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非谓语动词基础版

非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的概念

动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词，也无并列连词连接时，其他的动词就只能用非谓语形式。

非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do

2、动词的ing : doing

3、动词的过去分词：done

二、三种形式的基本含义

不定式：表将来；动词的ing：表进行；过去分词：表示完成。

三、非谓语动词的时态和语态

一般式完成式进行式

不定式主动to do to have done to be doing

被动to be done to have been done

ing 形式主动doing having done

被动being done having been done

过去分词vt表被动done

vi 表主动

四、非谓语动词的否定形式

在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即not / never to do, not / never doing

五、非谓语动词的复合结构

不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.

动名词的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (作主语时只能用所有格＋doing)

热身练习：判断句中的非谓语动词从当什么成分

To see you is glad Swimming is his favourite sport.

I want to see you. He enjoys swimming.

My hope is to see you. This cup is broken.

His favourite is swimming. Broken by Tom, the cup can’t be used. Swimming in Summer, we can get cool. He is the man to see you.

This is a broken cup He is the man swimming in the river just now.

I want him to see you. I found the cup broken.

I found him swimming.

下面分别对三种非谓语动词分别进行讲解：

一、动词不定式

掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：

1．分清“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词,后接doing.

object to ，close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to ,

thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to

2．不定式带不带to的常见情况

1）helo后面的不定式to可要也可不要。

2）在but(=except),besides, than后的动词不定式一般要带to，但如果其前有作谓语的实义动词do，则不定式不带to

The soldier has no choice but to obey.

She did nothing but clean the dishes.

3)使役动词make,let,have,leave(=let)和感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to

You may take a horse to the water, you can't make him drink.

Don't forget to have them come. Leave him go.

have通常不用于被动语态，make可用于被动语态，let偶尔也可用于被动语态，在被动语态中，后面的不定式要加上to。

4)不定式作表语时，如主语部分含有实义动词do，且句子的时态为一般现在时或一般过去时(多为is或was)，不定式可以带to也可不带to

(1)What we must do now is(to) find anther person to help us.

(2)All he could do was (to) rush into the room.

5)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式一般省去to

(1)Her job is to take care of the children and wash clothes.

(2)The girl doesn't know how to read and write.

3.不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth

It’s necessary for you to study hard . It’s foolish of him to do it .

与of 连用的形容词修饰人：good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite 等，而与for连用的形容词修饰事物；important, necessary ，possible等

4只能跟to do作宾语的动词[口诀]

三个希望两答应：hope, wish, want, agree, promise

两个要求莫拒绝：demand, ask, refuse

设法学会做决定：manage, learn, decide

不要假装在选择：pretend, choose

5. 动词不定式作宾语需要跟宾语补足语时，不定式不能直接作宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例：We think to obey the laws important（×）. We think it important to obey the laws .（√）6．不定式作定语有两种关系：

1）动宾关系：

He has a lot of meetings to attend . He is looking for a room to live in .

注意下面两个句子的区别：

I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )

Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (逻辑主语是letters)

2）主谓关系：

She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .

7．不定式作状语，有以下几种意义：

1）原因.常用在表情感的形容词后：happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious , proud , angry，surprised , frightened , disappointed , clever , foolish ,

2) 目的He came to help me with my maths .

3) 结果I hurried to get there only to find him out .

The book is too hard for the boy to read .

He is old enough to go to school .

二．动名词

1.下面几个句型常用动名词

1.It is no use (no good, fun, great fun, a new experience, a great honour, ) doing sth.

2. It is good (nice, useless, interesting, pleasant, tiring ) doing sth.

3. it is worth while doing sth.

例如：It is no good talking. It’s fun working for him.

It’s no use shouting at him—he’s deaf. It’s worth while doing the work.

It is useless speaking. It was pleasant sitting there.

2.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，

forget to do …忘记要做某事forget doing…忘记做了某事

remember to do…记住要做某事remember doing …记着做了某事

mean to do …有意要做某事mean doing …意味着做了某事

regret to do …对要做的事表示后悔regret doing …对做过去的事后悔

can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事can’t help doing …情不自禁做某事

try to do …尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事

learn to do …学着去做某事learn doing …学会做某事

stop to do …停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing …停止做某事

go on to do …接着做（另外一件事）go on doing …继续做某事

used to do …过去做某事be used to doing …习惯做某事

3. 在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, start后用动名词和用不定式作宾语均可，意义没有多大区别。

4．只能用动名词(ing)作宾语的动词[口诀]

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，

否定完成停欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意弃逃亡。

consider考虑suggest建议advocate 提倡主张forgive原谅pardon 原谅

acknowledge承认admit 承认postpone延迟延期delay 延迟/defer 拖延recall回想fancy 幻想爱好avoid避免miss错过keep保持practice练习实践deny否认complete完成finish 完成quit 放弃停止appreciate感激欣赏forbid禁止prevent 阻止imagine设想risk冒险can’t help 不禁mind介意escape逃跑逃避

5.动名词和现在分词作定语的区别：动名词表用途，现在分词表主动进行

a sleeping car; drink warter; walking stick.

a running horse; a sleeping boy, running water

6．动名词主动形式表被动的情况：

动词need, require, want意为“需要”时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如：The window needs／requires／wants cleaning／to be cleaned。还有worth 后面也用doing表被动意义。

三．分词

1．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别

Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?

= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.

2．现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别

1）一些表示情感、情绪的现在分词表示主语的性质特征，表示情感、情绪的过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise --- surprising- surprised .类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)，disappoint (失望)，move（感动），

如：The movie is exciting We are excited at the news.

2）被动语态与过去分词作表语的区别：

The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（被动语态强调动作）

The blackboard is broken .（过去分词作表语强调状态）

3．现在分词、动名词作表语与现在进行时的区别

The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语表示事物的特征)

The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时表正在发生)

My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词表示主语的具体内容)

6．doing形式与to do在句中作状语的区别。doing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式、结果（表示自然而然的结果）或伴随情况;而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的,原因（只用于表情感的形容词后）或结果状语（表示意想不到的结果）

如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.

I looked into the window to see what was going on inside

Having finished the homework, I went home.

Being a Party member, I should work hard.

He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy.

To get more knowledge, we must work harder and harder.

7．doing形式,to do与done在句中作定语的区别。doing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生；而to do作定语时其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；done作定语其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

如：The girl sitting there can speak English very well.

I have three letters to write.

The meeting held last week was important.

总结：非谓语动词的解题步骤

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词

2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：充当的成分不同逻辑主语也不同。

3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。

4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前之后还

是同时。之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。有时成分不同形式也变了

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