汽车变速器外文翻译

外文翻译

Auto Transmission

First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend

Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT

and IVT, however as a result of the reliability of Poor, non-durable materials and high cost issues, development is not very good. Comprehensive refers to transmission torque converter and the mechanical components have the level of transmission variable hydraulic mechanical Speed, the transmission ratio can be between the maximum and minimum range of a few discontinuous change for no class, but its Significantly lower transmission efficiency than the efficiency of gear drives. 2 By manipulation, transmission control type can be divided into mandatory, automatic and semi-automatic control to manipulate three - Species . Mandatory on the driver to manipulate the direct transmission gear shift control for the majority of motor vehicles used Also known as Manual Transmission Manual Transmission (MT). Automatic transmission control selection of the transmission ratio (transmission) is carried out automatically. Just add the driver to manipulate Speed pedal, you can control the speed, also known as Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission (A T). It is According to the speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control, stall in accordance with the above two Parameters to automatically take-off and landing.

A T and MT in common is that they are level transmission, but A T According to the speed of the speed shift automatically, you can eliminate the manual transmission "setback" of the shift feel. However, A T also have many drawbacks, such as body complex, mechanical efficiency is not high, high cost, reliability and control Sensitivity remains to be increasing . AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) is in the traditional dry clutch and manual transmission gear based on the transformation of form, mainly to change the part of the manual gearshift control. That is, the overall structure of the MT cases the same switch to electronically controlled automatic transmission to achieve. Semi-automatic control, there are two forms of transmission. A number of stalls is a common automatic control, and the remaining stalls manipulated by the driver; the other is pre-style, that is, pre-selected pilot stalls, the clutch pedal in the down or release the accelerator pedal, the for retirement or an electromagnetic device to shift the hydraulic device. In recent years, with advances in vehicle technology and road traffic density increased, the performance requirements of the transmission is also getting higher and higher. A large number of automotive engineers in improving the performance of automobile transmission study a great deal of effort devoted to the rapid transmission of technology development, such as A T, AMT, DCT, CVT and the emergence of IVT.

2003 Hyundai A T, AMT, DCT, CVT forum reached a consensus on the following:in the next Development, MT will continue to be the most widely used automotive transmission, AMT will increase the proportion of the application, A T also Will occupy a large market share, CVT's use of certain limitations, can only be due to a number of small displacement Car, DCT (dual clutch transmission) will also be the budding growth. From 2003 to now, vehicle speed The

development of devices and the forum basically the consensus reached by consensus. By comparing the analysis, the traditional mechanical transmission is still the most widely used vehicle change Speed. Although it has many shortcomings, such as shifting the impact of large, bulky, cumbersome to manipulate and so on; however, it also There are many advantages, such as high transmission efficiency, reliable operation, long life, manufacturing processes mature and low cost. Therefore, if we can improve the mechanical transmission of the above-mentioned shortcomings, it still has great room for development.

Second, Manual Transmission Fault Diagnosis

Manual transmission at the beginning of the fault diagnosis prior to

Failure to confirm from other parts is not: to check the tire And wheels, to confirm the normal tire pressure, and the wheel is flat V alue of; to confirm instead of noise and vibration from the engine. Clutch , And steering and suspension, etc..

(A), skip file

1. Phenomenon

V ehicle acceleration, deceleration, climbing or severe vehicle vibration, the gear lever neutral position automatically jump.

2. Reasons

① self-locking device of the ball did not enter the grooves or linked file does not meet the full-gear tooth meshing long;

② self-locking device worn groove ball or serious, self-locking spring is too soft or broken fatigue;

③ gear along the direction of tooth wear as a long cone-shaped;

④ one or two too松旷shaft bearing, so that one or two three-axis and the crankshaft axis of the heart or different transmission and clutch shell shell bonding plane of the vertical axis the relative change in the crankshaft;

⑤ Second Gear axis often axial or radial gap is too large;

⑥ the axis of axial or radial gap is too large.

3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting

Jump to file stalls Unascertained: After taking heat the entire vehicle, increase the use of continuous, slow approach to road test each file is determined.

