英国自然资源

英国自然资源

Geography of the United Kingdom

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The United Kingdom occupies a substantial part of the British Isles.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or UK, is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. With a total area of approximately 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 sq mi), the UK occupies the major part of the British Isles[1]archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N (the Shetland Islands reach to nearly 61°N), and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The Royal Greenwich Observatory, in South East London, is the defining point of the Prime Meridian.

The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 360 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France.

The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are covered in their own respective articles, see below.

Content是

∙ 1 Area

∙ 2 Physical geography

o 2.1 Geology

o 2.2 Mountains and hills

o 2.3 Rivers and lakes

o 2.4 Artificial waterways

o 2.5 Coastline

▪ 2.5.1 Inlets

▪ 2.5.2 Headlands

o 2.6 Islands

o 2.7 Climate

∙ 3 Human geography

o 3.1 Demographics

o 3.2 Political geography

▪ 3.2.1 National government

▪ 3.2.2 Local government

o 3.3 Economic geography

▪ 3.3.1 Primary industry

▪ 3.3.2 Manufacturing

▪ 3.3.3 Finance and services

▪ 3.3.4 Regional disparity

∙ 4 Natural resources

∙ 5 Environment

o 5.1 Current issues

o 5.2 International agreements ∙ 6 Antipodes

∙7 Geography of dependencies

o7.1 Crown dependencies

o7.2 Overseas territories

∙8 See also

∙9 References

∙10 External links

Area

The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 245,000 square kilometres (94,600 sq mi), comprising the island of Great Britain, the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland) and many smaller islands. England is the largest country of the United Kingdom, at 130,410 square kilometres (50,350 sq mi) accounting for just over half the total area of the UK. Scotland at 78,772 square kilometres (30,410 sq mi),[2] is second largest, accounting for about a third of the area of the UK. Wales and Northern Ireland are much smaller, covering 20,758 square kilometres (8,010 sq mi) and 14,160 square kilometres (5,470 sq mi) respectively.

The area of the countries of the United Kingdom is set out in the table below. Information about the area of England, the largest country, is also broken down by region.

Rank Name Area

1

England130,427 km²–South West[3]

–East of England

–South East[4]

–East Midlands

–Yorkshire and the Humber

–North West[5]

–West Midlands[6]

–North East[7]

–London[8]

23,837 km²

19,120 km²

19,096 km²

15,627 km²

15,420 km²

14,165 km²

12,998 km²

8,592 km²

1,572 km²

2Scotland[9]78,772 km²

3Wales[10]20,778 km²

4Northern Ireland13,843 km²

United Kingdom243,820 km²

Overseas territories1,727,570 km²

The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 km2 is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 km2. The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 km2.

Physical geography

UK's topography

The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. England consists of mostly lowland terrain, with upland or mountainous terrain only found north-west of the Tees-Exe line. The upland areas include the Lake District, the Pennines, Exmoor and Dartmoor. The lowland areas are typically traversed by ranges of low hills, frequently composed of chalk. The physical geography of Scotland is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different regions of the Highlands to the north and west, and the lowlands to the south and east. Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. The geography of Ireland includes the Mourne Mountains as well as Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK and Ireland.[11]

The overall geomorphology of the UK was shaped by the combined forces of tectonics and climate change, in particular glaciation.

The exact centre of the island of Great Britain is disputed. Depending upon how it is calculated it can be either Haltwhistle in Northumberland, or Dunsop Bridge in Lancashire.

Geology

See also: Geology of Great Britain and Geology of Ireland

The geology of the UK is complex and diverse, a result of it being subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the UK shows a rich variety of landscapes.[12]

The oldest rocks in the British Isles are the Lewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of Scotland and in the Hebrides(with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma = million years ago). South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean.

At 520 Ma, what is now Great Britain was split between two continents; the north of Scotland was located on the continent of Laurentia at about 20° south of the equator, while the rest of the country was on the continent of Gondwana near the Antarctic Circle. In Gondwana, England and Wales were largely submerged under a shallow sea studded with volcanic islands. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places.

About 500 Ma southern Britain, the east coast of North America and south-east Newfoundland broke away from Gondwana to form the continent of Avalonia, which by 440 Ma had drifted to about 30° south. During this period north Wales was subject to volcanic activity. The remains of these volcanoes are still visible, one example of which is Rhobell Fawr dating from 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcanic lava and ash known as the Borrowdale Volcanics covered the Lake District and this can still be seen in the form of mountains such as Helvellyn and Scafell Pike.

Between 425 and 400 Ma Avalonia had joined with the continent of Baltica, and the combined landmass collided with Laurentia at about 20° south, joining the southern and northern halves of Great Britain together. The resulting Caledonian Orogeny produced an Alpine-style mountain range in much of north and west Britain.

The collision between continents continued during the Devonian period, producing uplift and subsequent erosion, resulting in the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers in lowlands and seas. The Old Red Sandstone found in Devon originated from these processes.

Around 360 Ma Great Britain was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the Rheic Ocean, during which time the Carboniferous Limestone was deposited, as found in the Mendip Hills and the Peak District of Derbyshire. Later, river deltas formed and the sediments deposited were colonised by swamps and rain forest. It was in this environment that the Coal Measures were formed, the source of the majority of Britain's extensive coal reserves.

Around 280 Ma the Variscan orogeny mountain-building period occurred, again due to collision of continental plates, causing major deformation in south west England. The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east–west line roughly from south Pembrokeshire to Kent. Towards the end of this period granite was formed beneath the overlying rocks of Devon and Cornwall, now exposed at Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor.

By the end of the Carboniferous period the various continents of the Earth had fused to form the super-continent of Pangaea. Britain was located in the interior of Pangea where it was subject to a hot arid desert climate with frequent flash floods leaving deposits that formed beds of red sedimentary rock.

