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4.语义辨析(名词、介词及习语)

4.语义辨析(名词、介词及习语)
4.语义辨析(名词、介词及习语)

一、名词的数

1、有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。如:

papers文件,试卷,报纸,论文;goods货物,商品;ashed骨灰,遗骸;sands沙滩;woods 树林;greens青菜;times时代;drinks饮料;arms武器;looks外表;manners礼貌;damages 赔偿金;lines台词;works工厂,著作,工事;brains头脑;customs海关,关税;irons镣铐;regards问候;pains努力;conditions环境,情况;airs傲气;contents目录;spirits酒精;waters水域;expectations前程。

二、名词的格

1、双重所有格的构成

①名词+of+名词所有格。如:a friend of my father’s

②名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:some friends of mine

三、名词作定语

1、当名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数或总作复数的名词也是如此。例外是:sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts。如:

a sports car;a customs officer;arms production;a clothes shop;a sales;director;an accounts department etc..

2、man/woman+n.变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数。

四、常考名词辨析

1、mistake,error,fault.

这三个词都有“错误、过错”的意思,但mistake几乎等于error,只不过error更正式,更常用于书面语。此外,error强调“道德方面的果实”,如:the error of his youth他年轻时的过失。而fault则强调性格上的小缺点。如:Y our only fault is that you won’t concentrate.你唯一的缺点就是注意力不集中。固定断乳:an error of judgment(判断错误);by mistake(错误地);find fault with(找茬儿、挑剔);it is someone’s fault(是某人的过错)等。

2、journey,trip,travel

Journey适用范围很广,可指陆海空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行。Trip指短时间、短距离的旅行,与journey通常互换使用,常与其搭配的动词(词组)有make,take,go on等。Travel泛指旅游,前面一般不用冠词,复数形式travels多指旅行经历或到国外旅行,前面不能用many或数词修饰。通常journey和trip强调往返性,而travel不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行。

3、sight,view,scene,scenery

Sight意思是:目光,实力,事业,视野,景物,供参观或游览的地方,情景,景象。View 是可数名词,指从某一特定点观看到的东西、景物,尤其是美丽的自然风景。它还可以表示风景画、风景照片。Scene和view一样,也是可数名词。它通常指局部的、具体的风景景致,但景中更有可能包括人或反映运动状态。它还可以表示戏剧、电影或叙述中的、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。Scenery是不可数名词,是大自然风景的总称。

4、habit,custom

Habit指一个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为、习惯;custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的风俗、习惯。

5、award,reward

二者既可作名词也可作动词。A ward作名词时,意为“奖品、奖金”,作动词时,常用于award sb. Sth.或award sth. to sb.结构;reward作名词时,意为“报酬、奖励、报答”,作动词时,常用于reward sb. for sth.结构。

五、常考易混介词

1、for与of后接不定式复合结构的逻辑主语

(1)It is+adj.+of sb. to do sth.=Sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时,用of。如:It is kind of the teachers to help support the poor students.

(2)It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.当形容词说明不定式的性知识,用for。如:It is quite important for us to protect our environment.

2、on与in表示处于某种状态

On用于表示动态,如正在从事某种活动或出于某种运动状态之中。如:on business;on a visit;on strike;on sale;on show;on watch;on fire;on vacation/holiday。In多用于表示静态状况,如安全、危险、健康,涉及人的情绪等。如:in trouble;in danger;in order;in surprise;in silence;in high/low spirits.

3、besides,except,but,other than,except for的区别

(1)用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。

(2)用于肯定句时:①except意为not including除……之外(不包括)。如:We all passed the exam except Tom.除了汤姆我们都及格了。②besides意为in addition to除……之外(还有)。如:We all passed the exam besides Tom.除了汤姆外,我们也都及格了。③except for表示除了(因为)……之意。表示出去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如:The conposition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好,只是有些拼写错误。*1、besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而except 多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等,而besides前可用也可不用,依句意而定。*2、当except用于句首时,后面往往要加上for。

(3)Except,but和other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形、可以互换;但except 后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but和other than不可替换except。

(4)But,except后都可接that从作宾语;but,except可以互换。

(5)Besides还可作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore”。

4、in与of表示比较范围

二次均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。In表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。Of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较时,比较级前须加定冠词the。如:①Mary sings best in the school.