Will jump to the gear lever hanging file stalls the engine off, transmission cover removed carefully to observe the mating dance gear case file.

① engagement does not meet the length, then the resulting fault;

② to reach a total length of engagement, should continue to check;

③ check mating wear parts: wear into a cone, then failure may be caused by;

④ check b-axis of the gear profile and the axis of the axial and radial clearance, clearance is too large, then failure may be caused by;

⑤ check self-locking devices, locking devices, if only a very small dynamic resistance, and even feel the ball is not plugged groove (the transmission cover caught in the vice, the hand-shaking shift stroke), the fault for the bad performance of self-locking ; Otherwise, the fault for the clutch and gearbox shell bonding plane and the vertical axis of the crankshaft caused by changes.

(B), arbitrary files

1. Phenomenon

Technical condition in the clutch normal circumstances, transmission at the same time put up or two files linked to the need to stall, the results linked to other stalls.

2. Reasons

① interlocking device failure: if the fork shaft, pin or interlocking interlocking ball too much wear and tear, etc.;

② the bottom of the arc gear face wear and tear is too large or fork axis of the allocated blocks wear groove is too large;

③ball pin gear lever broken or the ball-hole, ball松旷wear too. In short arbitrary file transmission is mainly due to institutional failure manipulation.

3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting

① linked to the need to stall, the results linked to the other stalls: rocking gear lever, to check their point of view before, if in excess of the normal range, while the lower end of failure by the gear lever ball pin and the positioning groove ball with or松旷, the ball is too large holes caused by wear and tear. Swung shift 360 °, compared with a broken pin.

② If the pendulum angle to normal, still not on, or linked to more than picking file, then the lower end of failure by the gear lever away from the limitations arising from the groove in (due to break away from the bottom of the arc-shaped guide groove face wear and tear or wear).

③ At the same time linked to the two files: the fault caused by the interlocking device failure.

(C), the difficulties linked to files

1. Phenomenon

Clutch technical condition, but can not be linked smoothly linked file into the stalls, often percussive sound gear.

2. Reasons

① synchronizer failure;

② Bending fork shaft, locking the spring strong, ball injury, etc.;

③ a shaft or a spline shaft bending injury;

④ inadequate or excessive gear oil, gear oil does not meet the specifications.

3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting

①Synchronizer check whether the fall to pieces, cone ring is conical spiral groove wear, whether worn slider, spring is too soft, such as elastic.

② If the Synchronizer normal, check whether the bending of a shaft, spline wear is severe.

③ check whether the mobile axis normal fork.

(D), abnormal sound transmission

1. Phenomenon

Transmission refers to transmission work abnormal sound when the sound is not normal.

2. Reasons

1) abnormal sound gear

Gear wear off very thin gap is too large, the impact of running in; bad tooth meshing, such as the repair did not replace the gear pairs. New and old gear with the gear mesh can not be correct; tooth metal fatigue spalling or damage to individual teeth broken; gear and the spline shaft with松旷, or the axial gear clearance is too large; axis caused by bending or bearing松旷space to change gears.

2) Bearing ring

Serious bearing wear; Bearing (outer) ring with the journal blocks (holes) with the loose; Ball Bearing Ma break-up or a point of ablation.

3) ring made for other reasons

Such as the transmission within缺油, lubricants have been thin, too thick or quality deterioration; transmission into the foreign body inside; some loose bolts fastening; odometer or the odometer shaft ring gear, such as fat.

3. Troubleshooting

①transmission issued metal dry friction sound, which is缺油and the poor quality of oil. Refueling and inspection should be the quality of oil, if necessary, replacement.

② for moving into a file if the sound obvious, namely, the profile of gear tooth wear; If the occurrence of cyclical noise, while damage to individual teeth.

③when the ring gap, and riding the clutch pedal under the noise disappeared after the general axis is a before and after the bearing or regular engagement ring gear; if any files are changed into the ring, after more than two-axis bearing ring.

④transmission occurs when a sudden impact the work of sound, most of the tooth was broken and should be removed timely transmission inspection cover to prevent mechanical

damage.

