英国文学赏析整理
Alexander Pope
An Essay on Man （know then thyself）
The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, every two line have the same thyme at the last word.
The poem is important in the sense that it embodies the 18th century concepts of the universe and man’s place in it, that is man is made in the shape of God, and occupies a middle position in the Great Chain of Being. As the poet says sometimes we have too much knowledge and feel suspect about everything, but sometimes we have too much weakness and can not be as pride as Stotic, sometimes we seem to have the power to rule all things but sometimes we seem prey to all. We are in the middle place and sometimes we are confused about whether to act or rest. The poet perfectly describes man’s feeling about ourselves and about the world.
Although Pope is never profound in thought but he is very adapt in voicing the idea of his contemporaries in a beautiful and clever way.
Robert Burns
A Red, Red, Rose
The metrical pattern of the poem is basically in the ballad form, i.e. each stanza consisting of four lines, with four stressed syllables in the odd-numbered lines and three stressed syllables in the even-numbered lines, and with rhymes occurring on the even-numbered lines.
The image of rose evokes traditional associations of beauty, love and romance. Its simple lyrics and straight form and expression of feeling make it a favorite choice for poetry anthologies and a most appreciated poem for readers. Incorporating various elements from folk songs, the poem is supposed to be a song sung by an Irish sailor to his sweet heart before his ship sailed off to sea, the exaggerated declaration of love “till the
seas are gone dry and till the rock melts” can remind us of a well known Chinese oath. There is no tearful parting. But determined hope of reunion: the sailor will come back to his sweet heart” though it were ten thousand miles.”
William Blake
The Lame
The poem is written in rhyming couplets with alternating iambic and anapestic feet. it’s one of the poems that collected in Songs of Innocence which express the poet’s delight in life, even in the face of sorrow and suffering.
The poem is a child song, in the form of a question and answer. The first stanza is rural and descriptive, while the second focuses on abstract spiritual matters and contains explanation and analogy. The child’s question is both na?ve and profound. “who made thee” is a simple question, but the child is also tapping into the deep and timeless questions that all human beings have, about their own origins and the nature of creation. The situation of a child talking to an animal is a believable one. Yet by answering his own question the child coverts it into a rhetorical one, thus counteraction the initial spontaneous sense of the poem, and also reveals his confidence in his simple Christian faith and his innocent acceptance of its teachings.
The lamb symbolizes Jesus, as Jesus has a traditional image as a lamb. The image of the child is also associated with Jesus: in the Gospel, Jesus displays a special concern for children. This poem, like many of the poems in Songs of Innocence, accepts that Blake saw as the most positive aspects of conventional Christian belief.
William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud(四步抑扬)
The form of the poem: it consists of four six-line stanzas following the rhyme scheme: ababcc. Each line is metered (音步) in iambic tetrameter.
One of the themes of the poem is about the soothing effect of memories on human thoughts, as we know the song was written 2 years later when Wordsworth saw the flowers, so memories are really important.
It’s a typical poem of Romanticism; it incorporates the ideas and aspects that are essential in romantic poetry. This simple poem also revisits the familiar subject of the unity between human and nature in a simple style and musical eloquence.
The poem’s main brilliance lies in the reverse personification in its early stanzas. The speaker is metaphorically compared to a natural subject—a cloud, and the daffodils are continually personified as human beings, dancing and tossing their heads. This technique is a very effective method for instilling in the reader the similar feeling, by which words worth implies an inherent unity between man and nature and signs of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.
The Solitary Reaper(四步抑扬)
The four eight-line stanzas of this poem are written in a tight iambic tetrameter. Each follows a rhyme scheme of ababccdd.
In this poem, the beauty of the song is presented to the reader through two well organized comparisons in the second stanza.
The poem’s structure: the first stanza sets the scene, the second offers two bird comparisons for the music, the third wonders about the content of the songs, and the fourth describes the effect of the songs on the speaker. The final two lines of the poem return its focus to the familiar theme of memory and the soothing effect of beautiful memories on human thoughts and feelings
To an extent, this poem ponders the limitations of language, as it does in the third stanza, but the ultimate intention of the poem is to praise the beauty of music and its fluid expressive beauty.
George Gordon Byron
She Walks in Beauty (四步抑扬)
The poem contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. Its rhyme scheme: ababab
Byron wrote the poem for his young cousin when they first met at a party, at that time she was wearing a black gown and Byron was struck by her beauty.
In the poem, the first two lines demonstrate both the opposing qualities of darkness and light that pass through the three verses[（诗或歌的）句, 节.].
By reading the poem, the reader can look deeper into the contents of Byron’s poem and discover both internal and external beauty in the lady.
Don Juan (the isles of Greece) (四步抑扬)
The poem is composed of 16stanzas, each stanza consisting of 6 lines of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of ababcc.
It’s a satirical epic and also Byron’s masterpiece. It consists of 16 cantos(长诗中的篇章) and remains unfinished.