As Pangaea drifted during the Triassic, Great Britain moved away from the equator until it was between 20° and 30° north. The remnants of the Variscan uplands in France to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England.

Pangaea began to break up at the start of the Jurassic period. Sea levels rose and Britain and Ireland drifted on the Eurasian Plate to between 30° and 40° n orth. Much of the British Isles were under water again, and sedimentary rocks were deposited and can now be found underlying much of England from the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire to the Jurassic Coast in Dorset. These include sandstones, greensands, oolitic limestone of the Cotswold Hills, corallian limestone of the Vale of White Horse and the Isle of Portland. The burial of algae and bacteria below the mud of

the sea floor during this time resulted in the formation of North Sea oil and natural gas

The modern continents having formed, the Cretaceous saw the formation of the Atlantic Ocean, gradually separating northern Scotland from North America. The land underwent a series of uplifts to form a fertile plain. After 20 million years or so, the seas started to flood the land again until much of Britain and Ireland were again below the sea, though sea levels frequently changed. Chalk and flints were deposited over much of Great Britain, now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of Dover and the Seven Sisters, and also forming Salisbury Plain.

Between 63 and 52 Ma, the last volcanic rocks in Great Britain were formed. The major eruptions at this time produced the Antrim Plateau, the basaltic columns of the Giant's Causeway and Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel.

The Alpine Orogeny that took place in Europe about 50 Ma, was responsible for the folding of strata in southern England, producing the London Basin syncline, the Weald-Artois Anticline to the south, the North Downs, South Downs and Chiltern Hills.

During the period the North Sea formed, Britain was uplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness left from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments, such as the London Clay, were deposited over southern England.

The major changes during the last 2 million years were brought about by several recent ice ages. The most severe was the Anglian Glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3300 ft) thick that reached as far south as London and Bristol. This took place between about 478,000 to 424,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto its present course. During the most recent Devensian glaciation, which ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the icesheet reached south to Wolverhampton and Cardiff. Among the features left behind by the ice are the fjords of the west coast of Scotland, the U-shaped valleys of the Lake District and erratics (blocks of rock) that have been transported from the Oslo region of Norway and deposited on the coast of Yorkshire.

Amongst the most significant geological features created during the last twelve thousand years are the peat deposits of Ireland and Scotland, and of coastal and upland areas of England and Wales.

At the present time Scotland is continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern England is

sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1/25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.

Mountains and hills

At 1,344 metres, Ben Nevis is the highest peak in the UK.

Main article: List of mountains and hills of the United Kingdom

The ten tallest mountains in the UK are all found in Scotland. The highest peaks in each part of the UK are:

∙Scotland: Ben Nevis, 1,344 metres

∙Wales: Snowdon (Snowdonia), 1,085 metres ∙England: Scafell Pike (Cumbrian

Mountains), 978 metres

∙Northern Ireland: Slieve Donard (Mourne

Mountains), 852 metres

The ranges of mountains and hills in the UK include:

∙Scotland: Cairngorms, Scottish Highlands,

Southern Uplands, Grampian Mountains

∙Wales: Brecon Beacons, Cambrian

Mountains, Snowdonia, Black Mountains,

Preseli Hills

∙England: Cheviot Hills, Chilterns,

Cotswolds, Dartmoor, Lincolnshire Wolds,

Exmoor, Lake District, Malvern Hills,

Mendip Hills, North Downs, Peak District,

Pennines, South Downs, Shropshire Hills,

Yorkshire Wolds

∙Northern Ireland: Mourne Mountains,

Antrim Plateau, Sperrin Mountains

The lowest point of the UK is in the Fens of East Anglia, in England, parts of which lie up to 4 metres below sea level.

Rivers and lakes

Main articles

∙List of lakes and lochs in the United

Kingdom;

∙List of rivers of the United Kingdom;

∙List of waterfalls of the United Kingdom.

The longest river in the UK is the River Severn (220 mi, 354 km) which flows through both Wales and England.

The longest rivers in the UK contained wholly within each of its constituent nations are:

∙England: River Thames (215 mi, 346 km)

∙Scotland: River Tay (117 mi, 188 km)

∙N. Ireland: River Bann (76 mi, 122 km)

∙Wales: River Tywi (64 mi, 103 km)

The largest lakes (by surface area) in the UK by country are:

∙N. Ireland: Lough Neagh (147.39 sq mi,

381.74 km²)

∙Scotland: Loch Lomond (27.46 sq mi, 71.12

km²)

∙England: Windermere (5.69 sq mi, 14.74

km²)

∙Wales: Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake) (1.87 sq mi,

4.84 km²)

The deepest lake in the UK is Loch Morar with a maximum depth of 309 metres (Loch Ness is second at 228 metres deep). The deepest lake in England is Wastwater which achieves a depth of 79 metres (258 feet).

Artificial waterways

Main articles:Waterways in the United Kingdom, Canals of Great Britain, Reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom

As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive system of canals, mostly built in the early years of the Industrial Revolution, before the rise of competition from the railways. The United Kingdom also has numerous dams and reservoirs to store water for drinking and industry. The generation of hydroelectric power is rather limited, supplying less than 2% of British electricity mainly from the Scottish Highlands.

Coastline

United Kingdom maritime claims

The UK has a coastline which measures about 12,429 km[citation needed]. The heavy indentation of the coastline helps to ensure that no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters.

The UK claims jurisdiction over the continental shelf, as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nmi(370.4 km; 230.2 mi), and territorial sea of 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).

Inlets

∙Cardigan Bay

∙Lyme Bay

∙Bristol Channel

∙Thames estuary

∙Morecambe Bay

∙Solway Firth

∙The Wash

∙Humber estuary

∙Firth of Forth

∙Firth of Tay

∙Moray Firth

Headlands

The geology of the United Kingdom is such that there are many headlands along its coast. A list of headlands of the United Kingdom details many of them.