⑤moving, only for transmission of a file into the ring gear made in the above-mentioned good premise, it should check with improper gear mesh, if necessary, should be re-assembling a pair of new gear. In addition, it may be synchronizer gear wear or damage should be repaired or replaced depending on the circumstances.

⑥ when shifting gear ring made of impact, it may be the clutch or the clutch pedal can not be separated from stroke is incorrect, damaged synchronizer, excessive idling, gear improperly adjusted or tight-oriented, such as Bush. In such cases, to check whether the separation of the clutch, and then adjust the idle speed or the gear lever, respectively, the location, inspection-oriented with the bearing bushing and separation tightness.

If excluded from the above examinations, the transmission is still made ring, should check the shaft bearings and shaft hole with the situation, bearing the state of their own technology, etc.; as well, and then view the odometer shaft and ring gear is made and, if necessary, be repaired or replacement.

(E), transmission oil

1. Phenomenon

Around the transmission gear lubricants, transmission gear box to reduce the fuel can be judged as lubricant leakage.

2. Reasons and troubleshooting

① improper oil selection, resulting in excessive foam, or the volume too much oil, when in need of replacement or adjust the lubricant oil;

② side cover is too loose, damaged gaskets, oil seal damage, damage to seals and oil seals should be replaced with new items;

③ release and transmission oil tank and side cover fixed bolts loosening, tightening torque should be required;

④ broken gear-housing shell or extended wear and tear caused by oil spills, must be replaced;

⑤ odometer broken loose gear limit device must be locked or replaced; gear oil seal oil seal oil should be replaced.

Third, the maintenance manual gearbox

Santana is now as an example:

Santana used to manually synchronize the entire, multi-stage gear transmission, there are four forward one block and reverse gear. Block are forward-lock synchronizer ring inertial, body-wide shift synchronizer nested engagement with a reasonable structure, the layout of a compact, reliable, long life and so on. However, if the use and maintenance is not the right way to do so, failure may

occur at any time.

The proper use of Synchronizer:

1, the use of addition and subtraction block off both feet. Block addition and subtraction, if the clutch with one foot, then the speed at the time of addition and subtraction block must be correct, the timing should be appropriate and, if necessary, to addition and subtraction can be blocked off both feet, so that addition and subtraction method can reduce the block with Gear speed difference between the circumference, thereby reducing wear and tear Synchronizer to extend the life of Synchronizer.

2, prohibited the use of tap-shift gear lever when the method (that is, a push of the operation of a song). Hand should always hold down the shift, this can greatly reduce the synchronizer sliding lock Moreton Central time and reduce wear and tear.

3, no state in the gap off the use of force挂挡synchronizer start the engine. Moment of inertia as a great engine, the friction torque Synchronizer also small, so the time synchronization process is very long, so that lock ring temperature increased sharply, it is easy to burn synchronizer.

4, is strictly prohibited by synchronizer clutch instead of the initial (that is, the use of non-use of the clutch friction synchronizer start挂挡role), control speed and braking.

The correct use of lubricants:

Santana at the factory, the transmission has been added to the quality of lubricating oil, under normal circumstances, the level of the transmission lubrication need to be checked. However, when normal travel 100,000 kilometers 10,000 kilometers -20 after the first lubricating oil must be replaced. Santana grade lubricants used in transmission as follows: Gear Oil API-GLA (MIL-L2105), SAE80 or SAE80W-90 grade

