词汇学论文

英语词汇学论文

The meanings and usages of color words

in English

Name:

Number：

Class：

The meanings and usages of color words in English

There are many words expressing colors in English, which are a part of the English vocabularies. These color words’meanings and usages have a great change through a long term of development. People use these color words to express not only the color, but also the other meanings which are extended, transferred meaning, symbolized, etc. These meanings had formed fixed usage by the frequently using. Therefore, some colors became the words to express people’s good emotions, and some colors became the words to express people’s bad emotion. Thus, here comes a special phenomenon of English color culture. However, due to the different cultures between Chinese and Western, this color culture brings difficulties and influences for Chinese to learn English. In this essay, the color words’ meanings and usages in English will be analyzed through the next three aspects: the basic meanings and usages; the symbol meanings and usages; the habitual collocation and meanings.

Ⅰ. The basic meanings and usages of color words

Originally, the color words, which are a part of basic vocabularies, mainly used them to indicate the different visual effect of different things. Stated from the definition of physics, the color is a visual phenomenon which is caused by things emission and reverberating. People use the color words to describe our colorful, beautiful and gorgeous nature. For

example, red sky （彩霞）a red rose （一支红玫瑰）a blue dress (一条蓝色连衣裙。) Your hands are blue with cold. (你的双手冻得发紫。) The color words can be divided into two groups: nouns and adjectives. They are to describe things with all kinds of specific color or the feature of color. For example, Mary is dressed in grey / red / white. (玛丽穿着灰色/红色/白色衣服。) Mr. Smith presented me with a bunch of red roses yesterday. (昨天史密斯先生送了我一束红玫瑰。) Besides, people’s skin’s color is close to some color, so we use the color words to allege the race with some color. E.g. there were both blacks and whites at the meeting that day. (那天，会上白种人和黑种人都有。) In English, we can often see that many color words are in Americans’ and Englishmen’s last names. Now the color words are used to be their last name, such as, Mr. Brown, Mr. White, Mr. Black, and Mr. Green, and so on. However, in the ancient time of Britain, the English had neither first name nor last name for a long time until the 16th century when the last name was widely spread. The origin of the words of English name is varied, and some of them are to reflect the personal character, like the color of skin, the height, the quality, and so on. An English whose family name is Black might get the name for his ancestor’s skin was very black. Therefore, can you guess out the color of the skin of a man whose last name is White? Meanwhile, some name came from their living environment, or landform. A person’s last name is Green; his ancestor

might live near a forest or grassland.

Ⅱ. The symbol meanings and usage

With the development of time and technical, the language has also developed. During this developed period, the vocabularies constantly get new meanings, too. No exception of color words. At the beginning of the western civilization, the human beings concentrated on the scientific education, rational thinking, and research of scientific methods. At this time, they recognized the world through not superstition, but scientific methods. Therefore, the symbols of colors are usually straight in the western culture. Most of the color words have two aspects: good aspect and bad aspect. We use the specific colors of some things to symbolize some abstract cultural meanings, which is easy for us to date to the evidences and reasons of the words. In English, color words can successfully express the human beings’emotions, and special respects and taboos. In the world of politics, economy, and culture, people use the color words to express the special meanings. In the following, some main color words’symbol meanings and usages would be analyzed and discussed.

A.Red

In the English culture, red is usually used to describe the color of blood or fire. For the westerners, blood is called “the liquid of life” which gallop in human’s body. It has a lot of meanings, for example, a. it

