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英国文学诗歌赏析

英国文学诗歌赏析
英国文学诗歌赏析

Ode to the west 雪莱西风颂

查良铮译

1

哦,狂暴的西风,秋之生命的呼吸!你无形,但枯死的落叶被你横扫,

有如鬼魅碰到了巫师,纷纷逃避:

黄的,黑的,灰的,红得像患肺痨,呵,重染疫疠的一群:西风呵,是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到

黑暗的冬床上,它们就躺在那里,

像是墓中的死穴,冰冷,深藏,低贱,直等到春天,你碧空的姊妹吹起

她的喇叭,在沉睡的大地上响遍,(唤出嫩芽,像羊群一样,觅食空中)将色和香充满了山峰和平原。

不羁的精灵呵,你无处不远行;

破坏者兼保护者:听吧,你且聆听!2

没入你的急流,当高空一片混乱,

流云象大地的枯叶一样被撕扯

脱离天空和海洋的纠缠的枝干。

成为雨和电的使者:它们飘落

在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面,

有如狂女的飘扬的头发在闪烁,

从天穹的最遥远而模糊的边沿

直抵九霄的中天,到处都在摇曳

欲来雷雨的卷发,对濒死的一年

你唱出了葬歌,而这密集的黑夜

将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶,

里面正有你的万钧之力的凝结;

那是你的浑然之气,从它会迸涌

黑色的雨,冰雹和火焰:哦,你听!3

是你,你将蓝色的地中海唤醒,

而它曾经昏睡了一整个夏天,

被澄澈水流的回旋催眠入梦,

就在巴亚海湾的一个浮石岛边,

它梦见了古老的宫殿和楼阁

在水天辉映的波影里抖颤,

而且都生满青苔、开满花朵,

那芬芳真迷人欲醉!呵,为了给你

让一条路,大西洋的汹涌的浪波

把自己向两边劈开,而深在渊底那海洋中的花草和泥污的森林

虽然枝叶扶疏,却没有精力;

听到你的声音,它们已吓得发青:

一边颤栗,一边自动萎缩:哦,你听!

4

哎,假如我是一片枯叶被你浮起,

假如我是能和你飞跑的云雾,

是一个波浪,和你的威力同喘息,

假如我分有你的脉搏,仅仅不如

你那么自由,哦,无法约束的生命!

假如我能像在少年时,凌风而舞

便成了你的伴侣,悠游天空

(因为呵,那时候,要想追你上云霄,

似乎并非梦幻),我就不致像如今

这样焦躁地要和你争相祈祷。

哦,举起我吧,当我是水波、树叶、浮云!我跌在生活底荆棘上,我流血了!

这被岁月的重轭所制服的生命

原是和你一样:骄傲、轻捷而不驯。

5

把我当作你的竖琴吧,有如树林:

尽管我的叶落了,那有什么关系!

你巨大的合奏所振起的音乐

将染有树林和我的深邃的秋意:

虽忧伤而甜蜜。呵,但愿你给予我

狂暴的精神!奋勇者呵,让我们合一!

请把我枯死的思想向世界吹落,

让它像枯叶一样促成新的生命!

哦,请听从这一篇符咒似的诗歌,

就把我的话语,像是灰烬和火星

从还未熄灭的炉火向人间播散!

让预言的喇叭通过我的嘴唇

把昏睡的大地唤醒吧!西风呵,

如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗?

奥西曼提斯

客自海外归,曾见沙漠古国有石像半毁,唯余巨腿

蹲立沙砾间。像头旁落,

半遭沙埋,但人面依然可畏,那冷笑,那发号施令的高傲,足见雕匠看透了主人的内心,才把那石头刻得神情维肖,而刻像的手和像主的心

早成灰烬。像座上大字在目:“吾乃万王之王是也,

盖世功业,敢叫天公折服!”此外无一物,但见废墟周围,寂寞平沙空莽莽,

伸向荒凉的四方。

1)诗歌体裁:这是一首五音步抑扬格的14行诗。14行诗的完美结构要归功于意大利诗人彼特拉克(Petrarch),他把14行分为两节,前一节8行,后一节6行。前8行提出问题,后6行提出解决方案。于是第9行起到了引导和转折的关键作用。前八行的韵式为ABBA ABBA。后六行韵式比较灵活,以CDCCDC或者CDECDE为多见。另一种14行的体裁是莎士比亚式,也叫英式14行。14行被分为三个四行的诗节,加一个结尾总结性的对句。韵式为ABAB CDCD EFEF GG。而雪莱这首14行是两种格式的混用。结构上是彼特拉克式的,仍分为前8行,后6行,但韵式上既不是莎士比亚体,也不是彼特拉克体。整首诗歌的韵式为:ABABA,CDC EDE FEF。中文韵式为:AAAA BBCC DEDDDD

2)Ozymandias奥斯曼狄斯,是公元前十三世纪的埃及法老拉美西斯二世(Ramses II),希腊人称他为奥斯曼狄斯。他在墓地旁建造了狮身人面像斯芬克斯。

3)Which yet survive 句,其中的survive (存活)和lifeless (没有生命的)形成鲜明的对比,生动体现了讽刺意味,这是精彩之处,不能舍弃,因此保留为“没生命”和“存活”。4)The hand…句,是一个省略句,大概是雪莱作诗时为了音节的缘故。首先,mock是一个双关意义的词,即表示雕刻人的临摹,也隐喻对貌似威严的法老的蔑视和嘲笑。中文翻译时,往往因为不能兼顾双层含义,而使原诗的含义丧失一部分,这里为了保留复意,同时用了“妙手”(雕刻技术娴熟)和“笑诮”。Heart 究竟是谁的?从整体看,lifeless things (石头)已经从侧面讽刺了法老的coldness (前面的cold command),而与之形成鲜明对比的,是有生命的石匠,虽然他的音容笑貌没有因为被雕刻在石头上而“万古长存”(但最终也成为尘沙),但是,这正是雪莱巧妙讽刺的地方。是这些有生命的、有手、有心的平民工匠,才让那个没心没肺的统治者存留,那么不难想象,真正能长久的并不是法老和他统治的王朝。最后几行也影射了雪莱相信只有诗人和文字,而不是政客、政权、王国,才是世界上真正永存的智者和领袖。全句以完整的文字释写出来,应该是:(passions)survive the sculptor’s hand that mocked them (passions) as well as his heart that is fed (with the passions to be graved into the sculpture). Feed 本意是为。。。提供食物、养活。由此而来,它表示提供最基本的需求以保证某人、某件事物得以生存和发展(to provide what is necessary for the existence or development of)。所以,正是工匠对法老的细致观察、深刻了解(明鉴精了,心中充满对法老的了解),才会使他用独具匠心,把这些神态和情感惟妙惟肖地赋予石雕。Survive 这里是个及物动词,即比。。。活得长久,后面的宾语是hand和heart;中文翻译处理成独立的两句了。