Islands

See main list of islands of the United Kingdom

In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland.

Climate

Main article: Climate of the United Kingdom

The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the coast. In general the south of the country is warmer than the north, and the west wetter than the east. Due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream, the UK is significantly warmer than some other locations at similar latitude, such as Newfoundland.

The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from the North Atlantic Current. More than 50% of the days are overcast.[citation needed] There are few natural hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in winter.

Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 mm (118.1 in) in the Scottish Highlands down to 553 mm (21.8 in) in Cambridge. The county of Essex is one of the driest in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of around 600 mm (23.6 in), although it typically rains on over 100 days per year. In some years rainfall in Essex can be below 450 mm (17.7 in), less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem and Beirut.

The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale, near Faversham, in the county of Kent, on 10 August 2003. The lowest was −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) recorded at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland, on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 and Altnaharra, also in Scotland, on 30 December 1995.

Human geography

The United Kingdom is composed of four parts: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

The United Kingdom's cities, other large centres, and selected smaller places

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the United Kingdom

Political geography

Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom National government

The UK is governed as a whole by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Of the four countries that make the UK, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved administrations and parliaments/assembly:

∙Northern Ireland –Northern Ireland

Assembly

∙Scotland –Scottish Parliament

∙Wales –National Assembly for Wales

England has no devolved system of government[clarification needed]that is, the Parliament of the United Kingdom serves as (and historically was) the English Parliament. It is governed by UK government ministers and legislated for by the UK parliament. Within England, London has a devolved assembly but proposals for elected Regional Assemblies in England were rejected in the first referendum covering North East England. See Government of England.

The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland of 360 km. There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and the UK on the Channel Tunnel.

Local government

Main articles: Local government in England, Local government in Scotland, Local government in Wales, and Local government in Northern Ireland

Each part of the UK is subdivided in further local governmental regions: ∙England: Unitary Authorities, county

councils, district councils, parish councils

∙Wales: Principal areas, communities

∙Scotland: Council areas, communities

∙Northern Ireland: Districts

Historically the UK was divided into counties or shires: administrative areas through which all civil responsibilities of the government were passed. Each county or shire had a county town as its administrative centre and was divided into individual parishes that were defined along ecclesiastic boundaries.

Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local government areas in certain highly urbanised areas. The Local Government Act 1972 created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take account of the widely differing populations across different parts of the country.

In the 1990s further population growth led to more political changes on a local level. Unitary authorities were formed across the entire of Scotland and Wales, and in larger cities in England. Many unpopular

administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a mixture of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are planned if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the future.

Economic geography

Main article: Economic geography of the United Kingdom

The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and an imperial power.

The UK led the industrial revolution and its highly urban character is a legacy of this, with all its major cities being current or former centres of various forms of manufacturing. However, this in turn was built on its exploitation of natural resources, especially coal and iron ore.

Primary industry

The UK's primary industry was once dominated by the coal industry, heavily concentrated in the north, the Midlands and south Wales. This is all but gone and the major primary industry is North Sea oil. Its activity is concentrated on the UK Continental Shelf to the north-east of Scotland.

Manufacturing

The UK's heavy manufacturing drove the industrial revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where this activity occurred, in particular Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield. Today there is no heavy manufacturing industry in which UK-based firms can be considered world leaders. However, areas of the UK still have a notable manufacturing base, including the Midlands which remains a strong manufacturing centre, and the North West which accounts for 60% of the United Kingdom's manufacturing output.[13] More recently, high technology firms have concentrated largely along the M4 motorway, partly because of access to Heathrow Airport, but also because of agglomeration economies.

Finance and services

Once, every large city had a stock exchange. Now, the UK financial industry is concentrated overwhelmingly in the City of London and Canary Wharf, with back office and administrative operations often dispersed around the south of England. London is one of the world's great financial centres and is usually referred to as a world city. There is also a significant legal and ebusiness industry in Leeds.

Regional disparity

The effect of changing economic fortune has contributed to the creation of the so-called North-South divide, in which decaying industrial and ex-industrial areas of Northern England, Scotland and Wales contrast with the wealthy, finance and technology-led southern economy. This has led successive governments to develop regional policy to try to rectify the imbalance. However this is not to say that the north-south divide is uniform; some of the worst pockets of deprivation can be found in London, whilst parts of Cheshire and North Yorkshire are very wealthy. Nor is the North-South divide limited to the economic sphere; cultural and political divisions weigh heavily too.

Natural resources

Main article: Economy of the United Kingdom

Historically, much of the United Kingdom was forested. Since prehistoric times, man has deforested much of the United Kingdom.

Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. It contributes around 2% of GDP. Around two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one third to arable crops.

In 1993, it was estimated that land use was:

∙Arable land: 25%

∙Permanent crops: 0%

∙Permanent pastures: 46%

∙Forests and Woodland: 10%

∙Other: 19%

∙Irrigated: 1,080 km²

The UK has a variety of natural resources including:

∙Geological: coal, petroleum, natural gas,

limestone, chalk, gypsum, silica, rock salt,

china clay, iron ore, tin, silver, gold, lead.

∙Agricultural: arable land, wheat, barley,

sheep

The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for generating electricity from wave power and tidal power, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis.

Environment

Current issues

England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe.[14]The high population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on the United Kingdom's water resources in the future.[15]

The United Kingdom is reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010. By 2015, to recycle or compost at least 33% of household waste. Between 1998-99 and 1999–2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3% respectively.

International agreements

The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands and Whaling.