symbolizes that the life is exuberant, strong, enthusiastic, excited, and so on. E.g. Mr. Smith is a red-blooded person. (史密斯先生是一个强壮有力的人。) red carpet (隆重的欢迎仪式), the Red Army (红军), the Red Cross (红十字会), I turned red with anger. (我因发怒而脸红。), They are red hot about something unfair. (他们因某些不公平的事情而愤怒。). b. it symbolizes the violence, danger, and warning, etc. Fire makes people fear and realize the danger; while once the blood flows out, the flower of life will fade. Thus, westerners will often imagine the violence and danger when they saw red so that red became a kind of taboo, such as, red light 红灯; red alert 紧急待命状态; red ruin 火灾; red battle 血战. c. it means being in debt or deficit in the world of business. When the account and the list of gains and losses shows the income is negative, people use a red pen to mark. So here comes “red figure” (赤字), “red ink” (赤字), “in the red”（亏损）, “red balance” (赤字差额)，etc. E.g. Your account is in the red. (你的帐面上已经出现了赤字。) We'll soon be out of the red. （我们很快就会扭亏为盈。）Besides, when used in newspaper or new, “red”means to support the political view of the Left. E.g. Red Ken wins seat in Parliament. (左翼的肯赢得了议会的席位。)

B.white

White is the color of milk, salt and snow. a. it symbolizes elegance, purity. Such as “a white soul”(纯洁的心灵); “white wedding”(新娘穿白礼服的婚礼). b. It has the meaning of honesty. For example, a white

spirit (正直的精神); white men (高尚、有教养的人); white hand (廉洁、诚实). c. It means lucky. E.g. One of the white days of sb's life (某人生命中的吉日之一); white magic (有天使相助的法术) d. White indicates legal. E.g. white market (合法市场); white war (没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”); white list (经过批准的合法名单); a white lie (无害的谎言)

C.black

Black is treated as the darkest color in western culture. a. It signifies death and unlucky. E.g. After her husband died，she dressed in black for a year. (她在丈夫去世后穿了一年的黑色丧服。) Black Mass (安灵弥撒); to wear black for her father (为她父亲戴孝); black words (不吉利的话);

a black letter day (凶日). b. It indicates evil. E.g. People can’t forgive his black deeds. (人们不可能饶恕他的恶行。) He gave me a black look. (他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。) Black Man (邪恶的恶魔); black guard (恶棍、流氓); blackmail (敲诈、勒索) c. It shows shame, such as a black mark (污点); a black sheep(败家子). d. It symbolizes sadness and anger. E.g. The future looks black. (前途暗淡。) e. In business, black has special meaning, which is profit. For example, black figure, in the black(都表示“盈利”、“赚钱”、“顺差”等).

D.yellow

Yellow is the color like that of butter and gold. a. It indicates the low interest, and worthless literature. For example, yellow press (黄色报刊);

yellow journalism (黄色办报作风); yellow back (黄皮小说). b. It shows the person’s mean and envy, such as “yellow dog”(卑鄙的人).

E.green

Green is the color of leaves and grass of the nature. a. It indicates the youth and energy. For instance, the green wood (青春旺盛的时代); Tom is at the green age of 18.(汤姆正值18岁青春期。) in the green（血气方刚）; a green old age（老当益壮）. b. It shows the clear memory, such as green recollection (记忆犹新); keep the memory green (永远不忘). c. It symbolizes fresh. For example, green vegetables青菜; a green wound新伤口. d. It indicates safety and permit. For example, green light (官方的许可，绿灯(安全通行指示灯)); green economy (绿色经济); green product （绿色产品）; green revolution(绿色革命)。e. It shows no experience, such as a green hand (生手); as green as grass (幼稚). f. It signifies envy, like green with envy (充满妒嫉); a green eye (妒嫉的眼睛). g. It is used to describe the pale face after seeing scaring things. E.g. Mary turned green at the sight of the big snake. (看到那条大蛇时,玛丽吓得脸色发青。) h. Green can also be seen in business. For example, green back (常指“美钞”); green power (指“金钱的力量”或“财团”); green stamp (指美国救济补助票，因印成绿色而得名); green pound（绿色英镑）.