Don Juan was a great epic of the early 19th century, it was a time when Turkish people took control of Greece and brought the dreadful life to Greek people. European writers and scholars are mostly keen on the ancient Greek civilization, and Byron is also one of them, but he is more interested in calling upon the Greek people to rise up against their enslavement under the Turkish rule.
Byron’s poems are full of revolutionary enthusiasm. The Isles of Greece portrays perfectly this character of spirit. In the poem, he speaks in the voice of a Greek poet, as he use expressions like “my country” and he writes about the past glories of Greece with the purpose of motivating the present-day Greeks to fight for freedom.
Although the poem is about the adventures of a Spanish libertine(浪子), the real significance of the poem lies in the vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands, Byron’s fiery passions for the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham(假装) and hypocrisy(虚伪) in love, religion, and the social relations of his time.
唐璜是一步未完成的长篇叙事讽刺诗，是拜伦最长的作品，《哀希腊》为六行诗体，四音步抑扬格，韵式为ababcc。在诗中，拜伦用古希腊的灿烂文明和古希腊人民反抗外来侵略的英勇史来激励希腊人民反抗土耳其统治的决心。
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Ode to The West (五步抑扬格)
“风”一词在希伯来，拉丁，希腊及其他许多语言中与呼吸，灵魂，精灵等书同义词，因此雪莱的西风是一个精灵，是一个“秋之生命的呼吸”。在诗的末尾，雪莱吟出了他的千古绝唱：“如果冬天来临，春天还会远吗？”
在形式上，《西风颂》是十四行诗与意大利三行诗相融合的结果，如同十四行诗，《西》每一诗节均为14行，最后两行为偶句诗，但前12行诗的韵式为意大利三行诗的aba bcb cdc ded，最后两行为ee.
《西》运用比喻，象征的手法，将写景与抒情，内心情感与外部气势融为一体，给读者以丰富的想象。
This ode consists of five stanzas, each is a combination of sonnet and terza rima form. The rhyme of a typical sonnet is :aba bec cdc ded ee, and in this poem we have aba bcb cdc ded ee. This linked chain gives a feeling of onward motion, the verse has a breathless quality which is in keeping with the onward motion fo t he wind’s movement, the metrical pattern of each live is basically iambic pentameter.
Linguistic techniques including personification, auditory imagery, thetorical questions, metaphors and similes
In the turbulent year of 1819, Shelley wrote many political lyrics. This poem is most representative of Shelley’s feelings and thoughts at the time. It is a mixture of death and rebirth. Shelley is concerned with the regeneration of himself spiritually and poetically and of Europe politically. He is appealing to the west wind to effect this regeneration. In the first three stanzas, the dynamic force of the west wind is manifested in its power on the land, in the air, and in the sea in different seasons. It is the destroyer and preserver. It will destroy the old world and herald in a new one. In the fourth stanza Shelley wishes that he were a leaf, a cloud, and a wave, so that he could feel the power of the west wind; but he is aware of his age and his sufferings in life which have bent him down. Finally, he appeals to the wind, the wind of aspiration and change, to reinvigorate him and to give force and persuasiveness to his poetry.
The last line” if winter comes, can spring be far behind?”is the most famous.
In a word, this poem is a passionate calling to the spirit of the personified west wind. The symbolism in this poem is rich and diverse.
Song to the Man of England(四步抑扬)
The song consists of eight quatrains, the metrical pattern of each line being iambic tetrameter and the rhyme scheme of each quatrain being aabb.
On August 16, 1819, when about 60,000 people were holding a rally in St.Peter’s Field near Manchester, demanding universal suffrage, parliamentary reform, and the repeal of the Corn Law, a troop of cavalry opened fire on them, killed more than a dozen, and wounded several hundreds. The killing was ironically referred to as “Peterloo Massacre”, a combination of “Waterloo” and “ St.Peter’s”. Upon hearing the news of the massacre, Shelley, being exiled in Italy, wrote several political lyrics in protest against the government’s barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrow the rule of the idle class.
In the poem, the drones refer to the people of the exploiting class who do not work and live on the labor of the working people. Bees of England refer to the working class. Shelley use simile to imply that the exploiting class has taken everything from the working class, and in the last two stanzas the poet is reprimanding[ /?reprima:nd/ .训诫，谴责] the workers who do not answer his call to fight for their freedom.
John Keats
Ode to a Nightingale
The poem contains eight stanzas, each consisting of ten lines, with nine lines in five-stress iambic meter and the eighth line in three-stress iambic meter. The poem is remarkable for its imagery and its music. They appeal to readers’ sense-tactile(触觉) gustatory（味觉）and visual and auditory.
Keats’ poetry is an escape from the real world into a world of imagination; ode to a nightingale was written in 1819 and is one of Keats’ best poems.
In the poem Keats identifies the nightingale with his Ideal Beauty and hopes that the song of the nightingale will help him to escape from the world of actually where “to think is to be full of sorrow into the world of Ideal Beauty, a place of eternal beauty.
