higher. And the dark channel is invalid when the scene objects are inherently similar to the atmospheric light and no shadow is cast on them. Fattal [6] assumed image albedo is a constant vector in local region and the transmission t (x) and the shading factor l (x) is uncorrelated. Under this assumption, first calculate transmission function t (x)

in the thin fog, and then apply the MRF model propagating the t (x) to the whole image. Finally, use the ICA (Independent Component Analysis) to estimate the constant albedo. Essentially this method is an inverse problem of nonlinear solving system. The algorithm can work well, but it is invalid when the assumption is broken. And it is invalid to handle gray level images.

I. O UR A LGORITHM

A. Estimating the atmospheric light

It is vulnerable to be impacted by highlight noise and white objects, if select the maximum pixel value of each channel as their atmospheric brightness respectively. And in outdoor images, the brightest pixel could be on a white car or a white building. In the thesis, we get the minimum value corresponding to the each pixel of the R, G, B channel; then to obtain the dark channel J da rk , we corrode the minimum value channel using Minimum filter. Expressed as follows: J dark =m i n y2D(x)μm i n c2fr;g;bg

(J c (y))?

. (2) Make a descending order for all the pixel values of the dark channel, then select the nth pixel value as threshold, where n is the pixel number of images multiplied by 0.001. Among these pixels, the pixels with highest intensity in each channel of input image I are selected as the atmospheric light respectively. To avoid the impact of the white object in the image, the size of filter should be larger

than the size of white objects in image. But it will filter out the sky region if the size of filter too larger. As Fig.1 show, these pixels are in the red region, but the atmospheric light is not the brightest pixel in image. In our paper obtained atmospheric light use this method.

Fig.1 The sky region (red marked).

The first step of He ’s method [7] is close to an erosion on the minimal component of input image since it consists in an erosion on each color component followed by a min over the components. In He ’s method the size of the filter should be as bigger as possible, because the recover image would product color offset if the size of filter is too small and the atmospheric light may on the white car or other white objects. But it will filter out the sky region and suffers of halo if the size of filter is too larger. So it is difficult to determine the value of window size. The experiments show that the erosion operator suffers halo effect. This is why a refinement using matting [9] is requested in He ’s method. But the soft matting algorithm ’s time complexity and space complexity are higher. In this method, the minimum filter is replaced by the local minima [10] to estimate the transmission map.

B. Estimating the Transmission Map

Firstly, we replace the maximum value of each component using the atmospheric light A c that estimated in section 2, and the color of atmospheric light is corrected to gray axis base on the white balance. Made for each color component is treated as follows: T o rg =m i n c2fr;g;bg

μI c (y)A c ;1?. (3) We obtain the coarser estimate of the transmission using local extrema principle that proposed by Subr&al [10], and the solutions as follows:

(1) Firstly, we identify the local minima of image T org , where pixel p is reported as a minimum if at most b(K

2?1)=2c elements in the K ￡K neighborhood around p are smaller than the value at pixel p . On the all, using a large window size

词汇与语法

Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨，要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地，当真地;认真地，严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智

grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)

英语词汇与语法

since 英音：[sins]美音：[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?