To Autumn(John Keats)

1

雾气洋溢、果实圆熟的秋,

你和成熟的太阳成为友伴;

你们密谋用累累的珠球,

缀满茅屋檐下的葡萄藤蔓;

使屋前的老树背负着苹果,

让熟味透进果实的心中,

使葫芦胀大,鼓起了榛子壳,

好塞进甜核;又为了蜜蜂

一次一次开放过迟的花朵,

使它们以为日子将永远暖和,

因为夏季早填满它们的粘巢。

2

谁不经常看见你伴着谷仓?

在田野里也可以把你找到,

弥有时随意坐在打麦场上,

让发丝随着簸谷的风轻飘;

有时候,为罂粟花香所沉迷,

你倒卧在收割一半的田垄,

让镰刀歇在下一畦的花旁;

或者.像拾穗人越过小溪,

你昂首背着谷袋,投下倒影,

或者就在榨果架下坐几点钟,

你耐心地瞧着徐徐滴下的酒浆。

3

啊.春日的歌哪里去了?但不要

想这些吧,你也有你的音乐——

当波状的云把将逝的一天映照,

以胭红抹上残梗散碎的田野,

这时啊,河柳下的一群小飞虫

就同奏哀音,它们忽而飞高,

忽而下落,随着微风的起灭;

篱下的蟋蟀在歌唱,在园中

红胸的知更鸟就群起呼哨;

而群羊在山圈里高声默默咩叫;

丛飞的燕子在天空呢喃不歇。

(查良铮译)

全诗共分三节,第一节写秋色。诗歌一开始,诗人以饱满的热情,描述秋的景象,把读者的目光从湛蓝的晴空,带到挂着藤蔓的屋檐,从房前的老树到成熟的田野。诗人着力描写了秋天成熟的果实,伴随着欢唱的蜜蜂和迟开的花朵:一幅绚丽多姿的秋天的美景。

第二节写秋人。秋天在仓库地板小坐,在割一半的田垄里酣睡。通过人的形象来描绘收获和温暖。这些形象以人为中心,构成一幅温暖的丰收图。

第三节写秋声。在这一节我们看到的是一幅落日融金的壮观场面;秋天转化成了许多具体的生物:飞虫、羊群、蟋蟀。然而,在这灿烂的秋光里我们却清晰地听到了悲哀的歌,自然界的生灵们哀叹着秋天的短暂和寒冷的临近,成群的燕子正忙着向温暖的南方迁徙,以躲避寒冷的冬天。

意象美,修辞美和结构美

一,意象美

济慈对意象的理解是满怀深情、精雕细琢;充分运用色、声、光影的组合;重层次、重质感就像浓笔重彩的油画和马赛式的浮雕一样,带有典型的西方文化重分析,重描述的特点。在本诗中诗人运用了具体的视觉意象、味觉意象、嗅觉意象、触觉意象和听觉意象。通过一系列的意象,使读者如身历其景,感受到丰富具体的意象美。

1视觉意象(Visual image):本诗中运用许多描写具体事物的视觉意象,如第一节,第四行?第七行中的”round the thatch-eaves”、”to bend withapples”、”to swell the gourd”、”plump the hazel shel s”。藤蔓环绕农舍屋檐、苹果压弯树枝、葫芦鼓起、榛子丰满,一幅秋天万物成熟饱满的景象[2]展现在我们眼前。在第二节,第三行?第四行”Thee sit ingcareless on a granary floor,!Thy hair soft-lifted by thewinnowing wind;”诗人的描写仿佛让我们看到一个女性坐在谷仓地上,发丝随着扬谷的风儿飘荡的景象,产生美的视觉享受。

2嗅觉意象(Olfactory image):如第二节的第三行”Drows?dwith the fume of poppies”我们仿佛嗅到了田间罂粟花的浓烈的香味,产生美的嗅觉意象。

3味觉意象(Gustatory image):如第一节”sweetkernel”和”ripeness to the core”我们仿佛品尝到了秋天成熟的苹果甘甜可口和榛子的甘美果仁,给人以味觉美感,使读者在看到的同时,仿佛也品尝到了秋天的累累果实。这些味觉意象激发了读者对丰硕秋天的渴望和依恋。

4触觉意象(Tactile image):这首诗中有许多触觉词汇和短语。如”load and bless”、”bend”、”fil”、”swel”、”plump”、”soft-lifted”、”winnowing wind”、”sound asleep,borne aloft”等等当读者读此诗时,秋天不再是抽象的,它成为看得见、摸得着的具体的秋天[4],加深了读者对秋天美景的直观印象。

5声音意象(Auditory image):如第三节最后七行,诗人描写了”gnats mourn”(蠓蚋的悲歌)、”ful-grown lambs loud bleat”(肥壮的羊群的咩咩叫)、”hedge-crickets sing”(蟋蟀的鸣唱)、”the red-breast whistle”(红胸知更鸟的啼啭)、”gatheringswallows twitter”(群飞的燕子的啾叽声)。秋天转瞬化成许多具体的生物:飞虫、羊群、蟋蟀、知更鸟和群飞的燕子,在灿烂的秋光里,仿佛听到了悲哀的鸟,自然界的生灵们哀叹着秋日的短暂和寒冬的临近[2]。多重声音的交替出现,为诗歌增添了一层深沉的意境美和朦胧的色彩美[1]。

二、修辞美

1词语修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)[5].在这首诗中,运用了词语修辞格中的隐喻(Metaphor)和拟人(Personification)。

(1)隐喻(Metaphor):如第一节中”close bosom-friend”和”conspiring”,诗人把秋季和太阳描绘成好

朋友,喻体的运用,使读者眼前立刻呈现出秋之实体物象,语感强烈,印象突出。

(2)拟人(Personif ication):如第二节第三行中”sittingcareless on a granary floor”和第六行中”Drows?d withthe fume of poppies”,及第四行”Thy hair soft-lifted”,第五行中”sound asleep”。抽象的秋天被赋予人的言行和情感,给人以形象的美感,从而达到生动又富有情趣的艺术效果。