In the second stanza, hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird through alcohol. In stanzas five to seven, the music even encourages him to embrace the idea of dying, for the purpose of never to experience any further pain of disappointment. As the nightingale flies away, the intensify of his experience has left him shaken, unable to remember whether he is awake of asleep.
济慈描述了夜莺欢乐的歌声和自己如痴如醉的感受，他好像进入了一个幻境，欲随夜莺一同融入自然，忘却人生的烦恼，然而这是诗人梦幻结束，告别夜莺，重返现实，并发出黄香毕竟不是现实的感叹
夜莺的歌声象征着不朽的艺术，相比人生则是短暂的。
To Autumn (五步抑扬格)
The poem contains three stanzas, each stanza consisting of eleven lines in iambic pentameter with a rhyme scheme of ababcdecdde.
Through a series of images he presents to the reader a picture of golden autumn, which according to Keats, is no less beautiful than spring. Special attention should be paid to how the poem appeals to our visual, tactile, and aural senses.
在《秋颂》中，诗人以绚烂的笔调描写了秋天的丰硕与收获的景色。全诗共三节，分别从景色，形态和省心三个方面着手，生动的表现了秋天的丰收美景。《秋颂》一诗有情有景，情景交融，在摹写了大自然的溶蚀也淋漓尽致的表达了诗人喜悦的情感。
必读英美文学经典作品20本
必读英美文学经典作品20本 American Literature 1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著 小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活
动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有
过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
英国文学作家及作品分析,语言学
英国文学作品与作家 一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1343~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 作品： ①
莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。（He was not of an age, but for all time.） 作品： ①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; He nry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
英国诗歌欣赏期末考试题(附答案)
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
英国文学作品赏析复习大纲
Review 1.Literary Glossary Question: What is the definition of each literary term below? Heroic couplet Byronic hero stream-of-consciousness Metaphysical poetry/poet Romance comedy tragedy soliloquy Sentimentalism/Sentimental novel Gothic novel foil Romanticism/Romantic era sonnet blank verse stanza Iambic pentameter Aestheticism 2.Selected reading. (1). The first twelve lines in the General Prologue in Canterbury Tale. (2). Shakespeare: sonnet 18(The main theme of this poem.) Act3 scene3, Hamlet’s monologue (main idea, major themes, meter and rhyme) (3). Milton, Paradise Lost Book 1, excerpt, lines describing Satan’s unyielding spirit (line50--75) (Satan’s character) (4). Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal (For whom was this essay written?) Gulliver’s travels (the name of each place Gulliver visits) (5). William Blake: Tyger (central image, main theme) (6). Robert Burns: My heart’s in the highlands (theme, does the speaker love the highlands? How does he show his love in the poem?) (7). William Wordsworth: I wondered lonely as a cloud (the central image, rhyme scheme, main idea of each stanza) (8). Shelley: Ode to the west wind. First stanza. (why is the west wind both destroyer and preserver?) (9). Jane Austen: chapter 1, first and second paragraph: “It is truly universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of life” (Is there any irony? What does this sentence imply?) (10). Jane Eyre: Chapter 5 and chapter 4 (Jane Eyre’s personality and Mr Rochester’s character) (11). Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles (subtitle of the novel, Tess’ character) 3.Key characters. Hamlet, Shylock, Satan, Robinson Crusoe, Jane Eyre… 4.Literary stages What are the main themes and dominating literary genres(文学体裁) in each of the following historical periods? Medieval age, the Renaissance, the Restoration and Revolution, The age of Enlightenment, Romantic era, the Victorian age (the age of realist critical realism, modernism.
英国诗歌赏析1(本科)
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
英国文学Iwonderedlonelyasacloud赏析整理
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud By William Wordsworth 1 I wandered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云, （Simile） That floats on high o'er vales and hills,高高地飘游在山谷之上, （Simile） When all at once I saw a crowd,突然我看见一大片鲜花, （Personification/Metaphor） A host, of golden daffodils;是金色的水仙遍地开放, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 它们开在湖畔,开在树下, （alliteration） Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.它们随风嬉舞,随风波荡。（Personification/Metaphor 2 Continuous as the stars that shine 它们密集如银河的星星, And twinkle on the milky way, 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹; （一二两行Simile/hyperbole） They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着海湾向前伸展, Along the margin of a bay: 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽; （三四两行Simile/hyperbole） Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 一眼看去就有千朵万朵, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance..万花摇首舞得多么高兴。（personification） 3 The waves beside them danced; but they粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳, （personification） Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:却不如这水仙舞得轻俏; （personification） A poet could not but be gay；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴, In such a jocund company;又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃; I gazed—and gazed—but little thought我久久凝视——却未领悟 What wealth the show to me had brought:...这景象所给我的精神之宝。 4 For oft when on my couch I lie后来多少次我郁郁独卧, In vacant or in pensive mood, 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠;
英国文学选读一考试大题必备 重点题目分析(人物分析 诗歌分析 三大主义)
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
英美文学作品赏析课程介绍
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