语言语法范畴

什么是语法范畴？语法范畴是什么意思？ 语法范畴就是对各种语法意义的归类。而广义的语法范畴也包括名词、动词等词类，甚至包括句子（句法范畴）。 语法范畴有广义和狭义之分。广义语法范畴是各种语法形式表示的语法意义的概括。广义语法范畴，从语法形式上看，包括所有显性语法形式和隐性语法形式，从语法意义上看，包括所有结构意义、功能意义和表述意义。如结构范畴：主谓结构、动宾结构等等；功能范畴：名词、动词等词类范畴；表述范畴：如陈述、疑问等语气范畴。 狭义语法范畴是词的形态变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称形态语法范畴。词的形态变化是用附加词缀、内部屈折、重叠、重音等方式构成同一个词的不同语法变体，简称词形变化。一般来说，确定一种语言中是否有某种狭义语法范畴，就是看这种语言是否用词形变化表示这种语法意义。而一旦通过词形变化确定了某种狭义语法范畴，有时不用词形变化，而用别的形式如前置词、后置词、冠词等虚词或助动词表示，这些非词形变化形式也被看作狭义语法范畴的语法形式。但如果某种语言完全不用词形变化表示某种语法意义，只用辅助词等其他形式表示，就不是狭义语法范畴。一般所说的语法范畴，多是狭义语法范畴。 以下介绍几种常见的语法范畴。 1.性 性是主要与名词相关的语法范畴，一般是把名词分成阴性、阳性、中性或阴性、阳性，并用不同的形式标志表示。有些语言形容词和冠词也有性的分别。俄语名词分阴性、阳性、中性三类，分别用不同的词缀表示，但每个名词只有其中一种形式，没有词形变化。俄语形容词则用词形变化表示阴性、阳性和中性，每个形容词有三种不同的词形，并与名词的性保持一致。德语则用冠词的词形变化来区别名词的阴性、阳性和中性，名词本身没有性的形式变化。法语只有阴性和阳性之分，也是用冠词的词形变化表示，名词本身也没有性的形态变化。所以名词的性只是一种功能范畴，不属形态语法范畴；形容词和冠词都有性的词形变化，属形态语法范畴。 不管是用什么方式区别名词的性，名词的性都只是一种语法类别。作为语法类别的性，与事物的自然性别有一定的联系，表示动物的名词的性与动物的自然性别大体上相应，但也有不相应的。如德语Weib（妇女）、Madchen（少女）、Fraulein（年轻女士）在语法上是中性。至于表示非动物的名词的性别，客观依据就不太明显了。 2.数 数也是主要与名词相关的语法范畴，一般用名词（或代词）的词形变化区别单数和复数，或是单数、双数和复数（大于二的数）。有些语言中动词、形容词或冠词也有数的形态变化，与名词的数在形式上保持一致。俄语的名词、代词、动词、形容词都有单数与复数的词形变化，并相互保持一致。阿拉伯语、斯洛文尼亚语等，名词分单数、双数和复数三种形式。汉语的人称代词和指人的名词后面可以加“们”表示复数，但表示复数时也可不加“们”。

初中英语语法现在进行时专题(可编辑修改版)

##教育6T教材系列 现在进行时 时间：年月日老师电话：1、兴趣导入 猜一猜，动一动 你来做动作我来猜。 2、学前测试 改错 ( ) 1. Are your brother speak English? ( ) 2. Does he likes to go fishing? ( ) 3. He likes to plays games after class. ( ) 4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. ( ) 5. She don’t do her homework on Sundays. 用所给词的正确形式填空 1. Mr. Liu ______(have) no children. 2. _______his mother ______(cook)? Yes, she does. 3. My brother ___________ （like）to play football very much 4. My parents __________ (like) to read science magazines. 5. I want to _________(be) a teacher when I grow up(长大). 6. Everything _________ (go) very well. 7. Everyone __________(say) she is a good shop assistant. 8. He _________(get) up at six o’clock. 三、知识讲解 知识点一： 1.定义：现在进行时表示正在发生或进行的动作。 2.标志词：(1) 时间状语now 、at the moment (2) 句前有提示词look 、listen 、look at … 3.谓语动词的构成：be +动词-ing 4.动词-ing的构成规则 规则原形-ing形式 wash catch watch washing catching watching 一般在动词原形末尾加- ing make take ride making taking riding 以不发音字母e 结尾的动 词，先去掉e,再加-ing

初中英语语法和词汇教学心得体会

初中英语词汇和语法教学心得体会 在初中英语教学中，词汇和语法的学习是一个重要的组成部分。因此在教学中应该加强语法、词汇教学，否则，学生的语言能力将难以提高。 初中词汇和语法教学中，首先学生在读音方面感觉困难很大，难以读准单词，有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。其次，在拼写方面，学生没有意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼写有着一定的规律。在记忆单词的时候，没有通过读音和字母的关系来记忆单词，常常是死记硬背单词字母的组合。第三，在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分注意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，学生完全靠死记硬背掌握单词。在初中一年级时，由于内容较少，词汇和语法简单，学生尚能应付，但随着年级的增高，英语内容的深化，词汇量的增加，学生越来越感觉到词汇的记忆和语法的学习已成为学习英语的最大障碍。于是，逐渐对英语产生厌学情绪，有的甚至于放弃这门学科。 如何解决教学中存在的这些问题呢？ 在词汇教学方面，首先，词汇教学也一定要贯彻“听说领先”的原则，在初中年级，特别是一年级，要贯彻“听说领先”的教学原则。因此，词汇教学也一定要首先是“听”。即教师在教单词时，先让学生听，让学生去“辨音”，教师所展示的不是课本里的文字，而是每个词是由几个音素、几个音节构成，重音在什么地方，这样才能