The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Antipodes

The antipodes of the British Isles lie in the South Pacific, between New Zealand's Campbell Islands(off southern Ireland) and Antipodes Islands (across the Channel in Normandy). However, several British Overseas Territories are antipodal to land.

The antipodes of the Falkland Islands overlie the border of Chinese northern Inner Mongolia and Russian Siberia (Trans-Baikal Territory). Neighboring uninhabited South Georgia Island equates to the northern tip of Sakhalin. The southern South Sandwich Islands overlap with Russia near Magadan.

Gibraltar just touches the coast of New Zealand between Auckland and Whangarei. The Pitcairns are in Saudi Arabia, near the coast with Qatar and Bahrain, while neighboring Ducie's are in the UAE between Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Bermuda isn't antipodal to land, but is close, within 30 km of the Australian coast near Perth.

英国自然环境特征

英国自然环境特征 英国自然环境特征 英国地处欧洲西北部，其自然环境特征因地处海洋性气候与温带大陆性气候交汇带中而呈现出多样性，包括丘陵、山区、海岸线和草原等特征。这些地理特征影响着英国的气候、植被和野生动植物的分布，也为英国人民提供了丰富的自然资源和美丽的景观。 气候特征 英国的气候特征主要由东风暖流和温带湿润气候所决定。由于东风暖流的影响，英国的气候比大陆地区的气候更为温暖。冬季温暖，夏季凉爽，气温波动小，降水较为均匀。这种气候给予英国丰富的自然资源，使得英国的农业和渔业得以繁荣发展。 植被特征 英国的植被主要呈现草原、森林和沼泽的特征。草原分布广泛，主要分布在英格兰南部和威尔士，而森林主要分布在苏格兰和威尔士西部地区。这些植被类型对于英国的生态环境和生物多样性起着至关重要的作用，特别是在保护英国的野生动植物和鸟类等方面。 地形特征

英国的地形特征非常多样化，包括丘陵、山区、海岸线等。其中英格兰东北地区和苏格兰高地是英国的两个主要山区。最高峰是苏格兰的本内峰（Ben Nevis），海拔为1344米。英国的海岸线也非常漫长，被认为是世界上最美的海岸之一，因其壮观的悬崖、金色的海滩和诸多的岛屿而闻名于世。 野生动植物特征 英国的野生动植物丰富多样，包括狐狸、野兔、鹿、浣熊、松鼠、海豹等。英国也是欧洲最多野鸟种类的国家之一，其中许多鸟类是在伦敦公园和英国自然保护区内观察到的。英国的植物物种也非常多样，包括被誉为英伦三大花之一的矮牵牛、牛尾草和虎杖等。 总的来说，英国的自然环境特征是丰富多彩的，这些特征不仅影响着英国的气候、植被和野生动植物的分布，也使得英国成为一个拥有众多美丽景观和自然资源的国家。然而，在经济和人口增长的推动下，英国的自然环境也面临许多挑战，需要我们共同呵护和保护这片美丽的土地。

英国成为世界强国的地理解读

英国成为世界强国的地理解读 英国这个位于欧洲西部大西洋沿岸的国家，在近代成为了世界上的头号强国，他的军舰遍布世界，太阳无时无刻都在照耀着大英帝国的米字旗，它在世界的活动影响了整个世界的发展历程。对于这样一个国家，它是如何变强盛的是人们感兴趣并进行了无数次的分析解读，这些分析解读无非是从政治、经济、军事、外交以及社会的各个层面上来进行的，我们是否可以换一个角度，从地理这样一个看似风牛马不相及角度进行解读呢？ 要从地理上进行解读就要首先了解英国的基本地理状况：英国是一个岛国，位于欧洲西部的大西洋沿岸，由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰以及周边的众多岛屿组成，东滨北海，北面和西面是大西洋，南面隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望，港湾众多；领土面积24.41万平方公里；为温带海洋性气候，终年温暖湿润；除东南部为狭小的平原外其余地区皆为山地和丘陵；在中部的山区埋藏着丰富的煤铁资源。 英国之所以在近代崛起成为世界强国，地理因素的影响也占到了重要地位。 首先，英国是一个岛国，对它自身的安全有很大的保障。 浩瀚的大西洋和北海阻挡了来自东、北、西三面的敌人，唯一比较狭窄的是南面的英吉利海峡，但毕竟海洋不比陆地，只要英国有强大的海军控制海面，就能够有效的保护自身的安全，事实上在二战之前英国的海军实力是世界上最强的，这也是为什么英国能够抵挡得住驰骋欧洲大陆的拿破仑和希特勒大军的原因。 自身的安全有了保障就表示外敌入侵发生战乱的可能性很小，英国的国内有一个相对稳定的环境来发展自身的经济，我们现在所做的维护世界和平、促进睦邻友好等等工作不就是为了营造一个良好的发展环境么？英国在当时就具备了 这种环境，因此，它可以全心全力的投入到经济建设当中，英国当然就发展的快了。 其次，英国的港湾众多，濒临外洋，同外界的联系很容易也很密切。 英国有很多优良的港口，如伦敦、利物浦、爱丁堡、南安普敦等，这些港口为英国提供了发展海洋航运事业的桥头堡，英国的商船和军舰从这些港口出发前往世界各地进行商业贸易和抢占殖民地，同时为英国运回来大量的黄金和白银，为英国的发展进一步提供了雄厚的资金。 同时英国是一个大西洋沿岸的国家，向外界出发的路上没有其他的岛链之类的阻挡，与外界的联系不用担心会被敌人封锁，也不用因为要经过其他国家的领地而与他们交涉，海路畅通无阻，英国就可以很容易的与外界进行有效的密切的联系，维护英国发展经济所必需的贸易通道。 第三，英国气候湿润，牧草茂盛，十分适合发展畜牧业。 英国是温带海洋性气候，全年降水均匀，气候湿润，十分适合牧草的生长，而牧草则是发展畜牧业所必需的自然资源，茂盛的牧草为英国带来了畜牧业的繁荣，尤其是养羊业更是如此。 繁荣的养羊业为英国的毛纺业提供了充足的原料来源，保证了毛纺业的顺利发展，也为英国利用廉价的工业纺织品打开世界市场提供了保障，这些纺织品为英国带来了巨额的商业利润，成为英国资本原始积累的另一个重要途径。 第四，英国丰富的煤铁资源又为英国建立和发展近代工业提供了充足的资源。