2结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)[5].在这首诗中,运用了结构修辞格中的修辞疑问句(Rhetorical Question)。如第二节第一行、第二行”Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy tore?Sometimeswhoever seeks abroad may find”,第三节第一行、第二行”Where are the songs of Spring?Aye,where are they?Think not of them,thou hast thy music too-”。在第二节、第三节的第一行、第二行中,叙事者似乎都在发问,等待”秋天”的回答。我们从中不难看出诗人深蕴的匠心,他希望通过这种富于戏剧色彩的表现方式,建起和读者的交流和沟通,加深读者对秋景的直观印象,激发起他们对秋之丰收美景的渴望和依恋。

3音韵修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)[5].在这首诗中,运用了音韵修辞格中的头韵(Al iteration)和拟声(Onomatopoeia)。

(1)头韵:在这首诗中使用了大量的头韵。如第一节第一行中”mists”和”mellow”,第四行中”round”和”run”,第六行中”fill”和”fruit”,第八行中”sweet”和”set”,第十一行中”clammy cel s”,以及第二节第四行中”winnow wind”等等。头韵是实现音韵美的一个重要因素,它用声音增强诗趣,用音韵辅助诗意,并具有回环美,给人以美的享受[6]。同时,头韵的使用使诗句语音流畅,音调和谐,增强语言的形象性和感染力。在这首诗中,头韵的使用使音韵美和意境美达到完美的统一。

(2)拟声(Onomatopoeia):如第三节的第五行中”wailful”(痛苦声),第八行中”bleat”(咩咩叫),第十行中”whistle”(鸣叫声),第十一行中”twit er”(呢喃声)都利用拟声方式描摹了蟋蟀、羊群、知更鸟和燕子的声响。这些拟声词的使用,使声音惟妙惟肖,使读者仿佛如临其境、耳闻其声[6]。渲染了秋天的气氛,有声有色,给人听觉上的刺激,唤起读者对真实事物的联想,收到直观性、生动性和形象性的艺术效果。

三、结构美

本诗共分三节,诗人一改以前创作颂诗时所惯用的10行诗段,而改用了叠音重奏的11行诗段,来抒发诗人对秋季深深的依恋之情[2]。整首颂诗运用抑扬格五音步。在每一节由两部分构成,每一节的前四行是第一部分,后面的七行是第二部分。每一节的第一部分是ABAB的韵式,第二部分的韵式是变化的,第一节的后七行的韵式是CDEDCCE,第二节和第三节的后七行的韵式是CDECDDE。在韵式结构中体现了一种变化的美。本诗共分三节,三节就是三个不同的秋天的画面。第一节写”秋色”,诗人如数家珍般地刻画出一个个秋日丰收景象的侧面,并以流畅的节奏和优美的乐感把这些细节串在一起,构成一幅色彩艳丽的秋天的丰收景象。第二节写”秋人”,我们则看到一幅幅静态的秋景:秋天在仓库地上小坐,在收割一半的田垄里酣睡,留着那一把未割完的麦子和缠绕的野花。这一些形象以人为中心共同构成了一幅温暖的丰收图。第三节写”秋声”,诗人描述了秋日傍晚的景象:落日照红了收割完毕的田野时各种虫鸟声音的交替,蠓蚋的歌声,山间绵羊的叫声,树丛里的蟋蟀的叫,园里知更鸟和燕子的鸣叫。这三节是相对独立的各自完整的三个画面,节与节之间看似没有相互的关联和过渡,但实际上,诗人以时间为顺序把三节诗巧妙地组合在一起,如第一节中的”mists”(雾),暗示秋天的早晨,第二节中的”soundasleep”(酣睡),暗示秋天的中午,第三节中的”soft-dying day”(渐渐消失的日照),暗示秋天的傍晚。诗人颇具匠心的以时间的早、中和晚为顺序安排三个诗节,使结构相对独立的三个画面以时间为顺序和谐地组合在一起,使整首诗具有和谐的结构美。同时,诗人希望以这种和谐的结构形式加深读者对秋景的直观印象,激发人们对秋天丰硕景象的渴望和依恋。

Sailing to byzantium驶向拜占庭

那不是老年人的国度。青年人

在互相拥抱;那垂死的世代,

树上的鸟,正从事他们的歌唱;鱼的瀑布,青花鱼充塞的大海,鱼、兽或鸟,一整个夏天在赞扬凡是诞生和死亡的一切存在。

沉溺于那感官的音乐,个个都疏忽万古长青的理性的纪念物。

一个衰颓的老人只是个废物,

是件破外衣支在一根木棍上,

除非灵魂拍手作歌,为了它的

皮囊的每个裂绽唱得更响亮;

可是没有教唱的学校,而只有

研究纪念物上记载的它的辉煌,因此我就远渡重洋而来到

拜占庭的神圣的城堡。哦,智者们!立于上帝的神火中,好像是壁画上嵌金的雕饰,

从神火中走出来吧,旋转当空,请为我的灵魂作歌唱的教师。

把我的心烧尽,它被绑在一个

垂死的肉身上,为欲望所腐蚀,已不知它原来是什么了;请尽快把我采集进永恒的艺术安排。

一旦脱离自然界,我就不再从

任何自然物体取得我的形状,

而只要希腊的金匠用金釉

和锤打的金子所制作的式样,

供给瞌睡的皇帝保持清醒;

或者就镶在金树枝上歌唱

一切过去、现在和未来的事情

给拜占庭的贵族和夫人听。

这首诗的主题是mortality和immortality.

人之在世,生老病死,生于土,必将归于土,所以希腊的神话把人叫做mortal(有死

期者),以区别于神的immortal(永生).

诗的第一段,描写我们生老病死的感观世界:这个世界讴歌青春,赞美活力,唾弃老丑.所以诗人说:That is no country for old men.

然而,垂老的诗人却从另一个侧面看到这个感观世界的悲哀:这里的一切都begotten, born, and dies,稍纵即逝,必将逝去.所以诗人把那些讴歌青春与

活力,那些沉湎于感观快乐的年轻人们,树上放声高歌的鸟儿们是Those dying generations,等待他们的是难于逃脱的死期.这里命数有尽的birds和最后一段

永恒的金鸟前后呼应.