②Of all the boys,Jack runs fastest.③Tom seems to be the more diligent of the two brothers.

5、形容词后的for与to

(1)当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for。

(2)当侧重于与别人比较,有“就……而论”之一时,常用for。如:Chinese is very difficult for me.I can’t learn it.

(3)当侧重于主观看法,有“以……看来”之意时,常用to。如:Chinese is very difficult to me,but I’ll try my best to learn it.

(4)如果无特定的语境,则用for或to都可以。

6、at,from,in的有关表达

(1)At:at dawn在黎明;at daybreak在拂晓;at sunrise日出时;at sunset/sundown日落时;at noon在中午;at dusk在黄昏;at night在夜晚;at home在家;at table在用餐;at school 在上学;at college在上大学;at risk有危险,冒险;at last最后;at rest静止不动。

(2)From:from memory凭记忆;from cover to cover从头至尾;from day to day日复一日;from beginning to end从头到尾;from head to foot从头到脚。

(3)In:in a hurry匆忙;in high/poor/bad spirits情绪高涨/低落/差;in tears热泪盈眶;in fear

在恐惧中;in danger在危险中;in peace和平地;in safety很安全;in need被需要;in good order 很整齐;in silence静静地;in good health身体好;in love恋爱中;in public在公共场所;in doubt拿不准,不肯定;in print在印刷中;in flower在开花;in store就要到来。

7、of+抽象名词=形容词

(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词;

(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词

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名词+介词搭配

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名词+about concern about 关怀doubt about怀疑remark about 评论opinion about意见 名词+for ability for能力charge for收费cure for医治excuse for借口love for爱necessity for所需要pity for惋惜 sorry for 惋惜talent for天才ambition for抱负anxiety for渴望desire for欲望hope for希望need for需要

occasion for时机reason for理由request for请求sympathy for同情 3.名词+from absence from 缺席protection form保护difference from不同relief from解除 名词+in confidence in 信任*faith in信仰improvement in改进point in有意义pride in自傲 *success in成功trust in信赖 *delight in欣喜difficulty in困难harm in 有害

increase in增长 *interest in 兴趣progress in有进步skill in技能 名词+into research into研究 名词+of advocate of提倡capability of有能力care of注意description of描述examination of检查example of例证intention of意图analyses of分析cause of起因consideration of考虑doubt of怀疑expectation of预期feeling of感觉

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名词词组和固定搭配 1.介词+名词 by accident 偶然 on account of 因为,由于,为了……的缘故in addition to 另外,加之 in addition 除…之外(还) in the air 流传中 on (the/an) average 按平均值,通常 on the basis of 根据,在…的基础上 at best 充其量,至多 for the better 好转,向好的方向发展 on board 在船(车或飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公,因事 in any case 无论如何,不管怎样 in case of 假如,如果发生;防备 in case 假使,以防(万一) in no case 决不,无论如何不 by chance 偶然,碰巧 in charge (of) 负责,管理 (a)round the lock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的,共有的 in conclusion 最后,总之 on condition (that) 如果 in consequence of 由于…的缘故,因为 on the contrary 正相反 in contrast with/to 与…对比起来,与…形成对比 out of control 失去控制 under control 处于控制之下at all cots 不惜任何代价,无论如何 at the cost of 以…为代价 in the course of 在…过程中,在…期间of course 当然,自然 in danger 在危险中,垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过时的,不用的 up to date 现代化的,切合目前情况的 in demand 非常需要的,受欢迎的 in debt 欠债,负债 in detail 详细他 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处 off duty 下了班(的),不在值班(的) on duty 在上班(的),在值班(的) on earth 究竟,到底 at all events 无论如何,不管怎样 in any event 无论如何,不管怎样 in the event of 万一,倘若 for example 例如 in the face of 在…面前;不顾 in fact 其实,实际上 in favo(u)r of 赞同,支持 on fire 着火,起火 on foot 步行 in force 生效,有效;在实施中;大量的in front of 在…面前,在…前面 in future 今后,从今以后 in the future 在将来 in general 一般说来,大体上

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