英国经济与社会发展概况

英国经济与社会发展概况 本文共3077个字，阅读大约需要6分钟。 一英国自然地理概况与历史沿革 （一）自然地理概况 英国全称“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”，包括大不列颠本岛、爱尔兰岛东北部。英国大不列颠本岛主要由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三部分组成，是位于欧洲西部的岛国。英国领土面积为24.36万平方公里（包括内陆水域），其中英格兰地区13.04万平方公里，苏格兰7.88万平方公里，威尔士2.08万平方公里，北爱尔兰1.36万平方公里。英国隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。大不列颠岛东南部为平原，北部和西部多山地和丘陵，苏格兰和威尔士则以山地为主，是森林和牧场的主要分布区。英国全境多河流，较长的有泰晤士河和塞文河等。全国有很多湖泊，其中以北爱尔兰的讷湖为最大，苏格兰的尼斯湖则以有传奇色彩的大湖怪而闻名。由于英国是个岛国，所以海岸线比其他西欧国家都长，其海岸线总长达11450公里。

英国属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，非常温和，一年四季多雨，空气湿润。通常最高气温不超过32℃，最低气温不低于-10℃，平均气温1月4℃～7℃，7月13℃～17℃。全年全国平均降水量约1000毫米。西部及北部山区的年降水量超过2000毫米，中部和东部则少于800毫米。全年降雨分配较为均匀，但一般说来，每年2月至3月最为干燥，10月至来年1月为最潮湿的月份。在自然资源上，英国是欧盟中能源资源最丰富的国家，也是世界主要生产石油和天然气的国家，主要能源有煤、石油、天然气和水力等。其中煤的可采储量达46亿吨、石油储量为70亿吨、天然气储量达12260亿～38000亿立方米。

自然资源保护区的建设与管理

自然资源保护区的建设与管理自然资源保护区的建设与管理一直是环境保护领域的重要课题。为了保护我们宝贵的自然资源，有必要设立保护区并进行有效的管理。本文将探讨自然资源保护区的建设和有效管理的重要性，并介绍一些成功的实践案例。 一、自然资源保护区的建设意义 自然资源保护区的建设对于维护生态平衡、保护生物多样性和保障可持续发展具有重要意义。首先，自然资源保护区有利于保护野生动植物及其栖息地，防止物种灭绝和生物多样性的丧失。其次，保护区能够维护地区的生态平衡，减轻环境压力，并提供清洁的水源和空气质量。此外，自然资源保护区也有助于保护重要的自然景观和文化遗产，促进可持续旅游业的发展。 二、自然资源保护区的建设目标 自然资源保护区的建设目标是实现生态系统的健康功能，保护自然资源和生物多样性。为了实现这一目标，保护区的建设应该注重以下几个方面。 1. 规划与评估：在设立自然资源保护区之前，需要进行充分的规划和评估工作。这包括确定保护区的边界、划定核心区和缓冲区，评估生态系统现状和威胁，制定保护区管理计划等。

2. 管理与监测：保护区的管理应该包括资源管理、生态管理和人类 活动管理。监测生态系统的变化和人类活动对生物多样性的影响是保 护区管理的重要组成部分。 3. 教育与宣传：通过教育和宣传活动，提高公众对保护区的认识和 重视度，促进大众参与保护工作，增强保护区的可持续性。 三、自然资源保护区管理的案例分析 1. 英国约克郡达尔文自然资源保护区 约克郡达尔文自然资源保护区是英国最早设立的自然保护区之一。 该保护区的管理注重保护和恢复濒危物种的栖息地，采取了合理的资 源利用策略，实现了生态系统的健康恢复和重要物种的生存。 2. 美国黄石国家公园 黄石国家公园位于美国怀俄明州和蒙大拿州的交界处，是全球著名 的自然保护区之一。该保护区的管理注重生态系统的保护和恢复，限 制人类活动对生物多样性的影响，并通过宣传教育活动提高公众对保 护区的认识和保护意识。 四、自然资源保护区管理面临的挑战与应对措施 在自然资源保护区的管理中，面临一些挑战，如非法砍伐、违法捕 捞和盗猎等非法活动的存在。为了应对这些问题，需要加强执法力度，提高监测技术，加强国际合作等。