古代中国人也曾不断得哀叹人生的短暂.比如古诗十九首这样吟唱:

生年不满百,常怀千岁忧.

昼短苦夜长,何不炳烛游.

为乐当及时,何能待来兹.

这是悲叹人生短暂,劝人及时行乐的,估计也是现今很多人的人生观.当然,诗人

寻求另外一种解脱:精神的永恒--艺术的永恒--Monuments of unaging intellect.

第二段,诗人对着自己衰老的肉体无能为力,寻求精神上的超越.

An aged man is but a paltry thing,

A tattered coat upon a stick.

“一个老人只是挂在棍子上的一件破衣裳”.诗人虽然肉体衰老,成了一具破烂的皮囊, 但是精神和情感却仍然年轻而有活力.所以诗人说:

unless

Soul clap its hands and sing, and louder sing

For every tatter in its mortal dress,...

“除非灵魂拍手歌唱,为他将死的衣裳上每一个皱纹高声唱吟”.

这句诗是一个irony,反讽.诗人告诉我们他感官的欲望不能尽消,所以希望自己依然

年轻的灵魂(soul,intellect,等)在这个感官世界上有一席之地.诗人告诉我们他并没有

解脱,他仍想如年轻人般地sing,sing louder.

sing这个词在这首诗里,象征着自我价值的实现,欲望的满足.但是,for every tatter in

its mortal dress,歌唱破败衣裳皱纹,把衣裳的破败变成辉煌,使这个肉体永恒,这要怎么

唱呢?这得要什么样的魔术呢?

诗人不知道,希望有个school(学校?学派?)来教他:

Nor is there singing school but studying

Monuments of its own magnificence;

世间的歌唱学校,都研究它自身辉煌的纪念物:

Monuments of unaging intellect, Monuments of its own magnificence.

这monuments就是人类灵魂和智慧的结晶--艺术品.而在诗人叶芝,这monuments指的

是特定地方的艺术品,这个地方就是东罗马帝国的首都拜占庭(Byzantium).

拜占庭对叶芝有特殊的意义,他曾经说过:「我觉得早期拜占庭在历史上空前绝后的将宗教, 艺术和现实生活融为了一体」“I think that in early Byzantium, maybe never before

or since in recorded history, religious, aesthetic and practical life were one.”

拜占庭是诗人灵魂的乐园,艺术永恒的所在,诗人要超越自己衰老的肉体,摆脱感官世界的诱惑,

斩断对感官世界的眷恋,只有去拜占庭了.

And therefore I have sailed the seas and come

To the holy city of Byzantium.

“因此我驶过了汪洋大海,来到了圣城拜占庭.”

第二段说:

Nor is there singing school but studying

Monuments of its own magnificence;

And therefore I have sailed the seas and come

To the holy city of Byzantium.

除了通过研习记载着灵魂之辉煌的丰碑来掌握灵魂歌唱的方法,没有其他教你歌唱的学校, 所以诗人在想像中越洋过海,来到圣城拜占庭.

拜占庭有的是这样的艺术丰碑.

第三段开头便描写了一座如此的丰碑:

O sages standing in God's holy fire

As in the gold mosaic of a wall,

Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre,

And be the singing-masters of my soul.

显然,这是一幅mosaic(用玻璃、贝壳、石头、木头、釉等镶嵌在墙上、天花板上的装饰画), 而且是诗人在拜占庭看到过的镶金的装饰画,画中是站在圣火中的sages.英文中sage跟saint 翻译成中文都是“圣人”,但本意却大相径庭.saint是被教会正式授与了称号的基督教的“圣徒”.而sage则多指基督教以前的智者们,如苏格拉底、柏拉图、甚至孔夫子.

在但丁《神曲》里,这些伟大的灵魂,因为无缘归依基督教,死后被放在炼狱(Purgatory),受圣火的净化(purge).

诗人要这些圣者们作自己心灵歌唱的老师,因为他们是unageing intellect(以这些圣者在西方

的影响,可谓永恒的“智”了),

而诗人要他们烧掉自己的心,因为这颗心依然执迷于感官的欲望不能自拔,

sick with desire

And fastened to a dying animal

It knows not what it is;

“执迷于欲望,被捆绑在一个垂死的动物上,连自己的面目都认不清楚”

这里诗人把自己的肉体比喻成a dying animal.

其实从第一段、第二段,我们可以看出,诗人口口声声向往永恒,远渡重洋来到艺术永恒之都拜占庭,但是诗人一直没有摆脱掉对感官世界(甚或肉欲?)的迷恋,所以他要炼狱的智者们

给他带来炼狱的圣火,净化他充满欲望的俗心.

诗人最终的希望,是

and gather me

Into the artifice of eternity.

“把我聚入永恒的工艺品中”.

永恒工艺品,就是最后一段的金鸟.

最后一段:

Once out of nature I shall never take

My bodily form from any natural thing,

自然界的生命都有生老病死,诗人要摆脱这个劫数,得到永恒的生命,便不能

再把自己放到任何自然的形体中

But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make

Of hammered gold and gold enamelling

所谓希腊金匠的工艺作品,诗人这里暗示一只能唱歌的金鸟.

金子,gold,在西方文化里象征永恒,所以第三段里,永恒丰碑的代表,圣火中

的圣人像也是黄金镶嵌的mosaic.

中国文化中黄金似乎没有如此的含意.在珍宝价值的认定上,两种文化有着不同

的标准:西洋重钻石黄金,东洋以玉为宝.

到此为止,诗人似乎已经如愿以偿,得到了永恒的形体.但是金鸟的形体里隐藏着

一个悖论:诗人偏偏选择“鸟”这个意象,跟第一段尘世中歌唱的鸟儿对比,表面

象征着超脱,深处暗示着无奈的眷恋.而这金鸟,是为了

To keep a drowsy Emperor awake;

让打瞌睡的皇上清醒的.drowsy,多么感官的用词!让我们联想到夏日奢靡的皇

宫....

或者是:

Or set upon a golden bough to sing

To lords and ladies of Byzantium

Of what is past, or passing, or to come.

放在一个金枝上,给拜占庭的贵族和贵夫人们歌唱,歌唱“过去,现在,和未来”.

永恒不变的金鸟,只有放在时间的长河中才有生命,唯被“有死期者”欣赏才

得其价值.斩不断、理还乱,是诗人对尘世无奈的期望和失望.