汽车变速器

一、汽车变速器概述及发展趋势

汽车问世百余年来，特别是从汽车的大批量生产及汽车工业的大发展以来，汽车己为世界经济的发展、为人类进入现代生活，产生了无法估量的巨大影响，为人类社会的进步作出了不可磨灭的巨大贡献，掀起了一场划时代的革命。自从汽车采用内燃机作为动力装置开始，变速器就成为汽车重要的组成部分。现代汽车上广泛采用的往复活塞式内燃机具有体积小、质量轻、工作可靠和使用方便等优点，但其转矩和转速变化范围较小，而复杂的使用条件则要求汽车的牵引力和车速能在相当大的范围内变化。故其性能与汽车的动力性和经济性之间存在着较大的矛盾，这对矛盾靠现代汽车的内燃机本身是无法解决的。因此，在汽车传动系中设置了变速器和主减速器，以达到减速增矩的目的。变速器的主要功能表现为：⑴改变汽车的传动比，扩大驱动车轮转矩和转速的范围，以适应经常变化的行驶工况，同时使发动机在最有利的工况范围内工作；⑵在发动机旋转方向不变的前提下，实现汽车的倒退行驶；⑶实现空档，暂时中断动力传递，以便发动机能够起动、怠速等。变速器由变速传动机构和操纵机构组成。按传动比变化方式，变速器分为有级式、无级式和综合式三种。有级式变速器应用最为广泛。它采用齿轮传动，具有若干个定值传动比。无级式变速器Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT)的传动比在一定的范围内可按无限多级变化，常见的有电力式和液力式(动液式)等。无级变速器是变速器发展的终极目标，因为只有它才能使发动机处于最经济的工作状况，才能为整车提供最优的燃油经济性和最优的动力性，才能给人们提供最舒适的乘坐感觉。当今无级变速器的典型代表就是CVT 和IVT，然而由于工作可靠性差、材料不耐用和成本高等问题，发展不是很好。综合式变速器是指由液力变矩器和机械式有级变速器组成的液力机械式变速器，其传动比可在最大值和最小值之间的几个间断范围内作无级变化，但其传动效率明显低于比齿轮传动效率。2按操纵方式，变速器又可分为强制操纵式、自动操纵式和半自动操纵式三种。强制操纵式变速器靠驾驶员直接操纵变速杆换档，为大多数汽车所采用，也称手动变速器Manual Transmission（MT）。自动操纵式变速器的传动比选择(换档)是自动进行的。驾驶员只需操纵加速踏板，即可控制车速，也称自动变速器Automatic Transmission（AT）。它是根据车速和负荷（油门踏板的行程）来进行双参数控制，档位根据上面的两个参数来自动升降。AT 与MT的共同点，就是二者都是有级式变速器，只不过AT能根据车速的快慢来自动实现换档，可以消除手动变速器“顿挫”的换档感觉。但是，AT也有很多缺点，如机构复杂，机械效率不高，成本高，可靠性和操纵灵敏性还有待提高等。AMT(Automated Mechanical Transmission)是在传统干式离合器和手动齿轮变速

器的基础上改造而成，主要改变了手动换档操纵部分。即在MT总体结构不变的情况下改用电子控制来实现自动换档。半自动操纵式变速器有两种形式。一种是常见的几个档位自动操纵，其余档位则由驾驶员操纵；另一种是预选式，即驾驶员预先选定档位，在踩下离合器踏板或松开加速踏板时，换退一个电磁装置或液压装置来进行换档。近年来，随着车辆技术的进步和道路上车辆密度的加大，对变速器的性能要求也越来越高。众多的汽车工程师在改进汽车变速器性能的研究中倾注了大量的心血，使变速器技术得到了飞速的发展，如AT，AMT，DCT，CVT 和IVT的出现。

2003年现代汽车AT、AMT、DCT，CVT论坛中达成了如下一些共识：在未来发展中，MT仍将是使用最为广泛的汽车变速器，AMT的应用比例会增加，AT也会占有相当大的市场份额，CVT的使用有一定的局限性，只能由于一些小排量的汽车，DCT（双离合器变速器）也将萌芽生长。从2003年到现在，汽车变速器的发展情况基本上和论坛所达成的共识一致。通过对比分析得到，传统机械式变速器仍然是目前使用最为广泛的汽车变速器。虽然它有诸多缺点，如换档冲击大，体积大，操纵麻烦等；但是，它也有很多优点，如传动效率高，工作可靠，寿命长，制造工艺成熟和成本低等。所以，如果能改善机械式变速器上述的缺点，它还是有很大的发展空间的。

二、手动变速器的故障诊断

在开始对手动变速器进行故障诊断之前，要确认故障不是来自其他部分的:要检查一下轮胎和车轮，以确认轮胎气压正常，且车轮是经过平衡的;要确认噪声和振动不是来自发动机。离合器、转向系和悬架等的。