英国经济概况

英国经济概况 1.自然资源 英国是欧盟中能源资源最丰富的国家，也是世界主要生产石油和天然气的国家。主要资源有煤、石油、天然气、核能和水力等。煤可采储量达46亿吨。目前预测石油储量为70亿吨。1995年英为世界第九大产油国。目前预测天然气储量为12260-38000亿立方米，是世界第五大产天然气国。铁矿储量为27亿吨。森林覆盖面积240万公顷，占英国本土面积约10%。英国开发核能有几十年的历史，目前供发电的核电站有14座。英国的非能源资源不丰富，主要工业原料依赖进口。 2.经济简史 英国是最早开始工业化进程的资本主义国家。第一次工业革命首先发生在英国。1850 年，英国在世界工业总产值中占39%，在世界贸易中占21%，均居垄断地位。第一次世界大战期间，英国的经济实力遭到严重打击，英国占有250年的海上霸权丧失了。第二次世界大战以后, 英国的经济力量遭到更严重的削弱，殖民地市场进一步缩小。60年代后期推行的高税、福利和国有化政策使英国经济处于极端困难境地。然而,英国由于工业发展历史较长，有比较完整的国民经济体系和工业体系，所以仍属世界上有较强经济实力的国家。1973年，英国加入欧洲经济共同体，改变了其依赖英联邦各国和发展中国家的传统,转而加强与欧洲国家的贸易关系。1979年，以撒切尔夫人为首的保守党政府开始治理“英国病”,其措施是：强调发挥市场经济作用，减少国家干预，紧缩开支，降低税收，整顿福利，调整工业, 取消外汇管制，推行私有化和货币主义政策。结果使英国经济有了明显的恢复。 3.经济概况 英国的国内生产总值(GDP)在西方国家中居第六位，落后于美国、日本、德国、法国和意大利。私有企业是英国经济的主体，占据了生产总值的82%和总就业的79%。近年来，服务业在国内生产总值的比重不断增大，已占71.1%，而工业比重却逐渐缩小，仅占27.1%。英国经济在经历了1990年开始的衰退后，从1992年起开始复苏。政府一直采取紧缩的经济政策：控制公共开支以维持良好的财政状况，保持通膨率低水平发展，降低利率以促进经济发展。 1996年，英国经济形势较好，政府以消费增长启动整个经济发展的设想已经实现：经济持续增长，GDP增长率由第一季度的1.9%上到年度的2.6%；制造业已经结束停滞，开始走出低谷；建筑业也开始快速增长；房屋市场已经复苏。当前的经济气候较好：通膨率已得到控制；失业率继续下降，低于欧洲失业率平均水平(11%),是欧洲唯一失业率连续数年下降的国家；消费者信心增强；企业投资开始增长。今后，英政府将继续执行紧缩的金融政策，保持经济的持续增长和不断繁荣，积极支持企业尤其是私有企业的发展，

英、法、德三国经济地理之大国崛起比较

英、法、德三国经济地理之经济崛起比较 我们知道英国、法国、德国三国的国土面积都不算大，却都是响当当的经济大国，它们对世界各个方面的影响都是举足轻重的。当然，它们的崛起是有很多方面原因的，现在我仅从经济地理学的角度来看，以各国资源条件作为切入点，来分析比较英国、法国、德国三国经济崛起的一些原因。同时也希望从这三国经济崛起的原因分析中，为中国的崛起提供些许借鉴意义！ 英国 英国主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气。硬煤总储量1,700亿吨。铁的蕴藏量约为38亿吨。西南部康沃尔半岛有锡矿。在柴郡和达腊姆蕴藏着大量石盐。斯塔福德郡有优质粘土。康沃尔半岛出产白粘土。奔宁山脉东坡可开采白云石。兰开夏西南部施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿。在英国北海大陆架石油蕴藏量约在10～40亿吨之间。天然气蕴藏量约在8,600～25,850亿立方米左右。总的来说，英国的自然资源相对较丰富。 16世纪是英国开始崛起的时代。从总体上看，16—17世纪英国进人了西欧经济发展的先进国家行列，其经济形成了两大特征：一是在国内经济领域，统一的国内市场和民族经济体系形成，英格兰经济发展趋向全国整体化；二是在国际经济领域，英国逐渐成为国际市场体系的重要组成部分。与经济地理格局演变有直接关系的国内市场和民族经济体系之形成，其主要的推动力来自于乡村毛纺业的兴起。 乡村毛纺业的繁荣不光为英国创造了巨大的财富，更重要的是引起了英国社会经济一系列深刻的变化。它使已经萌芽的新兴生产关系冲破城市封建性行会的束缚，来到农村寻找新的发展天地；同时，毛纺业的发展使得养羊业有利可图，从而诱发了圈地运动，促使英国资本主义发展高潮的到来。乡村毛纺业的普遍发展，也促使农村传统的经济结构发生变化，即从自给自足的谋生型经济转变为主要面向国内外市场的牟利型经济，加快了农业的商品化和农村的城市化。随着毛纺业发展和圈地运动进行，英国社会又涌现了新的社会阶层——新贵族和乡绅，这是其时英国社会结构中一支极富生气的力量。可以说，毛纺业的发展为英国经济走向整体化，为英国民族经济的形成起了关键作用。毛纺业的原料和产品、副产品在全国范围内的广泛流动，形成了统一的国内市场。毛纺业的兴盛，也使英国对外贸易能建立在坚实的生产基石之上。英国能在16世纪迅速成长为欧洲经济大国，正是因为有毛纺业作为主要支柱的国内经济背景。在这个日渐形成的统一的国内市场和民族经济体系中，原来各自封闭的大小城市也不再固守传统市场区域，经济功能开始改变，呈现出日益商业化、专业化、开放化的趋势，演变成为国内市场体系中的有机成分。 法国

英国自然地理情况介绍

英国自然地理情况介绍 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。英国的自然地理情况多样且独特，拥有壮丽的山脉、广袤的平原、宜人的海岸线和丰富的自然资源。 英国最著名的自然地理特征之一是苏格兰高地。这片地区以其壮丽的山脉、湖泊和峡谷而闻名于世。最高峰是本·尼维斯山，海拔1345米，是苏格兰的象征。苏格兰高地还有许多其他著名的山脉，如格伦科伊山脉和奥尔德山脉。这些山脉提供了壮丽的远足和登山机会，吸引着许多户外爱好者。 除了山脉，英国还拥有广袤的平原地带。英格兰东部是一个辽阔的农田区，被称为英格兰东部平原。这里有丰富的农田和牧场，为英国的农业提供了重要的基础。在平原地带还有一些河流和湖泊，如泰晤士河和温德米尔湖。这些水域不仅为人们提供了畅快的娱乐活动，也为野生动植物提供了宝贵的栖息地。 英国的海岸线也是其自然地理的一大亮点。从英格兰南部一直延伸到苏格兰北部，英国的海岸线长达12,429公里。这里有许多美丽的海滩、崖壁和海洋生态系统。德文郡的侏罗纪海岸是世界上最有名的化石产地之一，吸引着众多的古生物学家和游客。 除了以上提到的特征，英国还有一些其他的自然资源。北爱尔兰是