诗人其实没有在拜占庭找到一劳永逸的解脱和超脱.我以为,诗人告诉我们的是,

艺术,是永恒的美的寓所,也是永远的痛苦的寄托.

The second coming 第二次圣临

在不断扩展的循环中旋转、旋转猎鹰已听不到驯鹰者的呼唤;

万物都已解体,中心难再维系;世界一片混吨,

血染的潮流横溢,到处

都有纯洁的礼仪被淹没;

好人都缺乏信念,而坏人

却狂热到极点

无疑,某种启示即将来临,

无疑,第二次圣临就要来临,第二次圣临!这话语尚未出口

从宇宙之灵中出来一个巨大的影像

扰乱了我的视线:沙漠中某地

一个狮身人面的影像浮现,

目光宛如太阳一般空洞无情,

祂正迟缓地迈步前行,而四周

笼罩著盘旋的愤怒的沙漠之鸟的阴影。黑暗再次降临;但现在我知

摇篮边的梦魇惊破

两千年石头般的沉睡

祂的时刻终又来临,什么样的巨兽缓缓地走向伯利恒去投胎?

解析:

这首诗的题目,指的是传统基督教的一个信念:基督会在将来的某天重返这个世界,并且在伟大的善与恶之战消灭了旧有的文明之后,统治这个世界。基督在未来的再生被称为第二次圣临。而叶芝的理解不同于正宗基督教的解释。

叶芝的神秘主义美学认为,世界历史是由一个螺旋上升的结构(他称之为GYRE)构成,以两千年为单位,由善恶交替的时代相穿插,如DNA的双螺旋结构一样。在一个好的时代之后紧接著一个坏的时代。如此循环往复。

写这首诗的时候(1919)正值一次世界大战期间结束之际,爱尔兰(叶芝的祖国)正处于动荡与流血冲突之中,西半球旧有的秩序被战争撕得粉碎。惨烈的战争似乎预示著旧有的基督教文明的终结。而一个可怕的时代即将来临...

狂野的狮身人面怪兽将出现,象征著叶芝对西方文明的幻灭感。

讽刺的是这个“第二次圣临”不是和平地到来,伴随祂而来的,将是由一个可怕的野兽带来的巨大的混乱时代。

诗的结尾处,那个狮身人面怪兽正走向伯利恒去投胎,犹如两千年前耶稣基督的诞生一样,预示著一个新的时代的到来,只是这一次是一个可怕的两千年......

Summary

The speaker describes a nightmarish scene: the falcon, turning in a widening “gyre” (sp iral), cannot hear the falconer; “Things fall apart; the center cannot hold”; anarchy is loosed upon the world; “The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned.” The best people, the speaker says, lack all conviction, but the worst “are full of passionate intensity.”

Surely, the speaker asserts, the world is near a revelation; “Surely the Second Coming is at hand.” No sooner does he think of “the Second Coming,” then he is troubled by “a vast image of the Spiritus Mundi, or the collective spirit of mankind: somewhere in the desert, a giant

sphinx (“A shape with lion body and the head of a man, / A gaze as blank and pitiless as the sun”) is moving, while the shadows of desert birds reel about it. The darkness drops ag ain over the speaker’s sight, but he knows that the sphinx’s twenty centuries of “stony sleep” have been made a nightmare by the motions of “a rocking cradle.” And what “rough beast,” he wonders, “its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?”

Form

“The Second Coming” is written in a very rough iambic pentameter, but the meter is so loose, and the exceptions so frequent, that it actually seems closer to free verse with frequent heavy stresses. The rhymes are likewise haphazard; apart from the two couplets with which the poem opens, there are only coincidental rhymes in the poem, such as “man” and “sun.”

Commentary

Because of its stunning, violent imagery and terrifying ritualistic language, “The Second Coming” is one of Yeats’s most famous and most anthologized poems; it is also one of the most thematically obscure and difficult to understand. (It is safe to say that very few people who love this poem could paraphrase its meaning to satisfaction.) Structurally, the poem is quite simple—the first stanza describes the conditions present in the world (things falling apart, anarchy, etc.), and the second surmises from those conditions that a monstrous Second Coming is about to take place, not of the Jesus we first knew, but of a new messi ah, a “rough beast,” the slouching sphinx rousing itself in the desert and lumbering toward Bethlehem. This brief exposition, though intriguingly blasphemous, is not terribly complicated; but the question of what it should signify to a reader is another story entirely.

Yeats spent years crafting an elaborate, mystical theory of the universe that he described in his book A Vision. This theory issued in part from Yeats’s lifelong fascination with the occult and mystical, and in part from the sense of responsibility Yeats felt to order his experience within a structured belief system. The system is extremely complicated and not of any lasting importance—except for the effect that it had on his poetry, which is of extraordinary lasting importance. The theory of history Yeats articulated in A Vision centers on a diagram made of two conical spirals, one inside the other, so that the widest part of one of the spirals rings around the narrowest part of the other spiral, and vice versa. Yeats believed that this image (he called the spirals “gyres”) captured the contrary motions inherent within the historical process, and he divided each gyre into specific regions that represented particular kinds of historical periods (and could also represent the psychological phases of an individual’s development).

“The Second Coming” was intended by Yeats to describe the current historical moment (the poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres. Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of an apocalyptic revelation, as history reached the end of the outer gyre (to speak roughly) and began moving along the inner gyre. In his definitive edition of Yeats’s poems, Richard J. Finneran quotes Yeats’s own notes:

The end of an age, which always receives the revelation of the character of the next age, is represented by the coming of one gyre to its place of greatest expansion and of the other to its

place of greatest contraction... The revelation [that] approaches will... take its character from the contrary movement of the interior gyre...

In other words, the world’s trajectory along the gyre of science, democracy, and heterogeneity is now coming apart, like the frantically widening flight-path of the falcon that has lost contact with the falconer; the next age will take its character not from the gyre of science, democracy, and speed, but from the contrary inner gyre—which, presumably, opposes mysticism, primal power, and slowness to the science and democracy of the outer gyre. The “rough beast” slouching toward Bethlehem is the symbol of this new age; the speaker’s vision of the rising sphinx is his vision of the character of the new world.

This seems quite silly as philosophy or prophecy (particularly in light of the fact that it has not come true as yet). But as poetry, and understood more broadly than as a simple reiteration of the mystic theory of A Vision, “The Second Coming” is a magnificent statement about the contrary forces at work in history, and about the conflict between the modern world and the ancient world. The poem may not have the thematic relevance of Yeats’s best work, and may not be a poem with which many people can personally identify; but the aesthetic experience of its passionate language is powerful enough to ens ure its value and its importance in Yeats’s work as a whole.