（一）、跳档

1．现象

汽车在加速、减速、爬坡或汽车剧烈振动时，变速杆自动跳回空档位置。

2．原因

①自锁装置的钢球未进入凹槽内或挂档后齿轮未达到全齿长啮合；

②自锁装置的钢球或凹槽磨损严重，自锁弹簧疲劳过软或折断；

③齿轮沿齿长方向磨损成锥形；

④一、二轴轴承过于松旷，使一、二轴和曲轴三者轴线不同心或变速器壳与离合器壳接合平面相对曲轴轴线的垂直变动；

⑤二轴上的常啮合齿轮轴向或径向间隙过大；

⑥各轴轴向或径向间隙过大。

3．故障诊断与排除方法

先确知跳档档位：走热全车后，采用连续加、减速的方法逐档进行路试便可

确定。

将变速杆挂入跳档档位，发动机熄火，小心拆下变速器盖，观察跳档齿轮的啮合情况。

①未达到全长啮合，则故障由此引起；

②达到全长啮合，应继续检查；

③检查啮合部位磨损情况：磨损成锥形，则故障可能由此引起；

④检查二轴上该档齿轮和各轴的轴向和径向间隙，间隙过大，则故障可能由此引起；

⑤检查自锁装置，若自锁装置的止动阻力很小，甚至手感钢球未插入凹槽(把变速器盖夹在虎钳上，用手摇动换档杆)，则故障为自锁效能不良；否则，故障为离合器壳与变速器接合平面与曲轴轴线垂直变动等引起。

（二）、乱档

1．现象

在离合器技术状况正常的情况下，变速器同时挂上两个档或挂需要档位时，结果挂入别的档位。

2．原因

①互锁装置失效：如拨叉轴、互锁销或互锁钢球磨损过甚等；

②变速杆下端弧形工作面磨损过大或拨叉轴上拨块的凹槽磨损过大；

③变速杆球头定位销折断或球孔、球头磨损过于松旷。

总之乱档的主要原因是变速器操纵机构失效。

3．故障诊断与排除方法

①挂需要档位时，结果挂入了别的档位：摇动变速杆，检查其摆转角度，若超出正常范围，则故障由变速杆下端球头定位销与定位槽配合松旷或球头、球孔磨损过大引起。变速杆摆转360°，则为定位销折断。

②如摆转角度正常，仍挂不上或摘不下档，则故障由变速杆下端从凹槽中脱出引起(脱出的原因是下端弧形工作面磨损或导槽磨损)。

③同时挂入两个档：则故障由互锁装置失效引起。

（三）、挂档困难

1．现象

离合器技术状况良好，但挂档时不能顺利挂入档位，常发生齿轮撞击声。

2．原因

①同步器故障；

②拨叉轴弯曲、锁紧弹簧过硬、钢球损伤等；

③一轴花键损伤或一轴弯曲；

④齿轮油不足或过量、齿轮油不符合规格。

3．故障诊断与排除方法

①检查同步器是否散架、锥环内锥面螺旋槽是否磨损、滑块是否磨损、弹簧弹力是否过软等。

②如果同步器正常，检查一轴是否弯曲、花键是否磨损严重。

③检查拨叉轴是否移动正常。

（四）、变速器异响

1．现象

变速器异响是指变速器工作时发出的不正常的响声。

2．原因

1)齿轮异响

齿轮磨损过甚变薄，间隙过大，运转中有冲击；齿面啮合不良，如修理时没有成对更换齿轮。新、旧齿轮搭配，齿轮不能正确啮合；齿面有金属疲劳剥落或个别齿损坏折断；齿轮与轴上的花键配合松旷，或齿轮的轴向间隙过大；轴弯曲或轴承松旷引起齿轮啮合间隙改变。