F.blue

Blue is the color of the clear sky, or of deep sea on a fine day, bring

the feeling of deep and peace. a. It signifies elegance, as “blue ribbon”（最高荣誉的标志）. b. It indicates sadness. E.g. I am feeling rather blue today. (我今天心情很不好。) a blue-out look （悲观的人生观）; in a blue mood（情绪低沉）; Things look blue.（事不称心）; blue Monday（不开心的星期一）. c. It symbolizes dirty. Such as blue movie(色情电影). d. It also shows the meaning of accidently. E.g. David arrived completely out of the blue. (大卫突然来了。) e. In the world of business, blue shows its good meanings. For example, blue-sky market (露天市场); blue-collar workers (从事体力劳动的工人); blue chip (热门证券); blue button (有权进入股票交易的经纪人); blue return (蓝色所得税申报表，专供诚实的纳税人申报用).

According to the specific feature of some colors, people give the color words some special symbolized meanings, and these words have their specific meanings in some areas. These meanings are widely used in our daily life.

Ⅲ. The habitual collocation and meanings

The color words as a basic part of vocabularies has great vitality in English. People combine the color words by imagination. Then, they form phrases and idioms. But because of the different culture between Chinese and western, there will be some mistakes for us to translate or understand, like black tea红茶; brown sugar红糖; green-eyed红眼病; blue ice纯净冰; black and blue青一块紫一块; blue moon千载难逢的时

期; 难以预见的事; do sb. brown使…上当; do up brown把……彻底搞好; show the white feather显示胆怯; red tape官样文章，烦琐和拖拉的公事程序; bleed one white榨尽某人的血汗; white elephant无用而累赘的东西; beyond the pale失宠;丢脸.

In addition, color words can form verbs and other parts of speech through formation words and transformation of words, and then, get the new meanings and usages. E.g. The girl pinked at the mention of her boyfriend's name. (那姑娘听到别人提起她男友的名字时脸都红了。) The car engine was pinking slightly. (车子的引擎发出一点点爆震声。) There is no way to black out the news. (无法封锁消息。)

In English, the color words’usages are complicated and abundant. During learning English, we should n’t get the meaning literally. We should pay more attention on our accumulation in our daily life and learning. Meanwhile, learning more histories and cultural background of English are also good for us to understand the meanings, and catch the regular of words’ development. Then we can know the direct meanings and usages in specific contexts.

词汇学论文

目录 1. 图式与图式理论.........................................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。 1.1 图式 (1) 1.2 图式理论的定义.................................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。 1.3 图式理论的起源与发展...................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 2. 词汇 (2) 2.1 词汇的定义 (2) 2.2 词汇在英语教学中的重要性 (2) 3. 图式理论下的课堂词汇教学方法 (2) 3.1 当前初中英语课堂词汇教学现状 (3) 3.2 运用直观导入 (3) 3.3 设计brainstorming活动 (3) 3.4 创设真实情境 (4) 4. 结论 (4) 5. 参考文献 (4)

图式理论下的初中英语课堂词汇教学 摘要 词汇是英语这门语言的三要素（语音、词汇、语法）之一。美国著名教育家威尔金斯（Wilkins)在《语言学与语言教学》中提出: without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ”词汇对语言学习的重要性是显而易见的。语言离不开词汇，交流更离不开词汇。然而，现在的初中英语课堂词汇教学存在一些不容忽视的问题，例如：词汇教学太过于枯燥呆板，学生没有兴趣学习。本文就现在中学课堂词汇教学问题出发，利用图式理论，创造积极活跃的课堂气氛，使学生更容易，更牢固的掌握习得词汇。 关键词：词汇教学图式理论初中英语 Abstract V ocabulary is the one of three factors ( phonetics、vocabulary、grammar) of English. The famous American educationist Wilkins once have put forward in Linguistic and Language Teaching :“ without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ” W e can know the importance of vocabulary in language learning from this. Language learning can not separate with vocabulary, communication also can not. While there are some serious problem exist in the vocabulary teaching of medium school, such as: the vocabulary teaching is so bald, and there is not kinds of way to learn word, so students are not interested in learning vocabulary. This text is based on the problem, which exist in vocabulary teaching in medium school, using the Schema Theory to make a positive class and make students to learn vocabulary easier and more vicelike. Key words : vocabulary teaching Schema Theory junior English

