词汇学论文叠声词

A Study on Overlapping Words

课程：英语词汇学

专业：英语

年级：2010级

班级：2班

姓名：刘波

学号：201009010226

2012年11月8号

A Study on Overlapping Words Abstrict: In english compound words, one kind is called …reduplicated words?, which is composed of two identical root word or syllable overlapping compound words. This kind of words have similar sounds. So we name this kind of words according to its phonological features. As a result of reduplicating expressions quite special, although the amount is little, it has its own unique charm. In order to let more people understand and learn how to use it, then to achieve the purpose of strengthen the expressive force of language, this discourse will express its Word Origins, characteristics and classification.

Key words: Overlapping words; classification; characteristics; Word Origins

1 Introduction

G.W. Fowler once said: we are able to enter the world of speech Perhaps it is through their reduplicating, from the initial experimental Mum-Mum and DAD-DAD to a more ambitious tootsy-wootsy (baby, baby) and piggy-wiggy (pig, dirty boy). Reduplicating is native English people into the world of words …a stepping-stone to success?. But the current situation is not good,most people do not understand them, let alone using them. As an english major student, in order to achieve your language more native and improve your writing and translating level and some other comprehensive abilities, you must have a deep understanding on different lexicological phenomenon. So, this discourse will introduce overlapping words from different aspects. I hope english learners could appreciate those words? u nique charm and apply them to your english learning.

2 Reduplicating classification

According to the feature of pronunciation and reduplicating in two components of the phonological structure. After careful analysis, it can be divided into four categories.

2.1 Alliterative reduplications

Alliterative reduplications are Using alliteration consists of overlapping words and

sharing the same first letter words to constitute a semantic, formal equivalence compound expression. Such as: sea-saw(a kind of game equipment that two children sit two sides and it could be up and weight by the child?s weight), shipshape(neat, well-organized), spick-span(new), hum and haw(hesitate to do something). Examples: Some commentators have tried to describe Mr. Brown as a Shakespearean character—a Hamlet who has hemmed and hawed in his rivalry with Mr. Blair. Another one is : I tell you your party is rotten and filled with grafters , and instead of flying into a rage you hum and haw and admit there is a great deal in what I say.

2.2 Rhyming reduplications

Rhyming reduplications are through the words of consonant in the syllable and the replacement of the main phonological overlap. Two words have relevant meaning, the model is like this: C1 VC(etc.)-C2VC(etc.): this type of the first consonant or consonant clusters be replaced, such as: Hubble-bubble(bubbling sound), hi-fi(fidelity), hanky-panky(fool someone), fuddy-duddy(odd or something has a long history), razzle-dazzle(hilarity), willy-nilly(shilly-shally, whether you like it or not). I will give you some sentence examples:

① I think there was some hanky-panky with the last election.

② They are on the razzle-dazzle.

③ After her boss fell sick, she willy-nilly found herself directing the project.

2.3 Female rime reduplications

Transform or take advantage of a double rhyme overlapping words in the English vocabulary vowel , its same dual sound before consonants and subsequent consonants are also the same , which is more to strengthen the flavor. V owel transform constitute word called overlapping words, Rhyme and alliteration, the first vowel is almost always the high vowels and transform of the vowel is low vowels, the first vowel is a vowel and before the first vowel as back vowels. The model is CV1C-CV2C, such as: coca-cola, fiddle-faddle(rats) , flip-flop(paidapaida), ping-pong, tittle-tattle(gossip), wishy-washy(empty) and so on. There are some sentence examples:

① British showbiz writers searched for tittle - tattle on robbie williams ' love life and speculated endlessly about the demise of the hit girl band the spice girls ( news - web

sites ).

② If silly sally will shilly - shally , shall sill willy - nilly shilly - shally , too.

③ He hit me so i hit him back it was tit for tat.

2.4 Exact reduplicated words

Two parts of word formation is the same morpheme overlapping which is like: baby-talk-like. I will give you some examples: chow-chow(p ickles), froufrou(r ustle of clothes), hush-hush(secret,especially describe the atmosphere), willy-willy(w hirlwind), wee-wee(piss), talky-talky(talk too much)

3 C haracteristics

3.1 The phonetic features of reduplicating

It is not difficult to find that reduplicating around two components to each other or rhyme, alliteration and rhyme, or both, and overlapping sound word has a lot to exhale beginning with the letter H. For example: heebie-jeebies, handy-dandy, hocus-pocus, hotsy-totsy, hugger-mugger, hurly-burly, hoity-toity, hurry-scurry, holus-bolus, hoky-poky.