从听的意义上掌握词汇。同时，又能为学生学好语音、语调打好基础，真正地培养学生的听能，为以后更好地接收英语的输入做准备。 其次，在听的基础上加强读音规则的教学，以培养学生的拼读能力这是因为，英语属于拼音文字，虽然字母的名称音和字母在单词中的读音不同，但是，字母在单词中的读音还是有一定的规律可循。我们在词汇教学中，先让学生通过听英语单词分辨出单词的读音之后，再进行读音规则的教学，使学生能够根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼写出来。 培养学生的拼读能力应该从最简单的拼读抓起，采取循序渐进的原则，通过归类和比较，使学生掌握单词中字母及组合的读音规律，能够听词能写，见词会读。 第三，教师在平时上课时，就有意先读一些词汇，或读课文，让学生先不要去看书，跟老师读这些词，然后再让学生拼写，和学生讨论如何去拼写，看这些词是由哪些字母组成的。特别是一些规律性的东西，需要反复进行训练。对于一些没有规律的单词构成，进行比较，以促进记忆。老师还可以先写出单词或句子，让学生根据已有的拼读知识试着去读出这些单词或句子。 第四，拼读训练是一个长期的过程，教师首先要了解学生的拼读能力，从最基础开始，循序渐进，掌握有规律的单词读音，比较无规律的单词读音，从而达到记忆词汇，培养读写能力的目的。 而语法教学只是一种手段，其最终目的不是让学生简单地记住语言规则，而是让其将语言的形式、意义和功能有机地结合起来，使其

词汇与语法

四级语法和词汇（1） 1. My father never gave me ______. A. many advice B. many advices C. much advice D. a lot of advices 参考答案：C TIP：advice为不可数名词，不能用many来修饰，也没有复数形式。 2. She took him ______and led him across the road. A. by his hand B. by the hand C. with hand D. with the hand 参考答案：B TIP：take ... by the hand“抓住……的手”。英语的习惯是在动词后先提人，而后在介词后再提具体的身体部位，身体部位前通常用定冠词。 3. I don't think he is to blame, ______? A. do I B. is he C. isn't he D. does he 参考答案：B TIP：本句涉及的是否定的转移问题，I don't think 中的否定词否定的是宾语从句，故附加疑问句就需要用肯定的形式。 4. ______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it. A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. However 参考答案：C TIP：as long as“只要”。 5. He couldn't lie convincingly enough to take a child _______.

04语法形式和语法意义

第四讲关于语法形式和语法意义的理论 前面我们已经指出：语法研究的最终目的就是为了探求语法形式和语法意义之间的对应关系，那么，我们就有必要对语法形式和语法意义有一个清晰的认识和了解，弄清楚什么是语法形式，什么是语法意义。 4．1语法形式 什么是语法形式呢?我们先看下面的一个例子： 我们用层次分析把上面这句话分析成大大小小的片段。如果把一个大片段里包含的小片段叫做“成分”，把小片段组合而成的大片段叫做“组合”，那么上面例子中的片段可以分为三类： a．——是组合，不是成分——句子。 b．└─┘是组合，也是成分——词组。 c．不是组合，是成分——词。 a、b、c三类片段合称为语法形式，即它们都是语法形式。语法形式是具体语言里分析出来的成分或组合，或者说语法形式是词、词组和句子的形式的总和。 语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。狭义的语法形式只指有形的语法形式，广义的语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。对有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式进行分解，就得到了有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式的各种构成因素。 4.1.1有形的语法形式的构成因素 有形的语法形式的构成因素如下： (1)语序。语序不同，表达的语法意义也不同。例如： 红花(定中) 花红(主谓) 跑快点(述补) 快点跑(状中) (2)停顿。停顿往往是结构成分的分界点，也是层次的切分点。例如： 咬死了／猎人的狗咬死了猎人的／狗 广东和福建的／部分地区广东／和福建的部分地区 (3)轻重音。不同的轻重音也能表达不同的语法意义。轻重音区别语法意义的作用在虚词中尤为明显。例如： 你想好了再说。(“再”轻读，表示接续义) 你唱完了再唱一个。(“再”重读，表示重复义) 我已经吃过了。(“过”重读，表示完成态) 北京我以前去过。(“过”轻读，表示经历态) (4)重叠。重叠是汉语语法的一种语法手段。重叠可以表示程度的减弱，也可以表示程度的加强，可以表示短时态、尝试态等。重叠表示什么语法意义，涉

大学英语B——词汇与语法

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