2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。

词汇学论文

The English Synonyms 1、Introduction English has the largest vocabularies and synonyms in the world because it absorbed many different languages from various kinds of countries. As Baugh says, the richness of English in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin,French and native elements. 2、The origin of the English Synonyms 2.1 As early as the Anglo-Saxon period There were many borrowing words from other countries in Europe,such as Latin ("street","mile"...),Greek("priest","bishop"...),Celtic("crag","bin"...),and Scandinavian languages ("law","egg","thrall"...) and so on. 2.2 After the Norman Conquest A new kind of English language appeared,it called Norman English.The vocabulary doubled in that period because of the influx of French.French was widely used in the high society at that time in especial.For example, there were many words about eating:sugar,vinegar,boil,fry,roast and so on.About dressing,there were "garment", "robe", "mantle", "gown"and so on.About law,there were "plaintiff", "perjury" and so on. About religions,there were "convent", "hermitage", "chaplain", "cardinal" and so on. About social status,there were also some words to be expressed ,such as "prince", "count", "major" and so on. Ancient British people adopted a plenty of French vocabularies to express their feelings,behaviors and living. However,there were many words having same meanings between French vocabulary and the pre-existing Anglos-Saxon vocabulary,so a lager number of synonyms appeared. When the people wanted to say something,they can use the pre-existing Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.For example,"cure" and"heal',"table"and"board","poignant"and"sharp","labor"and"work","mirror"and"gla ss", "assemble"and"meet", "power"and"might" etc. 2.3 In the Renaissance

词汇学论文

题目: Semantic Change of English Words 学期2011/2012学年第一学期 科目英语词汇学 班级 学号 姓名

摘要 语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。 本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。 关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习 Introduction Languages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes. Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change at course of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describe has changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development of society a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientific discoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker's state of mind may bring about semantic changes. (Feng shimei, P163-165) In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change. According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types. 1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'. 2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'. 3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'. 4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.

词汇学论文

Compounding in English Neologisms 学院：Xxx 专业：英语 学号：2013102030121 姓名：Xxx 【Abstract】Language is the carrier of society, reflecting the specific period of the social culture, language is always in constant development and change. With the development of science and technology, political and economic and social, has appeared in English so many new words reflect the specific period, enriched the English a global language. This article lists some new words, the paper analyzes the background of the new words and word formation in the reflection of new words 【Key Words】neologism; Sources; word-formation; Introduction Language is a tool for human communication ideas. Generally speaking, the thinking of people depends on language, and language expression. Word is meaningful in language, the smallest of units used to be independent. Reflect the objective things in the brain, feeling, perception, representation, then the brain to generalize and abstract, feeling, perception, and representation form concept. People use language form the concept of "fixed", to become a symbol for the people to communicate, this is the word has a certain meaning. British linguist partridge (Eric Partridge) said, "Words have no fancy; people have a fancy for th em”. Times are changing, in the development of science and technology, thinking in progress, as the reality of language nature also want to keep up with the pace of social evolution, adapt to the needs of social evolution, is the most sensitive part of the language vocabulary. English is the world common language, English vocabulary like any modern language vocabulary, continues to grow unceasingly. Shakespeare?s time recorded about one hundred and forty thousand words of English vocabulary, now even the English vocabulary with five hundred thousand words computing, there are more than two-thirds of words are created in nearly three hundred years. People experiencing new things, new experiences, develop new ideas, always have the words to describe them. Since the 20th century, especially for nearly 50 years, appeared in English new words, new meanings of many old words, English vocabulary is in the continuous