3.2 The writing characteristics of reduplicating

Generally speaking, it is general the same with other compound words, reduplicating has four kind of writing methods.

3.2.1 The two components are putting together, the middle is no hyphens: wigwag(wave), rantan(happy), dillydally(killing time), froufrou(sounds of clothes)

3.2.2 The two components have the hyphen,such as: flip-flap(the sound of pada), lardy-dardy(The pretending Playboy pose), twiddle-twadle(foolish words), tut-tut(having no patient on something)

3.2.3 Two components separates by writing such as: teeny weeny(small or small

amount), silly Billy(foolish), ticky tacky(the same or having no differences), swish swash(beer).

3.2.4 If there are more than two components,you could choose using hyphens or not, but such kind of words are not so much, for example: row-de-dow(quarrel or speak aloud), razzmatazz(pleasant spirit), chock-d-block (filled with staffed), tick-tack-toe(Triple chess , use the remote knocking device prank)

3.3 The part of speech features of reduplicating

English words strong part of speech conversion ability is being obvious to people, without the aid of affixes can be realized, so vocabulary words, compound words are more such, and reduplicating the part of speech conversion ability seems to be much stronger, a term of reduplicating has many examples: jingle-jungle(jingling sound or strike jingling sound), hocus-pocus(juggler with the spell or cheat someone), criss-cross(in a cross). There are some sentence examples:

① The climbers zigzagged up the mountain.

② The path runs zigzag up the hill.

③ We went up long zigzag before we came to the top of the mountain.

3.4 T he meaning features of the reduplicating

3.4.1 Jointly by the two components of the original meaning of expression , that is, the sum of the two meanings implied obtained manifestations : First, two of the same or similar ingredients constitute an original two components of meaning is basically the same stack of sound words: drip-drop(drip means dropping and drop means dropping down) , creep-crawly(creep=crawly means creepy), tip-top, tip-tap

3.4.2 The original meaning of a composition by which alone expressed or implied obtained: chit-chat(chit means young kid, chat means gossip), super-duper(super means very big, duper means cheater), nid-nod(nid has no meaning and nod means down your head), whimsy-whamsy(whimsy means very strange idea while whamsy has nonsense). This kind of words? meaning depends on the first part or second part, not from all. Only play a supporting role or set off , the two components to each other

rhyming , read catchy sounds sweet .

3.4.3 Two of their own are meaningless composition , which is given a unique meaning: geegaw(the surface is very beautiful but indeed it is nonsense), niminy-piminy(posturing), ning-nong(foolish people), ping-pong(a kind of sport ball), chiff-chaff, hoky-poky(cheap ice-cream).

3.4.4 A combination of two inclusive sense of ingredients , but the sound of the word meaning extended from the stack unique new meanings , the two components of some or all express literal: never-never( forever do not do something), ragtag(rag means broken clothes), hanky-panky(hanky means handkerchief), ram-stam(ram means hit something violently).

4 Word Origins

Overlapping words can temporarily constituted apart from a few onomatopoeia , most can be found in the dictionary. Overlapping origin of the word can be broadly divided into the following categories:

4.1 Own development and change

Imitation of natural sound onomatopoeia: Hubble-bubble(boiled), rat-tat, hush-hush, yum-vum(sounds like zizizizi especially express someone eat some delicious food). In order to rhyme with the secon d part: fiddle→fiddle-faddle. If someone does not know what should he do, he can ask himself “Shall I, Shall I?” and then comes another word: shilly-shally to express someone have no idea what he will do or hesitate to do something.

4.2 From our societies

Language is the crystallization of human wisdom, and it comes from life and reflect life. For example, yo-yo and yo toys both brand names describe repeated up and down and the rise and fall of things. Many overlapping words appear with the progress of

human society and the development of technology of Lee. For example: ping-pong, handle-talkie, coca-cola, hasty-tasty

4.3 From the traditional culture

Our human has a long history,and we create many proper words to express our feeling,beautiful things and some special objects. Such as: humpty-dumpty(chunky), this word comes from a children?song named Humpty-dumpty, heeble-feeble(neuroticism), hotsy-totsy(good),which comes from American cartoonist Billy DeBeck? works.