When you are old

当你年老时(傅浩译)

当你年老,鬓斑,睡意昏沉,

在炉旁打盹时,取下这本书,

慢慢诵读,梦忆从前你双眸

神色柔和,眼波中倒影深深;

多少人爱你风韵妩媚的时光,

爱你的美丽出自假意或真情,

但唯有一人爱你灵魂的至诚,

爱你渐衰的脸上愁苦的风霜;

弯下身子,在炽红的壁炉边,

忧伤地低诉,爱神如何逃走,

在头顶上的群山巅漫步闲游,

把他的面孔隐没在繁星中间。

《当你年老时》仿法国诗人龙萨 ( Ronsard ) 《给爱兰娜的十四行诗》而作 , 但全诗共十二行 , 不是商籁体 , 从韵脚上看又不像法国古典格律诗联韵体 , 似乎是两者的综合。而从单节看 abba, cddc, ef f e,采用抱韵体形式。

《当你年老时》基本上采用的是抑扬格五音步 , 但诗的第三、四、五、六、八、十行中有一、两个音步或没有重读或没有轻读。然而 ,这样的节奏安排不但没有破坏全诗节奏的统一 ,反而增添一些变化 ,使其不那么单调。同时 ,这样的变化更加突出了其它的重读音步下词汇的意义 , 尤其第十行中开头的Murmur 一词采用扬抑格 ,更是吸引了读者的注意。因为它是一个非常形象的拟声词 ,生动地刻画出了“ 你” 年老时唠唠叨叨、喃喃自语的神态。这几处的格律变化 ,一方面营造出凄凉孤寂的情绪氛围 ,另一方面也是作者对诗中“ 你” 的含蓄提醒 :真爱稍纵即逝 ,莫等老时空抱怨。

从押韵上看 ,全诗的尾韵是最常见的单韵 , 且单节按抱韵体 abba, cddc, effe押韵。这样的押韵十分精致 ,表现出诗歌正式和庄重 , 甚至有点圣歌的韵味。同时 , 元音 / ou / 在单词 you, old, slowly, shado w, moments, soul ,s o rr o w s, gl o w i ng, ove r head中的多次出现 , 几乎贯穿全诗 ,可以说是腹韵的典型使用 ( 除 s had o w s和 s o rr o w s外 ) ,这几个词除了加强全诗的节奏 , 让全诗更加连贯、一气呵成以外 ,还因其发音的持续时间更长而营造出一种舒缓柔和的情绪 ,诗歌的浪漫抒情性由此体现。此外 , 头韵 / gr / 在单词gr ey, gr ace和 / gl / 在单词 gl ad, gl o w i ng 中的使用 ,不但有助于表达作者沉重失落的心绪 ,还让年轻时和年老时的“ 你”形成鲜明的对比 ,产生强烈的冲突 ,增添了诗的凄凉性。

全诗的主干动词均采用现在时态 ,而从属成分中均采用过去时态 ,尤其是最后一节中mu r mu r 所引导的从属成分 ,就类似于小说中常见的一种自由直接引语 ( 省略引号 ) 。它的使用既可以体现主人公意识的自由流动 , 使诗歌叙事的发展更加流利顺畅 , 增强了衔接的连贯性。而两种时态的对比 , 也增添了“ 当你年老时” , 顿悟被诗人所爱的温暖 ,却无奈错过此真爱的凄凉晚景。

英国著名作家兼诗人托马斯·哈代的名诗“暗处的鸫鸟”创作于世纪之交,正值1900年。表面上,整首诗营造着悲观的氛围,只在最后残留一丝希望的气息。然而,诗歌的基调直到结尾处仍雾里看花。本文旨在探讨这首诗的意象,感受诗人绝望和希望中徘徊的惆怅。

The Darkling Thrush 暗处的鸫鸟/ Thomas Hardy

我倚在以树丛做篱的门边,寒霜像幽灵般发灰,

冬的沉渣使那白日之眼

在苍白中更添憔悴。

纠缠的藤蔓在天上划线,宛如断了的琴弦,

而出没附近的一切人类

都已退到家中火边。

陆地轮廓分明,望去恰似斜卧着世纪的尸体,

阴沉的天穹是他的墓室,风在为他哀悼哭泣。

自古以来萌芽生长的冲动已收缩得又干又硬,

大地上每个灵魂与我一同似乎都已丧失热情。突然间,头顶上有个声音

在细枝萧瑟间升起,

一曲黄昏之歌满腔热情

唱出了无限欣喜,----

这是一只鸫鸟,瘦弱、老衰,羽毛被阵风吹乱,

却决心把它的心灵敞开,

倾泻向浓浓的黑暗。

远远近近,任你四处寻找,

在地面的万物上

值得欢唱的原因是那么少,

是什么使它欣喜若狂?

这使我觉得:它颤音的歌词,它欢乐曲晚安曲调

含有某种幸福希望----为它所知而不为我所晓。

英国著名作家兼诗人托马斯·哈代的名诗“暗处的鸫鸟”创作于世纪之交,正值1900年。表面上,整首诗营造着悲观的氛围,只在最后残留一丝希望的气息。然而,诗歌的基调直到结尾处仍雾里看花。本文旨在探讨这首诗的意象,感受诗人绝望和希望中徘徊的惆怅。

Dover beach

今夜大海宁静

潮满,月色俯吻

笔直的海岸--法兰西海滨

灯光忽明忽灭;英格兰峭壁,在幽静的海湾中,若隐若现。登上高楼,夜色如此迷人!