英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没

词汇学论文

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

在社会生活中，常见的词语有“酒”，“老”，“个人主义”，“外国人”等等。在中国历史上，酒的悠久历史是与中国传统的农耕国家文化不可分离的。酒的饮用不仅是农耕文明发展的一个表现，也是社会进步的具体表现，更是直接与人们的喜怒哀乐和国家的兴旺存亡有关，“葡萄美酒夜光杯”“煮酒论英雄”等等；但是“酒”在英语中的文化内涵比较单一，在更大程度上被看成一种不良嗜好，和罪恶联系在一起的程度远大于和豪情壮志，文学创作的关联度，从西方屡次下达的“禁酒令”可窥一斑。而且汉语的“老”的文化内涵也要远远多于英语，可以指年岁大，年代久远，陈旧，原来的，颜色深，老子的简称，变老，死亡，经常，很，还可用作前缀（用于称人、排行次序、某些动、植物名）。再比如，个人主义，“Individualism”，在汉语中是个贬义词，因为在中国社会中，群体利益更为重要，牺牲个人以服从集体是典型的儒家思想。但在英语中，用英英释义如下，1.the quality of being individual; "so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality" 2. a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence 3.the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs. 这个词最开始是被爱默生所使用的，是被西方人普片接受的价值观，它的存在与西方所特有的外向型文化有着千丝万缕的联系。 3.2 委婉语 委婉语在汉语中指“人们在交际和交流中希望找到一种合适的表达方式，即使双方能够顺利完成交际，又使双方感到此次交际是愉快的。”在英语中指“an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh.”虽然英汉两种语言中都存在委婉语，但在实际使用中由于各自的社会文化背景不一样，在使用范围和表现手法上也是有所差异的，主要体现在委婉程度和委婉借用手法上。如“死亡”，在汉语中有“牺牲”，“去世”，“安息”等等，在英语中，有“to be called”,“to be at rest”,“with God”等等。此外，还有军事委婉语，在伊拉克战争中，美军着力粉饰太平，如Pre-emptive strike(先发制人的攻击)，Iraqi Freedom(自由伊拉克)，surgical strikes(外科手术式击打)，civilian casualties（平民伤亡）等等。此外，英语中还有结构式委婉语和虚拟语气。

英语词汇学的论文怎 么写

英语词汇学的论文怎么写？ 英语词汇学习 在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。 一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy ） 词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。然而，Gaims 和 Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。 二．语境策略（ Context strategy ） 语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。但是，Channell ( Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89 ) 认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。 三．精加工策略（ Elaborative strategy ）

精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。如对材料补充细节、举出例子、作出推论或使之与其它观念形成联想等，旨在为知识的检索提取提供新的途径，为知识的构建提供额外的信息。精加工策略的关键是将学习者头脑中已有的经验与要学习的词汇联系起来，充分利用已有的经验对要学习的词进行深水平的加工，使其合理化、富有意义，进而达到理解、记忆的目的。学习者已经掌握的熟悉的母语知识或外语知识、头脑中生动鲜明的形象以及其他多种相关的知识经验等都可以作为已有的经验加以利用。 最常用的精加工策略是联想。联想又可以分为：词缀联想、对比联想、关系联想、接近联想、相似联想等。心理学认为，联想反映了客观事物之间的联系。它在促进人的记忆、想象、思维等心理活动中占有重要的地位。在运用联想学习词汇时，通过串联归类，纵横联系，辨析分解，在脑际建立相互依存的知识结构，从而战胜遗忘，增强记忆。例如：词缀联想。在学习词缀 -tion时，学习者可以联想-tion构成的词汇：corporation , administration , competition , congratulation , description 等。通过词缀联想，学习者可以学一个会一串，迅速地扩大词汇量。Krashen 在“输入假设”( input hypothesis ) 中也提到：只有接受可理解性输入（ comprehensible input ），语言习得才会产生。精加工策略，可以建立形象与词汇之间的联系，使抽象的材料具体化，使学习者要记忆的目标词转化为可理解性输入，这一信息加工过程遵循了 Krashen 的“输入假设”，是一种行之有效的英语词汇学习策略。 四．语义场策略（ Semantic field strategy ） 语义场理论是德国学者 J.Tries （引自伍谦光，1995：94）最先提出来的。这个理论的核心就是探讨词所表达的类概念与词表达的种概念之间的关系。根据这

《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)

英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法

在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us