著名的巨人之路，这是一条沿着海岸线延伸的风景道路，被誉为世界上最壮丽的驾车路线之一。威尔士有着美丽的山脉和山谷，著名的布雷肯宫国家公园是一个受欢迎的户外活动目的地。 总的来说，英国的自然地理情况多样而迷人。从苏格兰高地的山脉到英格兰东部的农田，再到海岸线的美丽景色，每个地区都有其独特的魅力。这些自然资源不仅为英国人民提供了休闲和娱乐的场所，也吸引着来自世界各地的游客。无论是喜欢登山、远足、沙滩活动还是探索古生物化石，英国都能满足各种不同的自然爱好者的需求。

英国森林文化教育

英国森林文化教育 引言： 英国作为一个拥有悠久历史和丰富自然资源的国家，其森林文化教育在保护生态环境、传承文化遗产和提供教育机会等方面发挥着重要作用。本文将从森林资源保护、文化传承和教育机会三个方面探讨英国森林文化教育的特点和意义。 一、森林资源保护 英国具有丰富的森林资源，其中包括国家公园、自然保护区和私人林地等。英国政府和相关组织致力于保护和管理这些森林资源，以实现生态平衡和可持续发展。森林文化教育在这一过程中起到了重要作用，通过提供相关知识和技能，使公众能够更好地理解和参与森林保护工作。英国的森林文化教育项目包括森林导览、生态讲座、环境保护培训等，通过这些活动，人们可以学习到如何正确利用森林资源、保护野生动植物和维护生态平衡。 二、文化传承 森林在英国具有悠久的历史和文化意义，它们是英国文化遗产的一部分。英国森林文化教育致力于传承和弘扬这些传统文化，让更多的人了解和欣赏森林的美丽和价值。英国的森林文化教育项目包括森林音乐会、文化展览、传统手工艺制作等活动，通过这些活动，人们可以体验到森林对英国文化的影响和贡献。此外，英国还重视

森林文化的数字化传承，通过建立数字档案和在线平台，让更多的人能够了解和研究森林的历史和文化。 三、教育机会 森林文化教育为英国的教育体系提供了重要机会，它为学生提供了多样化的学习环境和丰富的教育资源。英国的森林学校项目是一个典型的例子，它将教育与自然环境相结合，通过户外活动和实地考察，培养学生的观察力、合作能力和环境意识。此外，英国的森林文化教育还为学生提供了研究和实践的机会，例如森林生态研究、野外生存技能培训等。这些教育机会不仅提高了学生的学习动力和兴趣，还培养了他们的环境意识和可持续发展的思维方式。 结论： 英国森林文化教育在森林资源保护、文化传承和教育机会等方面发挥着重要作用。通过森林导览、生态讲座和森林学校等活动，人们可以更好地了解和参与森林保护工作，传承和弘扬森林的传统文化，并为学生提供了多样化的学习环境和丰富的教育资源。英国的森林文化教育不仅丰富了人们的生活，还促进了可持续发展和环境保护的目标的实现。因此，继续推进和发展森林文化教育是非常必要和重要的。

英语国家概况经济篇

英语国家概况经济篇 一.自然资源 英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry. Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England. As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining. 美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States. America's forest resources are among the world's largest. Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water. America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine. But short for tin,manganese,and nikel. 爱尔兰:Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe. While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country. 加拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada. Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world. Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.

自考英语国家概况---复习资料--英国国家概况知识点及经济篇英语国家概况经济篇文档.doc

英语国家概况经济篇 %1.自然资源 英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry. Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England. As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining. 美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States. America's forest resources are among the world's largest. Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water. America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine. But short for tin,manganese,and nikel. 爱尔兰Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe. While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country. 力口拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada. Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world. Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper. Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.

英国简介概况

英国简介概况 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,通称英国，是由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛 屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国.位于欧洲的西北部。英国根据其地理轮廓可 以被分成高地和低地。高地主要位于英国的北部和西部，低地主要位于英 国的南部和东部。英国的人口分布不均衡，主要集中在四个地方：英格兰 的人口占总人口大约84%，威尔士大约占5%，苏格兰占8.5%，而北爱尔 兰仅占不足3%。 下面分别对英国的四个组成部分进行分别的介绍。首先是英格兰：英 格兰是英国最大的组成部分，拥有最多的人口，并且是主要的低地地带。 英格兰拥有伟大的作家包括：莎士比亚、狄更斯、和简奥斯丁等等。英格 兰的主要运动项目是足球，主要的使用语言是英文。苏格兰：苏格兰位于 英国的北部，主要被分成三个部分：第一部分是西北部和高地以及西部和 东北部的一些岛。第二部分是低地的中心地带，许多商业中心和大多数耕 地可以在这里被找到。苏格兰主要的人口分布在行政中心和爱丁堡的首都、、、、等等。苏格兰拥有繁荣的旅游产业，英语是苏格兰人的母语。 威尔士：威尔士位于英国的西部，是个高地部落。威尔士在西欧有着最有 名的城堡，也有很强的音乐和文化传统。英语是威尔士的主要语言，但是 威尔士语在许多学校被教，而且有大约20%的人说威尔士语。北爱尔兰： 北爱尔兰坐落于爱尔兰岛英语是北爱尔兰人的母语。 英国主要河流有塞文河（354公里）和泰晤士河（346公里）。北爱 尔兰的讷湖（396平方公里）面积居全国之首。属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，终年温和湿润。通常最高气温不超过32℃，最低气温不低于－10℃，平 均气温1月4～7℃，7月13～17℃。多雨雾，秋冬尤甚。年平均降水量