看吧,绵长的海岸线,

大海在亲吻银色的土地。

听啊!圆石在低声欢鸣,

浪潮时而卷涌,时而逡巡,

潮影漫过万丈岩壁,

周而复始,无始无踪,

回荡着颤栗的琴音,

在诉说无尽的哀痛。

忆往昔,索福克勒斯,

倾听爱情海,人类的悲惨情怀,如潮涨潮落,奔腾不息,涌动在心间;

到如今,那遥远的北方大海,

仍会唤起无边的思念。

信念之海

曾在大地的每个角落涤荡

就象闪亮的银鞭,

如今我只能听到

忧郁的低鸣,久久的回响,

空余下,凋敝的戏台

夜风轻语,寒影相吊,

只盼清酒,将往日祭奠。

啊,爱情,予人以真。

因这落落红尘,

是梦幻之门,

绚烂而新异,多变却迷人,

假使丧去了这欢乐、爱情和光明,抑或夺走了信念、和平和救赎;我们将踏上漆黑的迷途,

恐惧和争斗横扫一切生灵,

黑暗中,我们将与愚昧同行。

Theme

Arnold's central message is this: Challenges to the validity of long-standing theological and moral precepts have shaken the faith of people in God and religion. In Arnold’s world of the mid-1800's, the pillar of faith supporting society was perceived as crumbling under the weight of scientific postulates, such as the evolutionary theory of English physician Erasmus Darwin and French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Consequently, the existence of God and the whole Christian scheme of things was cast in doubt. Arnold, who was deeply religious, lamented the dying of the light of faith, as symbolized by the light he sees in “Dover Beach” on the coast of France, which gleams one moment and is gone the next. He remained a believer in God and religion, although he was open to—and advocated—an overhaul of traditional religious thinking. In God and the Bible, he wrote: "At the present moment two things about the Christian religion must surely be clear to anybody with eyes in his head. One is, that men cannot do without it; the other, that they cannot do with it as it is."

Crossing the bar

过沙洲阿尔弗雷德丁尼生勋爵

Notes:

1.Crossing the bar:渡过沙洲,诗中用作比喻,指走向死亡。

2.no moaning:指大海拍击港口的沙洲时,发出的类似呻吟的声音。

3.Too full for sound and foam:拽潮涨得太满,以至于大海似乎悄无声息,看不见任何泡沫。

4.Twilight:黄昏,暮霭中。

5.Pilot:领航员。诗中比喻上帝。显然,诗人把人生比喻成船的航行,最终目的地是死亡。

夕阳下,闪疏星,

召唤一声清朗!

愿沙渚宁静,

我将出海远航;

潮汐如梦幻,

涛声似止,浪花息;

大海深处涌来,

又悄然退却。

暮霭钟鸣,

黑夜将笼罩!

愿诀别无悲声,

登舟起锚;

千古洪流,时空无限,

滔滔载我至远方;

渡沙渚一线,

泰然见领航。

简评:

写这首诗时作者已80岁高龄。令人惊叹的是,此时的桂冠诗人仍能灵感勃发。据说诗人作成这首诗只用了不到10分钟。诗人在暮霭中想象自己渡过沙洲的情景。“渡过沙洲”是比喻,指诗人在经历了人生的风霜后,平静地迎接死亡的来临,毫无恐惧和衰伤。这首诗表现了作者关于死亡的传统的基督教思想,强调了他自己坚定的宗教信仰。正如娴熟的领航会引导船安然渡过沙洲一样,上帝也会引导我们平安地渡过险恶的死亡的浅滩。诗的前两行以视觉景色和声音开关,以鲜明的感观形象了读者注意力。同作者的其他诗一样,在这首诗中,诗人也成功地把身外的自然景色与诗人的心态融合在一起,用景物衬托心情。落日的余辉,廖廖闪烁的星辰,好似沉睡的退潮,消然涌动的浪花,以及暮霭钟鸣,使全诗笼罩着一种沉静、凝重、肃穆的气氛,这正与诗人的心态相吻合。

丁尼生:《尤利西斯》(中英对照)

Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses

丁尼生:《尤利西斯》

译文:何功杰/飞白(根据两者译文,略作调整)

It little profits that an idle king, | 这太无谓——当一个闲散的君主

By this still hearth, among these barren crags, | 安居家中,在这个嶙峋的岛国.

Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole | 我与年老的妻子相匹,颁布着

Unequal laws unto a savage race, | 不公的法律,治理野蛮的种族,

That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. | 他们吃、睡、收藏,而不理解我。

I cannot rest from travel: I will drink | 我不能停歇我的跋涉:我决心

Life to the lees; all times I have enjoy'd | 饮尽生命之杯。我一生都在

Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those | 体验巨大的痛苦、巨大的欢乐,

That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when | 有时与爱我的狄伴一起,有时却

Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades | 独自一个;不论在岸上或海上,

Vext the dim sea: I am become a name; | 当带来雨季的毕宿星团催动,我已经变成这样一个名字

For always roaming with a hungry heart | 由于我如饥似渴地漂泊不止,

Much have I seen and known; cities of men | 我已见识了许多民族的城

And manners, climates, councils, governments, | 及其风气、习俗、枢密院、政府,

Myself not least, but honour'd of them all; | 而我在他们之中最负盛名;

And drunk delight of battle with my peers, | 我和同僚们共饮战斗的欢欣,

Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy, | 在遥远而多风的特洛亚战场,

I am a part of all that I have met; | 我自己是我全部经历的一部分;

Yet all experience is an arch wherethro' | 而全部经验,也只是一座拱门,

Gleams that untravell'd world, whose margin fades | 尚未游历的世界在门外闪光,

For ever and for ever when I move. | 而随着我一步一步的前进,它的边界也不断向后退让。How dull it is to pause, to make an end, | 最单调最沉闷的是停留,是终止,

To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use! | 是蒙尘生锈而不在使用中发亮!

As tho' to breathe were life. Life piled on life | 难道说呼吸就能算是生活?

Were all too little, and of one to me | 几次生命堆起来尚嫌太少,

Little remains: but every hour is saved | 何况我唯一的生命已余年无多。

From that eternal silence, something more, | 唯有从永恒的沉寂之中抢救

A bringer of new things; and vile it were | 每个小时,让每个小时带来一些新东西,带来一些新事物;

For some three suns to store and hoard myself, | 三年来我可耻地把自己封存和储藏起来,And this gray spirit yearning in desire | 可这班白的心灵却迫切地向往