5 C onclusion

In a word, no matter from the morphological characteristics, pronunciation features and characteristics or its part of speech, word and character, reduplicating differs from other compound words, it has unique characteristics. From grammatical perspective, reduplication is composed of two words, the word form is called "two words" or "combined with the word" English reduplicative words or morphemes using syllable overlapping overlapping, constitute overlapping sound compound words, it mostly nouns, also can be converted into adjectives, verbs or adverb.From the perspective of rhetoric, English reduplicative words can express different additional meaning and emotion, it and Chinese double or assonance word are very similar to. Although the number of overlapping words in English than Chinese similar word are small, word-building ability than Chinese reduplication words also has a little, but because of its obvious forms in speech, word formation and rhetoric expressive has rich express. As the English rhetoric means, English reduplicative words appearing in the spoken language, and when the articles that appear in this word, it can often cause a fresh and lively language effect and the charm infinite.

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词汇学论文

题目: Semantic Change of English Words 学期2011/2012学年第一学期 科目英语词汇学 班级 学号 姓名

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词汇学论文

Compounding in English Neologisms 学院：Xxx 专业：英语 学号：2013102030121 姓名：Xxx 【Abstract】Language is the carrier of society, reflecting the specific period of the social culture, language is always in constant development and change. With the development of science and technology, political and economic and social, has appeared in English so many new words reflect the specific period, enriched the English a global language. This article lists some new words, the paper analyzes the background of the new words and word formation in the reflection of new words 【Key Words】neologism; Sources; word-formation; Introduction Language is a tool for human communication ideas. Generally speaking, the thinking of people depends on language, and language expression. Word is meaningful in language, the smallest of units used to be independent. Reflect the objective things in the brain, feeling, perception, representation, then the brain to generalize and abstract, feeling, perception, and representation form concept. People use language form the concept of "fixed", to become a symbol for the people to communicate, this is the word has a certain meaning. British linguist partridge (Eric Partridge) said, "Words have no fancy; people have a fancy for th em”. Times are changing, in the development of science and technology, thinking in progress, as the reality of language nature also want to keep up with the pace of social evolution, adapt to the needs of social evolution, is the most sensitive part of the language vocabulary. English is the world common language, English vocabulary like any modern language vocabulary, continues to grow unceasingly. Shakespeare?s time recorded about one hundred and forty thousand words of English vocabulary, now even the English vocabulary with five hundred thousand words computing, there are more than two-thirds of words are created in nearly three hundred years. People experiencing new things, new experiences, develop new ideas, always have the words to describe them. Since the 20th century, especially for nearly 50 years, appeared in English new words, new meanings of many old words, English vocabulary is in the continuous

词汇学论文

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

在社会生活中，常见的词语有“酒”，“老”，“个人主义”，“外国人”等等。在中国历史上，酒的悠久历史是与中国传统的农耕国家文化不可分离的。酒的饮用不仅是农耕文明发展的一个表现，也是社会进步的具体表现，更是直接与人们的喜怒哀乐和国家的兴旺存亡有关，“葡萄美酒夜光杯”“煮酒论英雄”等等；但是“酒”在英语中的文化内涵比较单一，在更大程度上被看成一种不良嗜好，和罪恶联系在一起的程度远大于和豪情壮志，文学创作的关联度，从西方屡次下达的“禁酒令”可窥一斑。而且汉语的“老”的文化内涵也要远远多于英语，可以指年岁大，年代久远，陈旧，原来的，颜色深，老子的简称，变老，死亡，经常，很，还可用作前缀（用于称人、排行次序、某些动、植物名）。再比如，个人主义，“Individualism”，在汉语中是个贬义词，因为在中国社会中，群体利益更为重要，牺牲个人以服从集体是典型的儒家思想。但在英语中，用英英释义如下，1.the quality of being individual; "so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality" 2. a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence 3.the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs. 这个词最开始是被爱默生所使用的，是被西方人普片接受的价值观，它的存在与西方所特有的外向型文化有着千丝万缕的联系。 3.2 委婉语 委婉语在汉语中指“人们在交际和交流中希望找到一种合适的表达方式，即使双方能够顺利完成交际，又使双方感到此次交际是愉快的。”在英语中指“an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh.”虽然英汉两种语言中都存在委婉语，但在实际使用中由于各自的社会文化背景不一样，在使用范围和表现手法上也是有所差异的，主要体现在委婉程度和委婉借用手法上。如“死亡”，在汉语中有“牺牲”，“去世”，“安息”等等，在英语中，有“to be called”,“to be at rest”,“with God”等等。此外，还有军事委婉语，在伊拉克战争中，美军着力粉饰太平，如Pre-emptive strike(先发制人的攻击)，Iraqi Freedom(自由伊拉克)，surgical strikes(外科手术式击打)，civilian casualties（平民伤亡）等等。此外，英语中还有结构式委婉语和虚拟语气。

英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没