英国自然环境特征

英国自然环境特征 英国自然环境是多样和富有特色的。跨越了神秘的石阵、高山、 海滩、草地和森林。它的独特之处在于历史、气候和地理因素的影响。 首先，英国的气候是世界上最多样化的之一。由于它位于北海道 流和大西洋洋流的交汇处，因此受到北极气流和温暖的海洋气流的影响。这导致了冬季潮湿而寒冷，夏季相对温暖，但通常不会太热。这 种气候条件使得英国成为适宜植被生长和动物栖息的地方。 英国的地形比较平坦，除了北部苏格兰的高地和西部的威尔士和 康沃尔的山峰。著名的英格兰湖区和大坝被认为是欧洲最壮观的山地 区域之一。在南部，英国的东部和西部海岸线延伸长达11300英里（18185公里），其间有无数的海湾、海角、海峡和海滩。 英国的独特自然环境被保护和管理，以确保其永续性。较大的自 然公园包括英格兰湖区、约克郡丘陵、约克谷、泰晤士河谷和赫兹莫 尔海岸，它们都是适合徒步、骑行和观赏自然景观的理想场所。

英国的海岸线面临着壮观但严峻的自然条件。暴风雨和强风共同决定了生命的存在。海滩和沙丘沿线分布着珍稀的植物和动物，包括鸟类、节肢动物、昆虫和植物。 英国境内广泛的森林、草地和湿地是英国自然环境的关键组成部分。森林被认为是英国最珍贵的自然资源之一，由于清洁空气和水，吸收二氧化碳，减缓气候变化等方面都存在着重要作用。同时，森林里的植物和动物也是英国最受欢迎的旅游资源之一。 总之，英国的自然环境是众多个性化特征的综合表达。由于其独特的历史、气候和地理组成因素的影响，英国的生物群落和陆地和海洋景观呈多样化和富有特色。在此基础上，英国一方面注重自然资源的保护和管理，在另一方面也大力发展生态旅游这一领域，吸引全球游客来一探究竟。

英国自然资源

英国自然资源

Geography of the United Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The United Kingdom occupies a substantial part of the British Isles. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or UK, is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. With a total area of approximately 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 sq mi), the UK occupies the major part of the British Isles[1]archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N (the Shetland Islands reach to nearly 61°N), and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The Royal Greenwich Observatory, in South East London, is the defining point of the Prime Meridian. The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 360 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France. The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are covered in their own respective articles, see below. Content是 • 1 Area • 2 Physical geography o 2.1 Geology o 2.2 Mountains and hills o 2.3 Rivers and lakes

英国的环境保护政策及措施

英国的环境保护政策及措施 英国，作为一个工业化进程较早的国家，在享受现代化带来的便利的也意识到了环境保护的重要性。为了应对工业化带来的环境问题，英国制定了一系列的环保政策和措施。 一、英国环境保护政策 1、空气污染控制 英国采取了严格的空气污染控制政策，以减少大气污染物排放。例如，英国实施了《清洁空气法案》，对工业和家庭燃料的排放设定了严格的限制。英国还引入了绿色证书制度，鼓励使用可再生能源和低排放技术。 2、水资源保护 英国制定了《水资源法案》来保护水资源。该法案规定了水资源的开采和使用必须经过许可，并要求对水体进行定期检测和维护。英国还鼓励雨水收集和再利用，以减少对自然水资源的压力。 3、废物管理 英国通过《废物管理法案》来管理废物。该法案规定了废物的分类、

回收和处置。英国还鼓励企业和个人进行废物分类和回收，以减少废物的产生和对环境的污染。 4、自然生态保护 英国通过设立自然保护区和实施生态保护政策来保护自然生态。例如，英国设立了多个国家公园和自然保护区，以保护野生动植物和生态系统的完整性。英国还实施了野生动物保护计划，保护濒危物种。 二、英国环境保护措施 1、能源转型 为了减少碳排放和应对气候变化，英国正在加快能源转型。英国政府提出了“绿色新政”，旨在到2050年实现碳中和。这一政策包括大 力发展可再生能源、推广电动汽车、提高能源效率等措施。 2、工业减排 英国对工业排放设定了严格的限制，并鼓励企业采用清洁生产技术和低排放工艺。对于超过排放限制的企业，英国会采取罚款等措施来确保其遵守环保法规。 3、绿色城市规划

英国的城市规划注重绿色理念，强调城市绿化、雨水管理和公共空间的设计。例如，伦敦的“花园城市”项目旨在通过增加城市绿化和提高公共空间质量来改善居民的生活环境和减少碳排放。 4、环保教育 英国注重环保教育，通过学校课程和公共宣传活动提高公众的环保意识和技能。例如，英国的学校课程中包含环境科学和可持续发展的内容，以培养学生对环境保护的认知和责任感。 5、生态恢复 为了修复受损的生态环境，英国实施了生态恢复计划。这些计划包括湿地保护、森林种植、野生动植物保护等措施。通过这些措施的实施，英国致力于恢复生态系统的健康和稳定性。 英国在环境保护方面采取了一系列政策和措施，涵盖了空气污染控制、水资源保护、废物管理、自然生态保护等多个方面。这些政策和措施的实施有助于减少环境污染、保护自然生态和提高公众的环保意识。在未来，英国将继续加强环保工作，为实现可持续发展做出贡献。 英国生态环境保护政策与启示 英国，作为世界上的发达国家之一，其在生态环境保护政策方面的实