2)轴承响

轴承磨损严重；轴承内(外)座圈与轴颈(孔)配合松动；轴承滚珠碎裂或有烧蚀麻点。

3)其他原因发响

如变速器内缺油，润滑油过稀、过稠或质量变坏；变速器内掉入异物；某些紧固螺栓松动；里程表软轴或里程表齿轮发响等。

3．故障诊断与排除

①变速器发出金属干摩擦声，即为缺油和油的质量不好。应加油和检查油的质量，必要时更换。

②行驶时换入某档若响声明显，即为该档齿轮轮齿磨损；若发生周期性的响声，则为个别齿损坏。

③空档时响，而踏下离合器踏板后响声消失，一般为一轴前、后轴承或常啮合齿轮响；如换入任何档都响，多为二轴后轴承响。

④变速器工作时发生突然撞击声，多为轮齿断裂，应及时拆下变速器盖检查，以防机件损坏。

⑤行驶时，变速器只有在换入某档时齿轮发响，在上述完好的前提下，应检查啮合齿轮是否搭配不当，必要时应重新装配一对新齿轮。此外，也可能是同步器齿轮磨损或损坏，应视情况修复或更换。

⑥换档时齿轮相撞击而发响，则可能是离合器不能分离或离合器踏板行程不

正确、同步器损坏、怠速过大、变速杆调整不当或导向衬套紧等。遇到这种情况，先检查离合器能否分离，再分别调整怠速或变速杆位置，检查导向衬套与分离轴承配合的松紧度。

如经上述检查排除后，变速器仍发响，应检查各轴轴承与轴孔配合情况、轴承本身的技术状态等；如完好，再查看里程表软轴及齿轮是否发响，必要时予以修理或更换。

（五）、变速器漏油

1．现象

变速器周围出现齿轮润滑油，变速器齿轮箱的油量减少，则可判断为润滑油泄漏。

2．原因及排除方法

①润滑油选用不当，产生过多泡沫，或润滑油量太多，此时需更换润滑油或调节润滑油；

②侧盖太松，密封垫损坏，油封损坏，密封和油封损坏应更换新件；

③放油塞和变速器箱体及盖的固定螺栓松动，应按规定力矩拧紧；

④变速器壳体破裂或延伸壳油封磨损而引起的漏油，必须更换；

⑤里程表齿轮限位器松脱破损，必须锁紧或更换；变速杆油封漏油应更换油封。

三、手动变速器的维护

现以桑塔纳轿车为例：

桑塔纳轿车采用了全同步手动、多级式齿轮传动变速器，有4个前进挡和1个倒挡。前进挡均采用锁环式惯性同步器，换挡机构采用全同步器啮合套式，具有结构合理、布局紧凑、工作可靠、使用寿命长等特点。但如果在使用和维护过程中不按正确方法操作，故障随时都有可能发生。

正确使用同步器：

1、采用两脚离合加减挡。加减挡时，若用一脚离合，则加减挡时的车速必须正确，时机也要恰当，必要时可采用两脚离合来加减挡，这样的加减挡的方法可以减少相啮合齿轮之间的圆周速度差，从而减小同步器的磨损，延长同步器的使用寿命。

2、换挡时严禁使用拍打变速杆的方法（即一推一松的操作方法）。应该始终用手按住变速杆，这样能大大地减少同步器锁环的滑摩时间并减少磨损。

3、严禁在空挡熄火状态下利用同步器强行挂挡启动发动机。因为发动机的转动惯性很大，同步器的摩擦力矩又很小，所以同步过程时间很长，使锁环温度

急剧增高，很容易烧毁同步器。

4、严禁用同步器代替离合器起步（即不使用离合器而利用同步器的磨擦作用挂挡起步）、控制车速和制动。

正确使用润滑油：

桑塔纳轿车在出厂时，变速器中已加入了优质的润滑油，一般情况下，对变速器润滑的液面无需进行检查。但当正常行驶10万公里-20万公里后必须更换一次润滑油。桑塔纳轿车变速器使用的润滑油牌号为：齿轮油API-GLA （MIL-L2105）、SAE80或SAE80W-90等级以上。

变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

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齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译436手动变速器 (2)

附录 附录A. Manual Transmission It’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work? A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox． We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive,

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二轴式手动变速器外文翻译

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变速器设计,中英文带翻译

原文： Transmission design As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps

汽车变速器外文翻译

外文翻译 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT

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