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TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译
TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

摘要:托福阅读中也会出现一些考验大家的托福阅读难句,遇到这些句子的时候,要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累,觉得用得到的要记下来,以下总结的托福阅读中的几个高难度句,希望对大家有所帮助。

"Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships."

很多同学,看到上面的“we view the people as ends in themselves”和“we perceive people as means to ends”就彻底晕菜了。这个其实是可以理解的,这两句话实际是哲学家Kant(康德)关于道德的哲学思想。我们先来看看康德是怎么说的:

Humanity

According to Kant, there are different ways to state what our duty is. One of them involves the idea of a law. Another involves the idea of humanity, or human reason. Morality says that you should never treat rational human beings merely as means to your end. Whenever you use someone’s skills or services to your own end, you should always also treat that person as an end in him- or herself.

翻译:康德认为,有不同的方式来陈述我们的职责。其中一个是涉及法律。另外一个是涉及人性和人道。道德论认为,你永远不应该把一个理性的人只是作为你达到你的目的中间手段。当你用其他的服务和技能作为你达到你的目的是,你应该尊重他们作为个体而不是你的手段而已。

分析:这里的mean实际上是一个途径,一个中间过程。如果我们把他人视为达成某种目标的中间途径,那就不是道德的。end在这里是终点,自身的结果。只有把他人视为end才是尊重别人才是道德的。

其实这个道理很简单。就是我们常说的:不已结婚为目的谈恋爱都是耍流氓。你不已结婚为目的,就是把女孩当成means了,所以很不道德。你如果是以结婚为目的话,就是当成ends了。

托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题(一)

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2001年1月老托福阅读解析第二篇

2001年1月第二篇 Questions 10-17 at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor 5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原本可以避免

托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析,希望能够帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因: 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题,但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法: 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题,而不是靠翻译,再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译,然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间,而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大,在选择时常常出错。

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TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

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