To follow knowledge like a sinking star, | 去追随知识,像那西沉的星星,

Beyond the utmost bound of human thought. | 到那人类思想极限以外的地方。

This is my son, mine own Telemachus, | 这是我的儿子忒勒玛科斯,

To whom I leave the scepter and the isle— | 我给他留下我的岛国和王杖,

Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil | 他是我所爱的,他有胆有识,

This labour, by slow prudence to make mild | 能胜任这一工作;谨慎耐心地

A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees | 教化粗野的民族,用温和的步骤

Subdue them to the useful and the good. | 驯化他们,使他们善良而有用。

Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere | 他是无可指责的,

Of common duties, decent not to fail | 在我离去后他会担起重任,

In offices of tenderness, and pay | 处理好那些需要谨慎应付的事务,

Meet adoration to my household gods, | 并对我家的佑护神表示崇敬。

When I am gone. He works his work, I mine. | 他和我,将各做各的工作

There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail: | 海港就在那边,船儿已经扬帆,

There gloom the dark broad seas. My mariners, | 大海沉沉,朦胧一片。我的水手们——Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me— | 与我同辛劳、同工作、同思想的人,That ever with a frolic welcome took | 他们总是高高兴兴去迎接

The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed | 雷电和阳光,

Free hearts, free foreheads—you and I are old; | 并用自由的心与头颅来抗争,——

Old age hath yet his honour and his toil; | 你们和我都已老了,但老年

Death closes all: but something ere the end, | 仍有老年的荣誉、老年的辛劳;

Some work of noble note, may yet be done, | 死亡终结一切,但在终点前

Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. | 我们还能做一番崇高的事业,使我们配称为与神斗争的人。

The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks: | 礁石上的灯标开始闪光了:

The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep | 长昼将尽,月亮缓缓攀登,

Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends, | 大海用无数音响在周围呻唤。来呀,朋友们,探寻更新的世界

'Tis not too late to seek a newer world. | 现在尚不是为时过晚。

Push off, and sitting well in order smite | 开船吧!坐成排,划破这喧哗的海浪,

The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds | 我决心驶向

To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths | 太阳沉没的彼方,超越

Of all the western stars, until I die. | 西方星斗的浴场,至死方止。

It may be that the gulfs will wash us down: | 也许深渊会把我们吞噬,

It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, | 也许我们将到达琼岛乐土,

And see the great Achilles, whom we knew. | 与老朋友阿喀琉斯会晤。

Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho' | 尽管已达到的多,未知的也多啊,

We are not now that strength which in old days | 虽然我们的力量已不如当初,

Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; | 已远非昔日移天动地的雄姿,

One equal temper of heroic hearts, | 但我们仍是我们,英雄的心

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will | 尽管被时间消磨,被命运削弱,

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. | 奋斗、探索、寻求,而不屈服。

The man he killed

倘若我与他相遇

在一家老字号的酒馆里

我们就会坐下来

喝上几杯再分离。

可是身在枪林弹雨中

大家面对面,目光交逼、

同时都把扳机相扣,

要把对方当场击毙。

我要杀死他是因为一一

因为他是我的敌人。

就是这样,我的仇敌当然是他这是明显不过的事,虽说

他认为他的服现役,或许

同我一样,由于游手好闲,丢了工作,卖光了家当,

没有其它什么道理可讲。

不错,战争古怪又离奇!

你把一个同类射倒在地,

若相遇在酒吧定会盛情相邀说不定还借他半克朗钱币。

英国诗歌欣赏期末考试题(附答案)

I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .

英国诗歌赏析1(本科)

Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.

中国当代文学史复习要点

中国当代文学史复习要点:·中国当代文学的起点——全国文代会(中华全国文学艺术工作者代表大会)1949.7.2-7.19 一、三次批判文艺运动: 1、1951.3~1951.8年对电影《武训传》的批判; 2、1954~1955年对《红楼梦》研究中主观唯心论的批判; 3、1955年对胡风文艺思想的批判。 ·1952年俞平伯的《红楼梦研究》出版; 1954年,李希凡、蓝翎(“两个小人物”)《关于<红楼梦简论>及其他》,《评<红楼梦研究>》,对俞平伯的研究观点和方法提出批评。 二、在“双百”方针影响下出现的两股文学思潮: a、干预生活; b、写人性、写爱情 ·《重放的鲜花》(名词解释)是一部多人作品合集。五十年代中期,在双百方针鼓舞下,一批眼光敏锐、关注社会问题的青年作家和诗人,创作了“干预生活”的作品。后来由于“反右”斗争扩大化,他们受到严厉的批判,作品被打为“反党反社会主义的大毒草”。到1979年,上海文艺出版社左泥,吴真从这些作品中选取了王蒙、流沙河、刘宾雁、耿简、邓友梅等17位作家的篇章,编辑为《重放的鲜花》出版。 三、文艺政策调整时期的三次会议: 1、新侨会议:1961年6月,在北京召开了全国文艺工作座谈会,周恩来发表了《在文艺工作座谈会和故事片创作座谈会议上的讲话》。旨在克服文艺界“左”的倾向,正确认识和解决艺术民主和艺术规律两个重大问题,并制定了《关于当前文学艺术工作的意见》,即《文艺八条》。 2、广州会议:1962年3月,在广州召开话剧、歌剧、儿童剧创作座谈会,周恩来作了《关于知识分子问题的报告》。是一篇建国以来对知识分子做出全面估计、正确评价的光辉文献。 3、大连会议:1962年8月,中国作协在大连召开“农村题材短篇小说创作座谈会”。讨论文艺如何反映人民内部矛盾,邵荃麟提出“现实主义深化”和写好“中间人物”的理论思想。 四、“人物状态”——中间人物是指介于先进人物和落后人物中间的人物,即梁三老汉、亭面糊(盛佑亭)、赖大嫂、小腿疼、吃不饱、严志和等艺术形象。反面人物:张灵甫,余永泽。 五、赵树理小说艺术特色(举例论述) 1、人物塑造:(1)给人起外绰号(《锻炼锻炼》:小腿疼、吃不饱;《三里湾》糊涂涂、常有理、能不够),这是抓住了人物的主要特征,加以形象的概括,画龙点睛。 (2)通过有特征的语言和行动来揭示人物的性格特征。(3)善于通过景物、环境的描写来写人。 (4)利用道具塑造人物。 2、语言特色——群众语言的运用:在语言风格和表现形式上,富有民族化、大众化的特色。赵树理的语言,达到了通俗化与艺术化的结合,口头语与书面语的统一,朴素自然,明朗隽永,富有幽默感。 3、结构——具有民族传统形式的小说结构: (1) 故事完整,头尾齐全。多采用评书小说式的传统手法,讲究情节结构的故事性和连贯性。 ⑵情节上,大故事套小故事。不仅增强作品的波澜和布局上的变化,而且采用大故事套小故

英国文学选读一考试大题必备 重点题目分析(人物分析 诗歌分析 三大主义)

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